“Assassination of S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike, the forth Prime Minister of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), was assassinated by the Buddhist priest Talduwe Somarama Thero on September 25, 1959, while meeting the public at his private residence, Tintagel at Rosmead Place in Colombo. Shot in the chest, abdomen and hand, Bandaranaike died the following day at Merchant's Ward of the Colombo General Hospital.^[1] He was the first Sri Lankan national leader to be assassinated, which led to his widow Sirima Ratwatte Dias Bandaranaike becoming the world's first female Prime Minister.

Assassination

Background

Bandaranaike became prime minister after winning the 1956 elections in a landslide, at the head of a four-party coalition with a no-contest pact with the Lanka Sama Samaja Party and the Communist Party of Sri Lanka known as the Mahajana Eksath Peramuna (MEP) (the Peoples' United Front) which gains two-third majority in parliament on a wave of strong nationalist sentiment.

After becoming prime minister, Bandaranaike was officially moved to the Prime minister’s official residence Temple Trees, however he also divided his time between his country seat at Horagolla and his town house, Tintagel at Rosmead Place in Colombo. On the morning of September 25, 1959 he was at Tintagel and receiving the public to hear their requests and complaints. The Prime Minister had been assigned a Police Sub Inspector (SI) for his personal protection. However Bandaranaike had sent him back on the grounds he should attend to more important duties and requested the Inspector General of Police to assign a few police constables instead. On the morning of September 25 only one armed police constable was on duty at the gates of Tintagel, while the sergeant in charge was not on duty.^[1]

The assassination

Shooting at Rosmead Place

Bandaranaike was seated on the front verandah meeting the public who had come to see him. There were about 20 persons inside the verandah and another 40 queued outside. Around 9 AM a Buddhist priest Talduwe Somarama Thero who had been waiting to see the prime minister took a seat in a chair in the verandah and kept a file on a short stool next to his chair. He was a lecturer at the Government College of Ayurveda and had stated that he wanted to meet the prime minister on requirements for the Ayurveda college.

As each person was announced and approached the prime minister on the matters related to them, Somarama Thero was announced and he stood up from the chair and approached the prime minister who in turn also stood up and came forward showing respect to the priest in the customary form. The prime minister asked what he can do for Somarama Thero who was tensed, told the prime minister that certain improvements were needed at the Ayurveda College. The prime minister responded that he would get Health Minister A. P. Jayasuriya to attend to it if he were to submit the requirement in writing. Around 9.45 AM Somarama Thero sat down again fumbled with the file on the stool he had left as if to pull out a memorandum and as the prime minister got ready to receive it, Somarama Thero instead pulled out a .45 Webley Mark VI revolver concealed in his robes and fired twice at point blank range hitting Bandaranaike in the chest and abdomen. Bandaranaike made a loud sound and fell down, but got up and with difficulty tried to stagger back inside the house.

Another priest Ananda Thero from Polonnaruwa who had been sitting in a chair close by witnessing the incident got up excited, Somarama Thero stood up and pointed his gun at Ananda Thero. Ananda Thero shouted and Somarama Thero turned around and followed Bandaranaike, shooting at him wildly. He fired four shots emptying the chambers of the revolver. One bullet hit Bandaranaike's hand and another a school teacher who had come to see the prime minister. The two other shots had hit a glass pane on a door and a flower pot breaking it.

Confusion and commotion had broken out and the police constable on duty at the gate came running in having been alerted by the sound of gun shots and Ananda Thero who had come out shouting at the prime minister was shot. The police constable fired at Somarama Thero wounding him in the groin who was quickly surrounded and overpowered. Bandaranaike ordered restrain and mercy towards Somarama Thero who was arrested and taken to the Harbour Police Station under armed guard while the prime minister was rushed to the Colombo General Hospital.

Aftermath

Parliament was in session when news of the assassination attempt reached, Education Minister Wijeyananda Dahanayake requested that parliament to be adjourned but most of the members disagreed. However, many soon left to inquire on the prime minister.

The Governor General, Sir Oliver Goonetilleke was at Queens House accepting letters of credence of the Italian Ambassador Count Paolo di Michelis di Sloughhello. When he was informed about the assassination attempt he stopped the ceremony and rushed to Rosmead Place. He informed parliament to continue and at 11 AM declared a state of emergency, bringing the military to full readiness and mobilizing reserves.

Death of Bandaranaike

Bandaranaike underwent a five hour surgery by Dr. M. V. P. Peries, Dr. P. R. Anthonis , Dr. L. O. Silva and Dr. Noel Bartholomeusz and was transferred to the Merchants Ward. Regained consciousness and requested clemency towards his assassin and dictated a message to the nation. However, his situation deteriorated over night and he died twenty-two hours after he was shot. Death was recorded by Colombo Coroner J. N. C. Tiruchelvam, JP, UM at the inquest, stating that the death was "due to shock and haemorrhage resulting from multiple injuries to the thoracic and abdominal organs".

