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词条 Water (data page)
释义

  1. Liquid physical properties

  2. Water/steam equilibrium properties

  3. Melting point of ice at various pressures

  4. Table of various forms of ice

  5. Phase diagram

  6. Water with dissolved NaCl

  7. Self-ionization

  8. Self-diffusion coefficients

  9. Additional data translated from German "Wasser (Stoffdaten)" page

     Physical and thermodynamic tables  Standard conditions  Triple point  Saturated vapor pressure  Formulas 

  10. Magnetic susceptibility

  11. References

  12. Bibliography

  13. External links

This page provides supplementary data to the article properties of water.

Further comprehensive authoritative data can be found at the NIST Webbook page on thermophysical properties of fluids. Except where noted otherwise, data relate to standard ambient temperature and pressure.

==Structure and properties==

Structure and properties
Index of refraction, nD 1.333 at 20 °C
Dielectric constant[1]

88.00 at 0 °C

86.04 at 5 °C

84.11 at 10 °C

82.22 at 15 °C

80.36 at 20 °C

78.54 at 25 °C

76.75 at 30 °C

75.00 at 35 °C

73.28 at 40 °C

71.59 at 45 °C

69.94 at 50 °C

66.74 at 60 °C

63.68 at 70 °C

60.76 at 80 °C

57.98 at 90 °C

55.33 at 100 °C

Bond strength 492.215 kJ/mol O–H bond dissociation energy[2]
Bond length 95.87 pm (equilibrium)[3]
Bond angle 104.48° (equilibrium) [4][5]
Magnetic susceptibility −9.04 × 10−6 volume SI units[6]

==Thermodynamic properties==

Phase behavior
Triple point 273.16 K (0.01 °C), 611.73 Pa
Critical point 647 K (374 °C), 22.1 MPa
Enthalpy change
of fusion at 273.15 K, ΔfusH		 6.01 kJ/mol
Entropy change of fusion
at 273.15 K, 1 bar, ΔfusS		 22.0 J/(mol·K)
Std enthalpy change
of vaporization, ΔvapHo		 44.0 kJ/mol
Enthalpy change of
vaporization at 373.15 K, ΔvapH		 40.68 kJ/mol
Std entropy change
of vaporization, ΔvapSo		 118.89 J/(mol·K)
Entropy change of
vaporization at 373.15 K, ΔvapS		 109.02 J/(mol·K)
Enthalpy change of
sublimation at 273.15 K, ΔsubH		 51.1 kJ/mol
Std entropy change of sublimation
at 273.15 K, 1 bar, ΔsubS		 ~144 J/(mol·K)
Molal freezing point constant −1.858 °C kg/mol
Molal boiling point constant 0.512 °C kg/mol
Solid properties
Std enthalpy change
of formation, ΔfHosolid		 −291.83 kJ/mol
Standard molar entropy,
Sosolid		 41 J/(mol K)
Heat capacity, cp 12.2 J/(mol K) at −200 °C
15.0 J/(mol K) at −180 °C
17.3 J/(mol K) at −160 °C
19.8 J/(mol K) at −140 °C
24.8 J/(mol K) at −100 °C
29.6 J/(mol K) at −60 °C
32.77 J/(mol K) at −38.3 °C
33.84 J/(mol K) at −30.6 °C
35.20 J/(mol K) at −20.8 °C
36.66 J/(mol K) at −11.0 °C
37.19 J/(mol K) at −4.9 °C
37.84 J/(mol K) at −2.2 °C
Liquid properties
Std enthalpy change
of formation, ΔfHoliquid		 −285.83 kJ/mol
Standard molar entropy,
Soliquid		 69.95 J/(mol K)
Heat capacity, cp 75.97 J/(mol K) and 4.2176 J/(g·K) at 0 °C
75.42 J/(mol K) and 4.1921 J/(g·K) at 10 °C
75.33 J/(mol K) and 4.1818 J/(g·K) at 20 °C
75.28 J/(mol K) and 4.1814 J/(g·K) at 25 °C
75.26 J/(mol K) and 4.1784 J/(g·K) at 30 °C
75.26 J/(mol K) and 4.1785 J/(g·K) at 40 °C
75.30 J/(mol K) and 4.1806 J/(g·K) at 50 °C
75.37 J/(mol K) and 4.1843 J/(g·K) at 60 °C
75.46 J/(mol K) and 4.1895 J/(g·K) at 70 °C
75.58 J/(mol K) and 4.1963 J/(g·K) at 80 °C
75.74 J/(mol K) and 4.2050 J/(g·K) at 90 °C
75.94 J/(mol K) and 4.2159 J/(g·K) at 100 °C
Gas properties
Std enthalpy change
of formation, ΔfHogas		 −241.83 kJ/mol
Standard molar entropy,
Sogas		 188.84 J/(mol K)
Heat capacity, cp 36.5 J/(mol K) at 100 °C
36.1 J/(mol K) at 200 °C
36.2 J/(mol K) at 400 °C
37.9 J/(mol K) at 700 °C
41.4 J/(mol K) at 1000 °C
Heat capacity, cv 27.5 J/(mol K) at 100 °C
27.6 J/(mol K) at 200 °C
27.8 J/(mol K) at 400 °C
29.5 J/(mol K) at 700 °C
33.1 J/(mol K) at 1000 °C
Heat capacity ratio,
γ = cp/cv		 1.324 at 100 °C
1.310 at 200 °C
1.301 at 400 °C
1.282 at 700 °C
1.252 at 1000 °C
van der Waals' constants a = 553.6 L2 kPa/mol2
b = 0.03049 L/mol

