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词条 Architecture of Yugoslavia
释义

  1. Early history

  2. Interwar period

      Interwar modernism  

  3. Postwar period

      Socialist realism (1945-48)    Modernism (1948-92)    Return to modernism    Brutalism    Decentralization  

  4. In popular culture

  5. Gallery

  6. See also

  7. References

  8. External links

The architecture of Yugoslavia was characterized by emerging, unique, and often differing national and regional narratives.[1] As a socialist state remaining free from the Iron Curtain, Yugoslavia adopted a hybrid identity that combined the architectural, cultural, and political leanings of both Western liberal democracy and Soviet communism.[2][3][4]

Early history

Yugoslav architecture emerged in the first decades of the 20th century before the establishment of the state; during this period a number of South Slavic creatives, enthused by the possibility of statehood, organized a series of art exhibitions in Serbia in the name of a shared Slavic identity. Following governmental centralization after the 1918 creation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, this initial bottom-up enthusiasm began to fade. Yugoslav architecture became more and more dictated by an increasingly concentrated national authority which sought to establish a unified state identity.[5]

Interwar period

Interwar modernism

Beginning the 1920s, Yugoslav architects began to advocate for architectural modernism, viewing the style as the logical extension of progressive national narratives. The Group of Architects of the Modern Movement, an organization founded in 1928 by architects Branislav Đ Kojić, Milan Zloković, Jan Dubovy, and Dusan Babic pushed for the widespread adoption of modern architecture as the "national" style of Yugoslavia to transcended regional differences. Despite these shifts, differing relationships to the west made the adoption of modernism inconsistent in Yugoslavia WWII; while the westernmost republics of Croatia and Slovenia were familiar with Western influence and eager to adopt modernism, long-Ottoman Bosnia remained more resistant to do so.[8][9]

Postwar period

Socialist realism (1945-48)

Immediately following WWII, Yugoslavia's brief association with the Eastern Bloc ushered in a short period of socialist realism. Centralization within the communist model led to the abolishment of private architectural practices and the state control of the profession. During this period, the governing Communist Party condemned modernism as "bourgeois formalism," a move that caused friction among the nation's pre-war modernist architectural elite.[10]

Modernism (1948-92)

Return to modernism

Socialist realist architecture in Yugoslavia came to an abrupt end with Josip Broz Tito's 1948 split with Stalin. In the following years the nation turned increasingly to the West, returning to the modernism that had characterized pre-war Yugoslav architecture.[9] During this era, modernist architecture came to symbolize the nation's break from the USSR (a notion that later diminished with growing acceptability of modernism in the Eastern Bloc).[10][11] The nation's postwar return to modernism is perhaps best exemplified in Vjenceslav Richter's widely acclaimed 1958 Yugoslavia Pavilion at Expo 58, the open and light nature of which contrasted the much heavier architecture of the Soviet Union.[12]

During this period, the Yugoslav break from Soviet socialist realism combined with efforts to commemorate World War II, which together led to the creation of an immense quantity of abstract sculptural war memorials, known today as spomenik [13]

Brutalism

In the late 1950s and early 1960s Brutalism began to garner a following within Yugoslavia, particularly among younger architects, a trend possibly influenced by the 1959 disbandment of the Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne.[14] Brutalism's growing influence in the nation was most prominently exemplified in reconstruction efforts of Skopje following a destructive 1963 earthquake.[15] Japanese architect Kenzo Tange played a key role in pushing for Brutalism in the city, going so far as to propose a full redesign of the Skopje in the style.[16][17]

Decentralization

With 1950s decentralization and liberalization policies in SFR Yugoslavia, architecture became increasingly fractured along ethnic lines. Architects increasingly focused on building with reference to the architectural heritage of their individual socialist republics.[18]

Growing distinction of individual ethnic architectural identities within Yugoslavia was exacerbated with the 1972 decentralization of the formerly centralized historical preservation authority, providing individual regions a new opportunity critically analyze their own cultural narratives.[5]

