“Augustus Jesse Bowie Jr.”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Bowie leveraged his many patents in business as the founder of San Francisco's Bowie Switch Company, located in the waterfront Dogpatch district. The Bowie Switch Company would directly supply and implement his large-capacity switches for the San Francisco metro area, Hoover Dam, and Grand Coulee Dam, among many others; and during World War II the company expanded in order to produce switches for the U.S. war effort. More a businessman and inventor than an academic, Bowie's relative paucity of published writing outside electrical engineering journals (and his extensive legacy of patents) kept him largely unheralded outside electrical engineering circles following his death in 1955, despite his pivotal role in mass-scale electrification of the western United States and the bay area/Silicon Valley in particular.

Early life and Family

Augustus Jesse Bowie III was born in San Francisco, California, and generally referred to himself as Augustus Jesse Bowie Jr. He was the grandson of Dr. Augustus Jesse Bowie (Oct. 23, 1815 – July 6, 1887), a descendant of the revolutionary period Scottish loyalist and Maryland plantation owner John Bowie.^[2] Dr. Bowie came to San Francisco in April 1849, lured by the booming economy of the California Gold Rush. An experienced orthopedic surgeon with the U.S. Navy as early as 1837, he set up a private practice in downtown San Francisco in 1851 and soon occupied a prominent place among San Francisco's arriviste elite.^[3] Named first surgeon at St. Mary's hospital in 1861 then Chair of Surgery in the Medical Department of the University of the Pacific in 1863, he was named to the then-new board of UC Regents in 1876.^[4] However, like his grandson AJ Bowie III, Dr. Bowie's lack of an academic publishing record kept him relatively under-recognized in historic terms.^[5]

Augustus Jesse Bowie III's father, Augustus Jesse Bowie II (1845–1917) was Dr. Bowie's son, and was known as Augustus Jesse Bowie Jr. (as his own son would be later). In 1863, Augustus Jesse Bowie II received the first Bachelor of Arts degree to be awarded by San Francisco's St. Ignatius College, then went to Europe, receovog received a doctorate in engineering at Heidelberg University^[6] He returned to San Francisco with his German fiancée, Eliza Friedlander, and married her there in 1870.^[7] An experienced and widely published geologist, hydrologist, and mining engineer, Bowie II wrote treatises on mining in the Sierra and irrigation in the Central Valley that are still found in print, including the seminal ''A Practical Treatise on Hydraulic Mining in California'' (pub. 1885, i online at [https://archive.org/details/apracticaltreat02bowigoog internet archive]). Bowie II and Eliza Friedlander's's eldest son was Augustus Jesse Bowie III (born in San Francisco in 1872),.

Education

Like his father, Augustus Jesse Bowie III studied at Saint Ignatius College (now the University of San Francisco), following which he went east and entered Harvard College, graduating with honors and an A.B. in Mathematics in 1893.^[8]^[9] Bowie's coming of age and intellectual interests coincided with the biggest technological shift of the early 20th century - electrification. The locus of innovation in and promulgation of electrification in the United States was in the northeast, where the major players of this tech revolution were Joseph Swan, Thomas A. Edison, Nikola Tesla, and numerous others.^[10] After Harvard, Bowie III developed a strong interest in electrification and stayed in the Northeast, to pursue an S.B. in Electrical and Mechanical Engineering MIT. in 1896 he got.^[11] In his ensuing engineering and business career, Bowie III would generally identify himself by the same title as his father, Augustus Jesse Bowie Jr. This was the name under which he would also patent his inventions and eventually establish his business.

Early Career and Patents

At some point following his graduation from MIT in 1896, A.J. Bowie III returned to California and took up residence in Sacramento, where he found work as an engineer with the Sacramento Electric, Gas and Railroad Company.^[12] Bowie was back in San Francisco by early 1906, where he filed his first patent application: a sophisticated electrical switch that would cleanly create a break in an electrical circuit, dramatically reducing the risk of damage to the electrical apparatus and/or the potential electrocution of the user. Only rudimentary means for such technology had existed up until this time.^[13]

Be it known that I, Augustus J. Bowie, Jr., a citizen of the United States, residing in San Francisco city and county, State of California, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Electrical Switches; and I do hereby declare the following to be and exact description of the invention, such as will enable others skilled in the art to which it appertains to make and use the same. This invention relates of electric switches; The object of the invention is to provide a switch which shall be durable and shall promptly and surely destroy arcs formed at a complete and perfect break in the circuit to be interrupted….^[14]}}

Between this start in 1906 and the 1920s, Bowie was busy inventing and patenting products that helped lay the groundwork for this wider-scale electrification, the majority of which were new designs that vastly improved the safety, efficiency, and capacity of electrical current transmission. Among the most important of these patents are:

[https://www.google.com/patents/US1110374 US 1110374 A]: Filed 23 Jan. 1906, pub. 15 Sept. 1914, Electrical Switch.

