| 词条 | Apotropaic mark |
| 释义 |
Apotropaic marks are symbols or patterns scratched into the fabric of a building to keep witches out. They are sometimes called witches' marks, a term also used to denote identifying marks once thought to be found on the bodies of witches. Marks on buildingsApotropaic marks (from Greek apotrepein "to ward off" from apo- "away" and trepein "to turn") are symbols or patterns scratched into the fabric of a building with the intention of keeping witches out through apotropaic magic.[1] Evil was thought to be held at bay through a wide variety of apotropaic objects such as amulets and talismans against the evil eye. Marks on buildings were one application of this type of belief.[2] Marks have been found at Shakespeare's Birthplace in Stratford-upon-Avon, at the Tower of London,[3] and many churches, but little effort has been made to find them on secular buildings.[1] The marks are most common near places where witches were thought to be able to enter, whether doors, windows or chimneys.[1] For example, during works at Knole, near Sevenoaks in Kent, n 1609, oak beams beneath floors, particularly near fireplaces, were scorched and carved with scratched witch marks to prevent witches and demons from coming down the chimney.[4][5] At the Bradford-on-Avon Tithe Barn, a flower-like pattern of overlapping circles is incised into a stone in the wall.[1] Similar marks of overlapping circles have been found on a window cill dated about 1616 at Owlpen Manor in Gloucestershire. The most recent and astounding collection of over 100 marks - previously thought to be graffiti - was discovered February 2019 in Cresswell Crags, Notts, by Hayley Clark and Ed Waters of Subterranea Britannica during a tour of the caves. [6] Other types of mark include the intertwined letters V and M or a double V (for the protector, the Virgin Mary, alias Virgo Virginum), and crisscrossing lines to confuse any spirits that might try to follow them.[1][7] See also{{Commons category|Apotropaic symbols}}
References1. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |last1=Kennedy |first1=Maev |title=Witches' marks: public asked to seek ancient scratchings in buildings |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2016/oct/31/witches-marks-historic-england-evil-spirits |publisher=The Guardian |accessdate=31 October 2016 |date=31 October 2016}} {{Reli-anthropology-stub}}2. ^{{cite web |last1=Asuni |first1=John |title=Apotropaic Talisman Against the “Evil Eye” |url=http://archaeologicalmuseum.jhu.edu/the-collection/object-stories/the-roman-house-at-hopkins/the-art-of-light/apotropaic-talisman-against-the-evil-eye/ |publisher=Johns Hopkins Archaeological Museum |accessdate=31 October 2016}} 3. ^{{cite web|title=Tower of London staff 'used magic to repel the forces of the Devil'|publisher=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/archaeology/tower-of-london-staff-used-magic-to-repel-the-forces-of-the-devil-a6697476.html|accessdate=31 October 2016|date=16 October 2015}} 4. ^{{cite web|last1=Wright|first1=James|title= Ritual Protection Marks and Witchcraft at Knole, Kent |url=https://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and-events/ritual-protection-marks-and-witchcraft-at-knole-kent|publisher=Gresham College |date=19 October 2015}} 5. ^{{cite news |last=Kennedy |first=Maev |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2014/nov/05/witch-marks-king-james-i-knole-sevenoaks-national-trust |title=Witch marks fit for a king beguile archaeologists at Knole |work=The Guardian |date=2014-11-05 |accessdate=2014-11-05}} 6. ^{{cite web|title=Cresswell Crags: Witches Marks Found In Cave Network|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-nottinghamshire-47242603}} 7. ^{{cite web|title=Here Be Witchcraft|url=http://www.lassco.co.uk/lassco-news/2013/10/29/here-be-witchcraft/|publisher=Lassco|accessdate=31 October 2016|date=29 October 2014}} 3 : Anthropology of religion|Magic symbols|Folklore |
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