Bandaranaike had been scheduled to go to New York to attend the UN General Assembly in late September 1959. The Leader of the House C. P. de Silva was in London undergoing treatment after consuming a glass of milk at a cabinet meeting and Bandaranaike had sent a letter to the Governor General recommending that he appoint Wijeyananda Dahanayake, Minister of Education as acting Prime Minister during his absence. With this letter present, Sir Oliver Goonetilleke appointed Dahanayake as Prime Minister on September 26, 1959 and was later confirmed by Parliament.^[2]

Funeral

Bandaranaike's body lay in state in the Parliament building at Galle Face, where thousands came day and night to show respect. His funeral took place at Horagolla amid a sea of mourners. Like his father Sir Solomon Dias Bandaranaike, S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike interned in a specially built mausoleum known as the Horagolla Bandaranaike Samadhi.^[3]

Official investigations

Police investigation

With the Somarama Thero in custody the Police started an intensive investigation with team composed of DIG D.C.T. Pate, SP Rajasooriya, ASP K. Iye, IP Abeywardena, IP A.M. Seneviratne and IP Tyrell Goonetilleke with detectives from Scotland Yard arriving to assist. Soon multiple arrests in connection with the assassination began to take place. Most notable of these were Mapitigama Buddharakkitha Thero the chief priest of the Kelaniya Raja Maha Vihara, Ossie Corea an underworld kingpin, F.R. de Zoysa a businessman and Vimala Wijewardene then Minister of Local Government. As a result of suspicions on F.R. de Zoysa his brothers Stanley de Zoysa then Minister of Finance resigned and Deputy Inspector General of Police Sydney de Zoysa was sent on compulsory leave. Ossie Corea was discharged and F.R. de Zoysa was cleared of suspicion.

Magisterial inquiry

November 26, 1959 seven persons were charged in the Chief Magistrate’s Court of Colombo on a charge of conspiring to murder S.W.R.D. Bandaranaike. They were:

Fourth accused Somarama Thero also charged with commitment of murder. He had confessed to committing the murder in his statements to the police and to the chief magistrate, but later changed his plea at the Supreme Court trial. During the magisterial inquiry the seventh accused Amerasinghe, who was a Kolonnawa Urban Councilor became a crown witness and received a pardon. Sixth accused Vimala Wijewardene was cleared of all charges. This effectively ended her political career.

The magisterial inquiry was conducted by N.A. de S. Wijesekara, Chief Magistrate of Colombo lasting over 124 days with 193 witnesses testifying. In the end he committed the first five accused to stand trial before Supreme Court on charges of conspiracy and murder.

Prosecution and punishment

Supreme court trial

The Supreme Court trial of the five accused commenced on February 22, 1961 before Justice T. S. Fernando, QC, OBE. With a seven member English speaking jury, D.W.L. Lieversz Snr. serving as foreman. 97 witnesses testified and were cross examined. The prosecution was led by the Solicitor General A. C. Alles and Deputy Solicitor General A. C. M. Ameer assisted by Senior Crown Counsels R.S. Wanasundara and R.I. Obeyesekera.

The first and second accused, Buddharakitha Thero and Jayawardene were represented by Phineas Quass, QC from Britain. The third accused Anura de Silva was represented by Kenneth Shinya assisted by K. Ratnesar. The fourth accused Somarama Thero was represented by Lucian G. Weeramantry appearing free of charge. The fifth accused Newton Perera was represented by N. Satyendra assisted by A. Mahesan.

Verdict

The trail concluded on May 12, 1961 and the jury returned its verdict in five days. The jury acquitted Anura de Silva (unanimously) and Newton Perera (five to two). The jury found first accused Buddharakkitha Thero, second accused HP Jayewardena and fourth accused Somarama Thero guilty by a unanimous verdict and pronounced on all three of them the death sentence (death by hanging).

Reason for murder

It was claimed that the reason behind the murder of Bandaranaike, was Bandaranaike's refusal to entertain Buddharakitha Thero's requests following his support for Bandaranaike in the election.

Buddharakitha supported Bandaranaike campaign with funds and influence. Following the election, Buddharakitha approached Bandaranaike to secure a lucrative shipping contract to import rice from Burma and Thailand for a company named Colombo Shipping Lines which he had co-founded with his associate H.P. Jayawardena. Bandaranaike on advice of Philip Gunewardena and R.G. Senanayake gave the contract to the government own Ceylon Shipping Corporation. Bandaranaike further denied a sugar manufacturing licence to Buddharakitha and Jayawardena.^[4]

Capital punishment

S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike's administration enacted the Suspension of the Capital Punishment Act No 20 of 1958, which suspended the death penalty from May 1958. Following the Bandaranaike assassination, Dahanayake government attempted to reactivate the death penalty and within a week of the assassination a gazette extraordinary proclamation dated on October 2, 1959 re-introduced the death penalty. This was followed by the Capital Punishment (Repeal) Act which was quickly passed in parliament and became law on December 7, 1959. It was brought was retrospective effect, aimed at inflicting the death penalty on those responsible for the assassination at happened on September 26. However, a loophole in the law allowed Buddharakkita and Jayewardene evade the death penalty as the Capital Punishment (Repeal) Act allowed for a sentence of death to a person convicted for murder committed prior to December 2, 1959 and not for the offence of conspiracy to commit murder.