[https://www.google.com/patents/US982789 US 982789 A]: Filed 18 Apr. 1907, pub. 31 Jan. 1911, Electromagnetic Power Transmitting Mechanism. Power transmission mechanism comprising a positively driven primary element mounted on a rotatable main shaft, and a sec ondary element mounted on a rotatable counter-shaft, out of alignment with the main shaft and driven therefrom, said primary and secondary elements forming an electromagnetic inductive system involving a magnet having an air gap, and an energizing coil for said magnet, and an electric conductor interposed in said air gap. --Journal of Electricity, Power, and Gas, Jan-June 1911^[15]

[https://www.google.com/patents/US1230372 US 1230372 A]: Filed 9 Dec. 1909, pub. 19 Jun. 1917, Electric Switch.

[https://www.google.com/patents/US1168595 US 1168595 A]: Filed 26 Feb. 1910, pub. 18 Jan 1916, Lightning-Arrester.

[https://www.google.com/patents/US1287851 US 1287851 A]: Filed 12 Mar. 1914, pub. 17 Dec 1918, Electric-energy converter and meter.

Bowie Switch Company and Electrification

While George Roe's California Electric Light Company had commenced electrification operations in San Francisco in 1879, with a capacity to light 21 lights, San Francisco did not realize a significant, widely-available electrical capacity until over four decades later; partially as a result of the infrastructural devastation wrought by the earthquake of 1906.^[16] Demand for electricity, however, continued to grow exponentially. In 1920, the California Electric Light Company hosted hundreds of people (who were lined up around the block) in a showcase of the first all-electric model home, replete with dozens of new appliances that required electricity to function - electricity that was still not available in many parts of California, particularly rural areas and outlying suburbs.^[17]

With the patents he created in the first two decades of the twentieth century, AJ Bowie III was poised to leverage the market potential of demand for electricity as electrification took full force. His eponymously-named Bowie Switch Company had been successfully marketing his inventions since at least 1913 and operated a facility at 18th and Folsom Streets in San Francisco,^[18]^[19] and in 1926 the company moved to a newly-built factory at 815 Tennessee Street in the Dogpatch neighborhood of San Francisco. The Bowie Switch Company building, a brick-faced classic revival style structure in the utilitarian tradition, was designed by noted Swedish architect August J. Nordin, designer of the historic landmark Swedish American Hall on upper Market Street.^[20]^[21] Built to integrate production with the newly-emergent long-haul trucking industry, the Bowie Switch Company building was well-positioned to distribute its products to locales both local and national, including in rural areas that were not serviced by existing rail transport networks.^[22] This broad distributive capacity, combined with rapidly-increasing demand for electrification, would prove to be instrumental in positioning the Bowie Switch Company squarely in the center of the Franklin Delano Roosevelt administration's efforts in the Rural Electrification Act and related major public works in the American West during the 1930s, including designing switches for the unprecedented amount of hydropower being generated by the newly-built Boulder and Grand Coulee Dams^[23]

WPA Hydropower Projects (Boulder and Grand Coulee dams)

Electrification in the United States' urban centers became standard during the 1920s and early 1930s, while rural and suburban electrification remained largely unrealized. This was in part due to U.S. political dynamics that discouraged the use of public funds for major infrastructure projects in favor of private development, and as rural electrification was yet to be proven a profitable endeavor private enterprise ventures were unconvinced of its viability.^[24] However, while the Great Depression was in full swing, the early 1930s saw the initiation of new, publicly-funded programs under President Franklin D. Roosevelt to support electrification in rural America where there was both great need and great poverty. This activity culminated in a new WPA program, the Rural Electrification Act of 1935, which extended the electrification wave beyond urban centers and across the continental United States.

