| 词条 | Warming up |
| 释义 |
The warming up is a preparation for physical exertion or a performance by exercising or practising gently beforehand. Warming up is performed before a performance or practice. Athletes, singers, actors and others warm up before stressing their muscles. It prepares the muscles for vigorous actions. It prevents muscle cramps and injury due to over exertion. ExerciseA warm up generally consists of a gradual increase in intensity in physical activity (a "pulse raiser"), joint mobility exercise, and stretching, followed by the activity. For example, before running or playing an intensive sport, athletes might slowly jog to warm their muscles and increase their heart rate. It is important that warm ups be specific to the activity, so that the muscles to be used are activated. The risks and benefits of combining stretching with warming up are disputable, although it is generally believed that warming up prepares the athlete both mentally and physically. In a meta-study of 32 high quality studies, about four-fifths of the studies showed improvements in performance.[1] Warm-up programs can improve the strength of the knee muscle, which, in turn, may decrease injuries.[2][3] A comprehensive warm-up program did not significantly decrease injuries in football compared to a control group.[4] In baseball, warm up swings using a standard weight bat are effective in increasing batting speed. [5] Stretching{{main|Stretching}}Stretching is part of some warm up routines, although a study in 2013 indicates that it weakens muscles in that situation.[6] There are 3 types of stretches: ballistic stretching, dynamic, and static stretching:
Warming up in other countriesIn Germany, Switzerland and Austria they use this noun in a second context: psychologists and similar professionals are working with "warming ups" in therapeutical or learning sessions before starting or after a break; those warming ups are various interaction games, role playing, moving in the class room and so on. See also{{Commons category|Sports warm-ups|warming up}}
References1. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Fradkin AJ, Zazryn TR, Smoliga JM |title=Effects of warming-up on physical performance: a systematic review with meta-analysis |journal=Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=140–8 |year=2010 |pmid=19996770 |doi=10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c643a0 }} {{Stretching}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Warming Up}}2. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Daneshjoo A, Mokhtar AH, Rahnama N, Yusof A |title=The effects of injury preventive warm-up programs on knee strength ratio in young male professional soccer players |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |issue=12 |pages=e50979 |year=2012 |pmid=23226553 |pmc=3513304 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0050979 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...750979D }} 3. ^{{cite web|url= http://helsify.com/workouts/gym-workout-tips| publisher = Helsify | title = How to work out at the gym: workout tips for beginners}} 4. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Soligard T, Myklebust G, Steffen K, etal |title=Comprehensive warm-up programme to prevent injuries in young female footballers: cluster randomised controlled trial |journal=BMJ |volume=337 |issue= |pages=a2469 |year=2008 |pmid=19066253 |doi=10.1136/bmj.a2469 |url= |pmc=2600961}} 5. ^{{Cite journal|last=McCrary|first=J Matt|date=February 2015|title=A systematic review of the effects of upper body warm-up on performance and injury|url=https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/early/2015/02/18/bjsports-2014-094228|journal=BMJ|volume=|pages=|via=}} 6. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://life.nationalpost.com/2013/04/05/stretching-before-workouts-may-weaken-muscles-impair-athletic-performance-studies/ |title=Stretching before workout may weaken muscles, impair athletes: studies | Health | Life | National Post |publisher=Life.nationalpost.com |accessdate=2013-05-21}} 7. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/02/sports/playmagazine/112pewarm.html?_r=6&oref=slogin&oref=slogin NY Times] 8. ^{{cite journal|last1=Rössler|first1=Roland|last2=Junge|first2=Astrid|last3=Bizzini|first3=Mario|last4=Verhagen|first4=Evert|last5=Chomiak|first5=Jiri|last6=aus der Fünten|first6=Karen|last7=Meyer|first7=Tim|last8=Dvorak|first8=Jiri|last9=Lichtenstein|first9=Eric|last10=Beaudouin|first10=Florian|last11=Faude|first11=Oliver|title=A Multinational Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial to Assess the Efficacy of ‘11+ Kids’: A Warm-Up Programme to Prevent Injuries in Children’s Football|journal=Sports Medicine|date=22 December 2017|doi=10.1007/s40279-017-0834-8}} 2 : Physical exercise|Sports medicine |
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