Court of Criminal Appeal

An appeal was made by all three convicts to the then Court of Criminal Appeal which consisted of a five Judge bench with the Chief Justice Hema Basnayake, QC presiding and Justices M.C. Sansoni, HNG Fernando, N. Sinnetamby and L.B. de Silva. George E. Chitty, QC of the unofficial bar was retained by the government to lead the prosecution assisted by L.B.T. Premaratne, QC and Crown Counsel Ananda Pereira. Deputy Solicitor General Ameer opposed this move and resigned in protest. E. G. Wickremanayake, QC argued that the Capital Punishment (Repeal) Act did not re-introduce the death penalty for conspiracy to commit murder. The court agreed with the submission. All appeals were dismissed but amended the sentences imposed on Buddharakkitha Thero and Jayewardena from death to rigorous life imprisonment.

Capital Punishment (Special Provisions) Bill

By this time S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike’s widow Sirima Bandaranaike had formed a government and was prime minister. Angered by the decision of the Appeal Court, on behalf of the government C.P. de Silva who was the leader of the house on January 18, 1962 presented the Capital Punishment (Special Provisions) Bill. The bill stated specifically that with regrade to the Bandaranaike assassination, provision was made for the execution of those convicted for murder and conspiracy to murder the former prime minister. It rendered null and void the Appeal courts decision to alter death sentence to life imprisonment for those guilty of conspiracy. The bill drew loud protests and outcry, with Dr Colvin R. de Silva stating that the bill was "a barbarous bill amounted to murder by statute". The government faced with widespread opposition withdrew the bill on January 25, on the pretext that an appeal to the Privy Council was in progress.

Appeal to the Privy Council

All the convicted persons made an appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, which were refused by an order of the Privy Council in May 1962. Sir Dingle Foot QC, appeared on an honorary basis for Somarama Thero.

Punishment of convicted

Execution

Talduwe Somarama Thero thanked in open court his counsel Weeramanthri and later converted to Christianity and was baptised in his cell by an Anglican priest. He was hanged in the gallows at the Welikada Prison on July 6, 1962. He was 48 years old. The hanging was undertaken by state executioner Lewis Singho and his assistant Subatheris Appu.

Imprisonment

Dudley Senanayake's government commuted the life imprisonment sentences of Buddharakkitha Thero and Jayewardena to 20 years. Buddharakkitha Thero died in 1967 of a heart ailment aged 46 years after having served time at Welikada prison for 7 1/2 years of his sentence. Hemachandra Piyasena Jayewardena served 17 1/2 years of his sentence and was released on August 4, 1977.

Commission of Inquiry

Sirima Bandaranaike in 1963 appointed a commission of inquiry under the Commission of Inquiry Act of 1948 to inquire into the political aspects of the Bandaranaike assassination. The commission consisted of Justice T. S. Fernando, Justice Abdel Younis from Egypt and Justice G.C. Mills-Odoi from Ghana. The commission released a report as sessional paper III of 1964; with adverse finding of only former Minister Vimala Wijewardene.

Conspiracy theories

Many conspiracy theories posit that the assassination involved people or organizations in addition to those accused and convicted. One of the major conspiracies are that the murder was carried out by Ossie Corea an underworld kingpin who was imposing as Talduwe Somarama Thero. Others claim that then Minister Stanley de Zoysa was an accomplice in the murder and Deputy Inspector General of Police Sydney de Zoysa had attempted to have Talduwe Somarama Thero killed soon after the Prime Minister was shot.

Reaction to the assassination

The assassination evoked stunned reactions nationally and worldwide. It led to a period of political instability where the caretaker government of Dahanayake lasted only one year and following an in-divisive elections in March 1960 when Dudley Senanayake formed a government for a brief period. Bandaranaike party the Sri Lanka Freedom Party selected his widow Sirima Bandaranaike, gaining her an appointment as a Senator. She became the world's first female Prime Minister when another coalition led by the SLFP won elections in July 1960.

Artifacts, museums and locations today

The murder weapon, fatal bluet and the cloths worn by Bandaranaike on that day are on display at the National Museum of Colombo. Tintagel remained the private residence of the Bandaranaike family until it was converted into a hotel in 2010.

References

1. ^¹The incident that rocked Ceylon 55 Years Ago The Assassination of Prime Minister S.W.R.D. Bandaranaike
2. ^The legend that was Daha
3. ^SWRD's vision lives on
4. ^Rohaan recaps insights to Sri Lanka’s maritime past and present

External links