| 词条 | Warning system |
| 释义 |
Warning system is any system of biological or technical nature deployed by an individual or group to inform of a future danger. Its purpose is to enable the deployer of the warning system to prepare for the danger and act accordingly to mitigate or avoid it. Warnings cannot be effective unless people react to them. People are more likely to ignore a system that regularly produces false warnings (the cry-wolf effect), but reducing the number of false warnings generally also increases the risk of not giving a warning when it is needed.[2] Some warnings are non-specific: for instance, the probability of an earthquake of a certain magnitude in a certain area over the next decade. Such warnings cannot be used to guide short-term precautions such as evacuation. Opportunities to take long-term precautions, such as better building codes and disaster preparedness, may be ignored.[3]{{better citation needed|date=February 2018}} Biological warning systems
Man-made warning systems
Civilian warning systems
Military warning systemsHistorical beacon-based systems:
Space based missile early warning systems:
Airborne early warning systems:
Ground-based early warning radar systems:
Optical sensors:
Emergency broadcasting:
See also
Notes and references{{commons category|Warning systems}}1. ^Testing sirens, Swiss Federal Office for Civil Protection (page visited on 7 September 2013). System wczesnego ostrzegania2. ^{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.ress.2015.05.003| issn = 0951-8320| volume = 142| pages = 192–202| last1 = Sättele| first1 = Martina| last2 = Bründl| first2 = Michael| last3 = Straub| first3 = Daniel| title = Reliability and effectiveness of early warning systems for natural hazards: Concept and application to debris flow warning| journal = Reliability Engineering & System Safety| accessdate = 2018-02-07|date=October 2015| url = http://www.era.bgu.tum.de/fileadmin/w00bkd/www/Papers/2013_Saettele_et_al_Reliability_EWS.pdf}} 3. ^https://www.theguardian.com/science/blog/2012/may/30/attempts-predict-earthquakes-harm-good 4. ^ {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061212051852/http://www.municipalaffairs.gov.ab.ca/ema_epws.htm |date=December 12, 2006 }} 2 : Emergency communication|Warning systems |
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