| 词条 | Ardie Clark Halyard |
| 释义 |
Ardie A. Clark Halyard (1896-1989) was a banker, activist and first woman president of the Milwaukee chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). BiographyHalyard was born in Covington.[1] She was the daughter of a sharecropper.[2] Halyard graduated with a degree in education from Atlanta University.[2] She married Wilbur Halyard in 1920.[1] She and her husband lived in Beloit for some time, where they started a NAACP branch there.[3] In 1923, she and her husband moved to Milwaukee.[2] At the time when they had moved to Milwaukee, they discovered white realtors "openly discussed strategies to restrict the city's black population" to certain areas of town.[4] In 1925, she and her husband co-founded the first African-American owned bank in Milwaukee, the Columbia Savings and Loan Association.[1] The couple opened the bank with a single ten-dollar bill.[5] This bank allowed black people to apply for loans without facing racial discrimination.[5] It was "virtually impossible for blacks to obtain a mortgage so they could purchase a home" at the time.[3] In order to make their bank a success, neither she nor Wilbur Halyard "drew a salary" for the first 10 years they were open.[2] Halyard worked as a director at Goodwill Industries for twenty years, while at the same time acting as "bookkeeper and secretary for Columbia."[3] By the late 1960s, their bank's assets were valued at $4 million.[6] Halyard became the first women president of the Milwaukee chapter of the NAACP in 1951.[5] During her time as president, she "increased dues-paying membership from 39 to 1,416 people."[4] She remained active in the NAACP in other capacities, often as treasurer.[7][8][9] References1. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url = http://www.themakingofmilwaukee.com/people/historical.cfm|title = Historical Figures|date = |access-date = 15 February 2016|website = The Making of Milwaukee|publisher = Milwaukee Public Television|last = |first = }} 2. ^1 2 3 {{Cite news|url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1368&dat=19890217&id=tH5QAAAAIBAJ&sjid=qhIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3145,4520098&hl=en|title = Ardie Halyard Was a True Pioneer|last = Resler|first = Jerry|date = 17 February 1989|work = The Milwaukee Sentinel|access-date = 15 February 2016|via = }} 3. ^1 2 {{Cite news|url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19740925&id=rR8qAAAAIBAJ&sjid=BykEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7264,2857141&hl=en|title = Columbia S&L: A Black Success|last = Blackwell|first = Edward H.|date = 25 September 1974|work = The Milwaukee Journal|access-date = 15 February 2016|via = }} 4. ^1 {{Cite book|title = More Than One Struggle: The Evolution of Black School Reform in Milwaukee|last = Dougherty|first = Jack|publisher = The University of North Carolina Press|year = 2004|isbn = 9780807863466|location = |pages = 42–43|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=27CpZ9Q79UsC&lpg=PA42&ots=2XPj9fXZOP&dq=%22%20Columbia%20Savings%20and%20Loan%20Association%22%20halyard&pg=PA42#v=onepage&q=%22%20Columbia%20Savings%20and%20Loan%20Association%22%20halyard&f=false}} 5. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url = http://womeninwisconsin.org/ardie-clark-halyard|title = Ardie Clark Halyard|date = |access-date = 15 February 2016|website = Wisconsin Women Making History|publisher = |last = |first = }} 6. ^{{Cite book|title = Continuity and Change, 1940-1965: History of Wisconsin|last = Thompson|first = William F.|publisher = Wisconsin Historical Society Press|year = 2013|isbn = 9780870206337|location = |pages = 316|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6a7_wcuJitUC&lpg=PA316&ots=cNUL87WVih&dq=%22%20Columbia%20Savings%20and%20Loan%20Association%22%20halyard&pg=PA316#v=onepage&q=%22%20Columbia%20Savings%20and%20Loan%20Association%22%20halyard&f=false}} 7. ^{{Cite news|url = https://newspaperarchive.com/us/wisconsin/madison/madison-capital-times/1965/05-29/page-13?tag=ardie+halyard&rtserp=tags/?pep=ardie-halyard|title = State NAACP Renames Young As President|last = |first = |date = 29 May 1965|work = Madison Capital Times|access-date = 15 February 2016|via = Newspaper Archive|subscription = yes}} 8. ^{{Cite news|url = https://newspaperarchive.com/us/wisconsin/madison/madison-wisconsin-state-journal/1973/05-24/page-27?tag=ardie+halyard&rtserp=tags/?pep=ardie-halyard|title = Racine Official NAACP Chief|last = |first = |date = 24 May 1973|work = Madison Wisconsin State Journal|access-date = 15 February 2016|via = Newspaper Archive|subscription = yes}} 9. ^{{Cite news|url = https://newspaperarchive.com/us/wisconsin/racine/racine-journal-times/1977/05-24/page-60?tag=ardie+halyard&rtserp=tags/?pep=ardie-halyard|title = State NAACP Re-Elects White|last = |first = |date = 24 May 1977|work = Racine Journal Times|access-date = 15 February 2016|via = Newspaper Archive|subscription = yes}} External links
9 : 1896 births|1989 deaths|Clark Atlanta University alumni|African-American businesspeople|Civil rights activists|African-American women|American bankers|Businesspeople from Milwaukee|People from Covington, Georgia |
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