The major infrastructural expansion of electrical capacity from these programs increased demand for Bowie III's products, and placed his company into an important position as a government contractor. As the 1930s began, low-voltage (2300 volt) electrical distribution systems were the standard, and they could only carry electricity about four miles before voltage drop rendered the remaining current useless for standard domestic applications.^[25] To increase the viability of high-voltage current carriage to rural and suburban areas (including outlying regions of Bowie's Bay Area home such as San Jose, Gilroy, Mountain View, Martinez, etc.), innovative (and often expensive) higher-voltage systems were needed to handle capacity for lines that would carry power over 40 miles from a station.^[26] For these new high-voltage systems, as well as centralized hydropower projects that generated unprecedented amounts of electrical current, the potential for injuries, explosions, and destruction of equipment was very high, so new high-capacity switches were required to be able to manage the power effectively and safely - the Bowie Switch Company was a locus for innovation and implementation of these switches, and the company kept very busy during the 1930s.^[27] One of Bowie's greatest achievements during this period were the innovative 287,000 volt (287kv) disconnecting switches, which at the time and for many years thereafter were by far the world's largest (in mass and capacity) and weighed over 1000 pounds each. These switches were designed for the enormous quantity of power generated by Hoover Dam and Grand Coulee Dam, and were the only way to safely regulate the flow of electricity from the harsh environmental surroundings of their generation sites through power lines that had the capacity to carry electricity over 250 miles to urban, rural, and newly-developing suburban areas.^[28]^[29]

World War Two and Post-War

When the U.S. entered into World War II in 1941, the war effort further increased the demand for Bowie's products in both military and civilian capacities, particularly for the high voltage and safety controls (disconnecting switches) needed in the industrial-scale production of military goods, vehicles, weapons, and ships. In 1942 the Bowie Switch Co. added an assembly facility to the east, increasing the company's ability to manufacture goods at the scale and speed required by the military.^[30] On August 19, 1944, President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9466, which directed the Secretary of the Navy “to take possession of and operate the plants and facilities of certain machine shop companies” in San Francisco, one of the 99 temporarily nationalized industries was the Bowie Switch Company of San Francisco.^[31]^[32] While the managerial structure and employees of the Bowie Switch Company remained intact during this time, the company exclusively produced products to aid the war effort^[33]

Soon after the war's conclusion in 1945, the Bowie Switch Company (along with other temporarily nationalized industries) was brought back to full private control^[34] under A.J. Bowie Jr (A.J. Bowie III). However, by the end of the year Bowie sold Bowie Switch Company to the A.B. Chance Company of Moberly, Missouri; a sale which had been pending since 1941. At the time of sale in December, 1945, the Bowie Switch Company employed approximately 70-100 people, and after the sale Bowie was kept on as a consulting engineer.^[35] World War II turned out to have been the apogee of the Bowie Switch Company, but under the ownership of A.B. Chance, it continued to produce electrical products until 1960 before ceasing operations.^[36]

Legacy

Augustus Jesse Bowie Jr. (AKA Augustus Jesse Bowie III) was one of the San Francisco Bay Area's earliest technology pioneers, and his invention, marketing, and production of groundbreaking disconnecting switch technology was a key component in the spread of electrification outside city centers on the American west coast. The early development of this capacity would prove to have a lasting impact in the rural areas of the state and the sprawling, decentralized DIY technology laboratory of the bay area suburbs that would eventually become known as Silicon Valley - a metaphorically-appropriate outcome, given that the binary code underlying all digital technology is based on a series of switches. As noted earlier, Bowie was highly regarded and very influential in electrical engineering circles and was sought-after by planners as a top-flight engineer, but he was much more a businessman than an academic and was little-known outside his profession due to a relative lack of published materials (besides several articles in electrical engineering journals and his numerous patents).

In 1913, Bowie married his close friend Esther Donnelly (who already had a six-year-old child);^[37] however, the couple had no children of their own and divorced in 1918.^[38] AJ Bowie Jr. (III) never remarried, and died on June 22, 1955 in Children's Hospital San Francisco at the age of 82. He is buried in Colma, California^[39]^[40]^[41]