In popular culture

Yugoslavian architecture, particularly that of monuments, has attracted increased public attention in recent years.[19] In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Belgian photographer Jan Kempenaers released a series of photographs documenting dilapidated World War II monuments and memorials in Yugoslavia. In July 2018 MoMA opened a 6 month exhibition entitled "Toward a Concrete Utopia" that provided visitors with a large collection of images, architectural models, and drawings from Yugoslav architecture from 1948 to 1980.[20]

Gallery

{{Gallery
| File:Monument of Brotherhood and Unity in Pristina.jpg
| Monument of Brotherhood and Unity (1961)
| File:Muzej na sovremenata umetnost - Skopje (9).jpg
| Contemporary Art Museum of Macedonia (1970) in Skopje [21]
| File:СК Head Office of the Macedonian Post, Skopje (33743621250).jpg
| Skopje Central Post Office (1974) by Janko Konstantinov in Skopje
| File:Skopje, Hydrometeorological Institute.jpeg
| Hydrometeorological Institute (1979, Скопје, Хидрометеоролошки завод) by Krsto Todorovski in Skopje
| File:Užice, June 2013 (1).JPG
| Hotel Zlatibor (1981) by Svetlana Kana Radević in Užice
|File:Biblioteca Nacional, Pristina, Kosovo, 2014-04-15, DD 03.JPG
| National Library of Kosovo (1982) by Andrija Mutnjaković in Pristina
|title=|File:Šerefudin's White Mosque.jpg|Šerefudin's White Mosque (1980) by Zlatko Ugljen in Visoko}}

See also

  • Architecture of Serbia
  • Architecture of Kosovo
  • Architecture of Croatia
  • Architecture of Bosnia and Herzegovina
  • Architecture of the Republic of Macedonia
  • Architecture of Montenegro
  • Architecture of Slovenia