Liquid physical properties

Velocity of sound in water
c in distilled water at 25 °C 1498 m/s
c at other temperatures[7] 1403 m/s at 0 °C
1427 m/s at 5 °C
1447 m/s at 10 °C
1481 m/s at 20 °C
1507 m/s at 30 °C
1526 m/s at 40 °C
1541 m/s at 50 °C
1552 m/s at 60 °C
1555 m/s at 70 °C
1555 m/s at 80 °C
1550 m/s at 90 °C
1543 m/s at 100 °C
Density[8][9]
0.983854 g/cm3 at −30 °C0.99221 g/cm3 at 40 °C
0.993547 g/cm3 at −20 °C0.99022 g/cm3 at 45 °C
0.998117 g/cm3 at −10 °C 0.98804 g/cm3 at 50 °C
0.9998395 g/cm3 at 0 °C 0.98570 g/cm3 at 55 °C
0.999972 g/cm3 at 3.984 °C[10]
0.9999720 g/cm3 at 4 °C 0.98321 g/cm3 at 60 °C
0.99996 g/cm3 at 5 °C 0.98056 g/cm3 at 65 °C
0.9997026 g/cm3 at 10 °C 0.97778 g/cm3 at 70 °C
0.9991026 g/cm3 at 15 °C 0.97486 g/cm3 at 75 °C
0.9982071 g/cm3 at 20 °C 0.97180 g/cm3 at 80 °C
0.9977735 g/cm3 at 22 °C 0.96862 g/cm3 at 85 °C
0.9970479 g/cm3 at 25 °C 0.96531 g/cm3 at 90 °C
0.9956502 g/cm3 at 30 °C 0.96189 g/cm3 at 95 °C
0.99403 g/cm3 at 35 °C 0.95835 g/cm3 at 100 °C
The values below 0 °C refer to supercooled water.
Viscosity[11]
1.7921 mPa·s (cP) at 0 °C 0.5494 mPa·s at 50 °C
1.5188 mPa·s at 5 °C 0.5064 mPa·s at 55 °C
1.3077 mPa·s at 10 °C 0.4688 mPa·s at 60 °C
1.1404 mPa·s at 15 °C 0.4355 mPa·s at 65 °C
1.0050 mPa·s at 20 °C 0.4061 mPa·s at 70 °C
0.8937 mPa·s at 25 °C 0.3799 mPa·s at 75 °C
0.8007 mPa·s at 30 °C 0.3635 mPa·s at 80 °C
0.7225 mPa·s at 35 °C 0.3355 mPa·s at 85 °C
0.6560 mPa·s at 40 °C 0.3165 mPa·s at 90 °C
0.5988 mPa·s at 45 °C 0.2994 mPa·s at 95 °C
0.2838 mPa·s at 100 °C
Surface tension[12]
75.64 dyn/cm at 0 °C 69.56 dyn/cm at 40 °C
74.92 dyn/cm at 5 °C 68.74 dyn/cm at 45 °C
74.22 dyn/cm at 10 °C 67.91 dyn/cm at 50 °C
73.49 dyn/cm at 15 °C 66.18 dyn/cm at 60 °C
72.75 dyn/cm at 20 °C 64.42 dyn/cm at 70 °C
71.97 dyn/cm at 25 °C 62.61 dyn/cm at 80 °C
71.18 dyn/cm at 30 °C 60.75 dyn/cm at 90 °C
70.38 dyn/cm at 35 °C 58.85 dyn/cm at 100 °C
Electrical conductivity of highly purified water at saturation pressure[13]
Temperature, °C Conductivity, μS/m
0.011.15
255.50
10076.5
200299
300241

Water/steam equilibrium properties

Vapor pressure formula for steam in equilibrium with liquid water:[14]

where P is equilibrium vapor pressure in kPa, and T is temperature in kelvins.