References

1. ^The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The U.S. Standard of Living Since the Civil War by Robert J. Gordon, 2003, Princeton University Press
2. ^The Reverend John Bowie, Tory by Lucy Lee Bowie, Maryland Historical Magazine, June 1943 Vol. 38 no. 2, pages 145-160
3. ^{{cite journal|url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1237415/pdf/westjmed00280-0094.pdf | pmc=1237415 | pmid=795165 | volume=125 | title=A history of orthopedics in San Francisco and the West | year=1976 | journal=West J Med | pages=502–8 | last1 = Mandell | first1 = P | last2 = Raih | first2 = T | last3 = Taylor | first3 = LW}}
4. ^[https://archive.org/stream/historypublicsc02swetgoog/historypublicsc02swetgoog_djvu.txt History of the Public School System of California] Swett, John. San Francisco: AJ Bancroft and Company, 1895 p.184
5. ^Augustus Jesse Bowie (1815 - 1887). Stanford University School of Medicine and the Predecessor Schools: An Historical Perspective, Part II, Chapter 9. Early Local Medical Societies in California. Retrieved online, 3/5/2017
6. ^St. Ignatius Comes of Age (1861–1880), St Ignatius College Preparatory. Retrieved from web, 03/05/2017
7. ^WEDDINGS in Rich Life Section. San Francisco Chronicle, January 8, 1869
8. ^Harvard University Catalogue, 1893-94, published by Harvard. p.521
9. ^[https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=w8EnAAAAYAAJ&rdid=book-w8EnAAAAYAAJ&rdot=1 Record of the Class of 1893] by Harvard College (1780- ), p.28. Retrieved from web, 3/5/2017
10. ^Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology. Nye, David E. Cambridge, MA, USA and London, England:The MIT Press, 1990
11. ^The Reverend John Bowie, Tory by Lucy Lee Bowie, Maryland Historical Magazine, June 1943 Vol. 38 no. 2, p.160
12. ^Electrical West, Volume 14. McGraw-Hill Company of California, 1904. pp. 168, 182, 215, 243, 246-48
13. ^Signal and Switch: A Cultural History of the Push-Button Interface. Plotnick, Rachel. Northwestern University, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2013. 3563823
14. ^[https://www.google.com/patents/US1110374]U.S. Patent Office, Electrical switch. US 1110374 A, filed 1906 pub. 1914
15. ^Journal of Electricity, Power, and Gas: Patents Vol:26, Number:6, Jan-June 1911, p.144
16. ^Pacific Gas and Electric: History Page, retrieved 2/12/2017
17. ^ibid.
18. ^Journal of Electricity, Power, and Gas, Volume 30 no.17, April 26, 1912, p.396
19. ^Industrial Activities Aided by Pacific Service, Pacific Service Magazine, Volume:9 Number:1, June 1917 p.207
20. ^Swedish Architect in the USA - August Nordin, Excerpt from the book Swedish Architects in the Americas, 1846-1930. The Nordstjernan, May 19, 2015
21. ^Landmark Designation Application for 815-825 Tennessee Street, prepared by John Loomis, on behalf of the Dogpatch Neighborhood, dated July 20, 2015
22. ^ibid., p.4
23. ^[https://cdn.loc.gov/master/pnp/habshaer/wa/wa0600/wa0638/data/wa0638data.pdf HISTORIC AMERICAN ENGINEERING RECORD - COLUMBIA BASIN PROJECT, GRAND COULEE DAM & FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT LAKE], pub. 1941, p.195
24. ^Rural Electrification Administration 1934-1941, Historic Events for Students: The Great Depression, Encyclopedia.com. retrieved 4 Mar. 2017
25. ^Electricity Distribution Network Design by Lakervi and Holmes, 2nd edition, 1995. Peregrinius Limited Press
26. ^ibid. pp.31, 201-202
27. ^287 Kv Boulder Dam Disconnecting Switches. Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, Volume: 55, Issue: 6, June 1936. pp.582-589
28. ^ibid.
29. ^Technology Review of MIT, Volume 38. Association of Alumni and Alumnae of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1935. p.216
30. ^Loomis, p.21
31. ^[https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/executive-orders/1944.html#9466 Executive Order 9466], Federal Register page and date: 9 FR 10139, August 22, 1944.
32. ^Executive Order 9466, The Code of Federal Regulations of the United States of America, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1957. p.327-328
33. ^ibid.
34. ^[https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/executive-orders/1944.html#9603 Executive Order 9603], Termination of Possession of Certain Property Taken by the Government Signed: August 25, 1945
35. ^F.G. Chance Buys Bowie Switch Co. of San Francisco, Moberly Monitor-Index (Moberly, Missouri) December 22, 1945, p.1
36. ^Loomis, p.21
37. ^Weddings In Society, San Francisco Call, Volume 114, Number 98, 6 September 1913. p.13
38. ^Augustus J Bowie Jr Accused of Contempt, San Francisco Chronicle, May 9, 1919. p.7
39. ^Funeral Held for AJ Bowie, San Francisco Examiner, June 25, 1955'
40. ^California Death Index, State of California Department of Health Services, Center for Health Statistics, 2000, http://www.ancestry.com, 1/9/2009
41. ^[https://forums.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=Bowie&GSiman=1&GScty=16680&GSob=c&GRid=87381484& Find-A-Grave], retrieved online 3/5/2017