References

1. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/3931|title=Toward a Concrete Utopia: Architecture in Yugoslavia, 1948–1980|website=The Museum of Modern Art|language=en|access-date=2019-01-31}}
2. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/19/arts/design/architecture-in-yugoslavia-review-moma.html|title=The Cement Mixer as Muse|last=Farago|first=Jason|date=2018-07-19|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-01-31|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}
3. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/yugoslavia-concrete-architecture/index.html|title=Yugoslavia's forgotten brutalist architecture|last=CNN|first=Jonathan Glancey|date=2018-07-17|website=CNN Style|language=en|access-date=2019-02-01}}
4. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/the-unrepeatable-architectural-moment-of-yugoslavias-concrete-utopia|title=The Unrepeatable Architectural Moment of Yugoslavia’s “Concrete Utopia”|last=McGuirk|first=Justin|date=2018-08-07|access-date=2019-01-31|language=en|issn=0028-792X}}
5. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Nationalism_and_Architecture/cSqoDQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0|title=Nationalism and Architecture|last=Deane|first=Darren|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2016|isbn=9781351915793|location=|pages=}}
6. ^{{Cite book|url=https://issuu.com/suncica/docs/home_of_revolution|title=Seeking identity in former Yugoslavia's socialist architecture|last=Milosevic|first=Suncica|date=2013|publisher=University of Cincinnati|isbn=|location=|pages=|oclc=865511042}}
7. ^{{Cite journal|last=Bičík|first=A.|date=2008|title=Modern Architecture in Croatia 1930's|url=https://ojs.cvut.cz/ojs/index.php/ap/article/download/949/781|journal=Acta Polytechnica|volume=48|pages=|via=}}
8. ^{{Cite journal|last=Đorđević|first=Zorana|date=2016|title=Identity of 20th Century Architecture in Yugoslavia: The Contribution of Milan Zloković|url=https://journals.cultcenter.net/index.php/culture/article/download/279/241/|journal=Култура/culture|volume=6|pages=|via=}}
9. ^{{Cite journal|last=Babic|first=Maja|date=2013|title=Modernism and Politics in the Architecture of Socialist Yugoslavia, 1945-1965|url=https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/bitstream/handle/1773/23716/Babic_washington_0250O_11912.pdf?sequence=1|journal=University of Washington|volume=|pages=|via=}}
10. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.academia.edu/1614921|title=Modernism in-between : the mediatory architectures of socialist Yugoslavia|last=Vladimir.|first=Kulić|date=2012|publisher=Jovis Verlag|isbn=9783868591477|location=|pages=|oclc=814446048}}
11. ^{{Cite journal|last=Alfirević|first=Đorđe|last2=Simonović Alfirević,|first2=Sanja|date=2015|title=Urban housing experiments in Yugoslavia 1948-1970|url=http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/1450-569X/2015/1450-569X1534001A.pdf|journal=Spatium|volume=|issue=34|pages=1–9|doi=|issn=|via=}}
12. ^{{Cite journal|last=Kulić|first=Vladimir|date=2012|title=An Avant-Garde Architecture for an Avant-Garde Socialism: Yugoslavia at EXPO '58|journal=Journal of Contemporary History|volume=47|issue=1|pages=161–184|doi=10.1177/0022009411422367|issn=0022-0094|jstor=23248986}}
13. ^{{Cite journal|last=Kulić|first=Vladmir|date=|title=Edvard Ravnikar's Liquid Modernism: Architectural Identity in a Network of Shifting References|url=http://apps.acsa-arch.org/resources/proceedings/uploads/streamfile.aspx?path=ACSA.AM.101&name=ACSA.AM.101.109.pdf|journal=New Constellations New Ecologies|volume=|pages=|via=}}
14. ^{{Cite journal|last=di Radmila Simonovic|first=Ricerca|date=2014|title=New Belgrade, Between Utopia and Pragmatism|url=https://web.uniroma1.it/dottcomparch/sites/default/files/25Simonovic.pdf|journal=Sapienza Università di Roma|volume=|pages=|via=}}
15. ^{{Cite journal|title=Brutalism, Metabolism and its American Parallel|journal = Fabrications|volume = 25|issue = 2|pages = 152–175|last=Lozanovska|first=Mirjana|date=2015|doi=10.1080/10331867.2015.1032482}}
16. ^{{Cite web|url=https://post.at.moma.org/content_items/1161-curating-the-yugoslav-identity-the-reconstruction-of-skopje|title=Curating the Yugoslav Identity: The Reconstruction of Skopje {{!}} post|website=post.at.moma.org|access-date=2019-02-01}}
17. ^{{Cite web|url=http://architectuul.com/architecture/reconstruction-plan-for-skopje|title=Reconstruction Plan for Skopje|website=architectuul.com|access-date=2019-02-01}}
18. ^{{Cite web|url=https://pinupmagazine.org/articles/yugoslavia-concrete-utopia-moma-exhibition-david-huber|title=YUGOTOPIA: The Glory Days of Yugoslav Architecture On Display|last=Entertainment|first=The only biannual Magazine for Architectural|website=pinupmagazine.org|language=en|access-date=2019-02-05}}
19. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/the-unrepeatable-architectural-moment-of-yugoslavias-concrete-utopia|title=The Unrepeatable Architectural Moment of Yugoslavia’s “Concrete Utopia”|last=McGuirk|first=Justin|date=2018-08-07|access-date=2019-01-31|language=en|issn=0028-792X}}
20. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/19/arts/design/architecture-in-yugoslavia-review-moma.html|title=The Cement Mixer as Muse|last=Farago|first=Jason|date=2018-07-19|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-01-31|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}
21. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=sgfc1TosZGYC&pg=PA54&lpg=PA54&dq=j+Mokrzynski+architect#v=onepage&q=brutal&f=false|title=Reading the City: Urban Space and Memory in Skopje|last=Herold|first=Stephanie|date=2010|publisher=Univerlagtuberlin|isbn=9783798321298|language=en}}

External links

  • Spomenik Database

3 : Yugoslav architecture|Balkan culture|Yugoslav culture

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