For T = 273 K to 333 K: A = 7.2326; B = 1750.286; C = 38.1.

For T = 333 K to 423 K: A = 7.0917; B = 1668.21; C = 45.1.

Steam table[15]
Temperature
(°C)		Pressure
(kPa)		H of liquid
(J/g)		ΔvapH
(J/g)		Wvap
(J/g)		ρ of vapor
(kg/m3)
0 0.612 0.00 2496.5 126.0 0.004845
10 1.227 42.0 2473.5 130.5 0.009398
20 2.336 83.8 2450.9 135.1 0.01728
30 4.242 125.6 2427.9 139.7 0.03036
40 7.370 167.2 2404.9 144.2 0.05107
50 12.33 209.0 2381.4 148.7 0.08285
60 19.90 250.8 2357.6 153.0 0.1300
70 31.15 292.7 2332.9 157.3 0.1979
80 46.12 334.6 2307.7 161.5 0.2931
90 70.10 376.6 2282.6 165.5 0.4232
100 101.32 419.0 2256.3 169.4 0.5974
110 143.27 460.8 2229.5 173.1 0.8264
120 198.50 503.2 2201.4 176.7 1.121
130 270.13 545.8 2172.5 180.2 1.497
140 361.4 588.5 2142.8 183.2 1.967
150 476.0 631.5 2111.8 186.1 2.548
160 618.1 674.7 2080.0 188.7 3.263
170 792.0 718.5 2047.0 190.6 4.023
180 1002.7 762.5 2012.2 192.8 5.165
190 1254.9 807.0 1975.8 194.5 6.402
200 1554.3 851.9 1937.3 195.6 7.868
210 1907.9 897.5 1897.5 196.3 9.606
221.1 2369.8 948.5 1850.2 196.6 11.88
229.4 2769.6 987.9 1812.5 196.2 13.87
240.6 3381.1 1040.6 1759.4 195.1 16.96
248.9 3904.1 1080.3 1715.8 193.7 19.66
260.0 4695.9 1134.8 1653.9 190.8 23.84
271.1 5603.4 1195.9 1586.5 186.9 28.83
279.4 6366.5 1240.7 1532.5 183.3 33.18
290.6 7506.2 1302.3 1456.3 177.4 39.95
298.9 8463.9 1350.0 1394.8 172.2 45.93
310.0 9878.0 1415.7 1307.7 164.2 55.25
321.1 11461 1483.9 1212.7 154.5 66.58
329.4 12785 1537.9 1133.2 145.6 76.92
340.6 14727 1617.9 1007.6 130.9 94.25
348.9 16331 1687.0 892.0 117.0 111.5
360.0 18682 1797.0 694.0 91.0 145.3
371.1 21349 1968.3 365.0 47.0 214.5
374.4 22242 2151.2 0 0 306.8
Temperature
(°C)		Pressure
(kPa)		H of liquid
(J/g)		ΔvapH
(J/g)		Wvap
(J/g)		ρ of vapor
(kg/m3)
{{clear|left}}

Data in the table above is given for water–steam equilibria at various temperatures over the entire temperature range at which liquid water can exist. Pressure of the equilibrium is given in the second column in kPa. The third column is the heat content of each gram of the liquid phase relative to water at 0 °C. The fourth column is the heat of vaporization of each gram of liquid that changes to vapor. The fifth column is the work PΔV done by each gram of liquid that changes to vapor. The sixth column is the density of the vapor.

Melting point of ice at various pressures

Data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed., p. 2390

Pressure kPa Temp. °C
101.325 0.0
32950 −2.5
60311 −5.0
87279 −7.5
113267 −10.0
138274 −12.5
159358 −15.0
179952 −17.5
200251 −20.0
215746 −22.1

Table of various forms of ice

Properties of various forms of ice[16]
Ice
form 		Density
g/cm3 		Crystal
structure 		Triple
points 		TP temp °C TP pressure
MPa
Ih0.92hexagonal Lq, Vap, Ih 0.01 0.000612
Lq, Ih, III −22.0 207.5
Ih, II, III −34.7 212.9
Ic0.92cubic
II1.17rhombohedral Ih, II, III −34.7 212.9
II, III, V −24.3 344.3
II, V, VI −55 (est) 620
III1.14tetragonal Lq, Ih, III −22.0 207.5
Lq, III, V −17 346.3
Ih, II, III −34.7 212.9
II, III, V −24.3 344.3
IV1.27rhombohedral
V1.23monoclinic Lq, III, V −17 346.3
Lq, V, VI 0.16 625.9
II, III, V −24.3 344.3
II, V, VI −55 (est) 620
VI1.31tetragonal Lq, V, VI 0.16 625.9
Lq, VI, VII 81.6 2200
II, V, VI −55 (est) 620
VI, VII, VIII ≈5 2100
VII1.50cubic Lq, VI, VII 81.6 2200
VI, VII, VIII ≈5 2100
VII, VIII, X −173 62000
VIII1.46tetragonal VI, VII, VIII ≈5 2100
VII, VIII, X −173 62000
IX1.16tetragonal
X2.46cubic VII, VIII, X −173 62000
XI‡0.92orthorhombic Vap, Ih, XI −201.5 0 (expected)
XII1.29tetragonal
XIII1.23monoclinic
XIV1.29orthorhombic
‡Ice XI triple point is theoretical and has never been obtained

Phase diagram

Water with dissolved NaCl

Properties of water–NaCl mixtures [17]
NaCl, wt% Teq, °C ρ, g/cm3 n η, mPa·s
0 0 0.99984 1.333 1.002
0.5 −0.3 1.0018 1.3339 1.011
1 −0.59 1.0053 1.3347 1.02
2 −1.19 1.0125 1.3365 1.036
3 −1.79 1.0196 1.3383 1.052
4 −2.41 1.0268 1.34 1.068
5 −3.05 1.034 1.3418 1.085
6 −3.7 1.0413 1.3435 1.104
7 −4.38 1.0486 1.3453 1.124
8 −5.08 1.0559 1.347 1.145
9 −5.81 1.0633 1.3488 1.168
10 −6.56 1.0707 1.3505 1.193
12 −8.18 1.0857 1.3541 1.25
14 −9.94 1.1008 1.3576 1.317
16 −11.89 1.1162 1.3612 1.388
18 −14.04 1.1319 1.3648 1.463
20 −16.46 1.1478 1.3684 1.557
22 −19.18 1.164 1.3721 1.676
23.3 −21.1
23.7 −17.3
24.9 −11.1
26.1 −2.7
26.28 0
26.32 10
26.41 20
26.45 25
26.52 30
26.67 40
26.84 50
27.03 60
27.25 70
27.5 80
27.78 90
28.05 100

Note: ρ is density, n is refractive index at 589 nm,{{clarify|date=May 2018}} and η is viscosity, all at 20 °C; Teq is the equilibrium temperature between two phases: ice/liquid solution for Teq < 0–0.1 °C and NaCl/liquid solution for Teq above 0.1 °C.

Self-ionization

{{Main article|Self-ionization of water}}
°C  −35   0   25   60   300 (~50 MPa)
pKw[18]  17   14.9   14.0   13.0   12 

==Spectral data==

UV-Vis
λmax ? nm
Extinction coefficient, ε ?
IR
Major absorption bands[19]
vapor: ν1 = 3657.05, ν2 = 1594.75, ν3 = 3755.93 cm−1
liquid: ν1 = 3280, ν2 = 1644, ν3 = 3490 cm−1
hexagonal ice: ν1 = 3085, ν2 = 1650, ν3 = 3220 cm−1
NMR
Proton NMR  4.79 ppm in D2O ; 1.56 ppm in CDCl3 ; 0.40 ppm in C6D6 ; 4.87 in CD3OD[20]
Carbon-13 NMR  N/A
Other NMR data  
MS
Masses of
main fragments		  

Self-diffusion coefficients

Experimental self-diffusion coefficients at various temperatures[21]
Temperature in {{formatnum:}}°C-9}} m2/s
01.099
11.138
41.261
51.303
101.525
151.765
202.023
252.299
302.594
352.907
403.238
453.588
503.956
564.423
604.748
705.615
806.557
907.574
1008.667

Additional data translated from German "Wasser (Stoffdaten)" page

The data that follows was copied and translated from the German language Wikipedia version of this page (which has moved to here). It provides supplementary physical, thermodynamic, and vapor pressure data, some of which is redundant with data in the tables above, and some of which is additional.

Physical and thermodynamic tables

In the following tables, values are temperature-dependent and to a lesser degree pressure-dependent, and are arranged by state of aggregation (s = solid, lq = liquid, g = gas), which are clearly a function of temperature and pressure. All of the data were computed from data given in "Formulation of the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for Scientific and General Use" (1984). This applies to:

  • T – temperature in degrees Celsius
  • V – specific volume in cubic decimeters per kilogram (1 dm3 is equivalent to 1 liter)
  • H – specific enthalpy in kilojoules per kilogram
  • U – specific internal energy in kilojoules per kilogram
  • S – specific entropy in kilojoules per kilogram-kelvin
  • cp – specific heat capacity at constant pressure in kilojoules per kilogram-kelvin
  • γ – Thermal expansion coefficient as 10−3 per kelvin
  • λ – Heat conductivity in milliwatts per meter-kelvin
  • η – Viscosity in micropascal-seconds (1 cP = 1000 µPa·s)
  • σ – surface tension in millinewtons per meter (equivalent to dyn/cm)

Standard conditions

In the following table, material data are given for standard pressure of 0.1 MPa (equivalent to 1 bar). Up to 99.63 °C (the boiling point of water at 0.1 MPa), at this pressure water exists as a liquid. Above that, it exists as water vapor. Note that the boiling point of 100.0 °C is at a pressure of 0.101325 MPa (1 atm), which is the average atmospheric pressure.

 

Water/steam data table at standard pressure (0.1 MPa)
T °CV
dm3/kg		H
kJ/kg		U
kJ/kg		S
kJ/(kg·K)		cp
kJ/(kg·K)		γ
10−3/K		λ
mW / (m·K)		η
µPa·s		σ   ‡
mN/m
0lq 1.0002 0.06 −0.04 −0.0001 4.228 −0.080 561.0 1792 75.65
5 1.0000 21.1 21.0 0.076 4.200 0.011 570.6 1518 74.95
10 1.0003 42.1 42.0 0.151 4.188 0.087 580.0 1306 74.22
15 1.0009 63.0 62.9 0.224 4.184 0.152 589.4 1137 73.49
20 1.0018 83.9 83.8 0.296 4.183 0.209 598.4 1001 72.74
25 1.0029 104.8 104.7 0.367 4.183 0.259 607.2 890.4 71.98
30 1.0044 125.8 125.7 0.437 4.183 0.305 615.5 797.7 71.20
35 1.0060 146.7 146.6 0.505 4.183 0.347 623.3 719.6 70.41
40 1.0079 167.6 167.5 0.572 4.182 0.386 630.6 653.3 69.60
45 1.0099 188.5 188.4 0.638 4.182 0.423 637.3 596.3 68.78
50 1.0121 209.4 209.3 0.704 4.181 0.457 643.6 547.1 67.95
60 1.0171 251.2 251.1 0.831 4.183 0.522 654.4 466.6 66.24
70 1.0227 293.1 293.0 0.955 4.187 0.583 663.1 404.1 64.49
80 1.0290 335.0 334.9 1.075 4.194 0.640 670.0 354.5 62.68
90 1.0359 377.0 376.9 1.193 4.204 0.696 675.3 314.6 60.82
99.63 lq 1.0431 417.5 417.4 1.303 4.217 0.748 679.0 283.0 58.99
g 1694.3 2675 2505 7.359 2.043 2.885 25.05 12.26 –
100g 1696.1 2675 2506 7.361 2.042 2.881 25.08 12.27 58.92
200 2172.3 2874 2657 7.833 1.975 2.100 33.28 16.18 37.68
300 2638.8 3073 2810 8.215 2.013 1.761 43.42 20.29 14.37
500 3565.5 3488 3131 8.834 2.135 1.297 66.970 28.57 –
750 4721.0 4043 3571 9.455 2.308 0.978 100.30 38.48 –
1000 5875.5 4642 4054 9.978 2.478 0.786 136.3 47.66 –
‡ The values for surface tension for the liquid section of the table are for a liquid/air interface. Values for the gas section of the table are for a liquid/saturated steam interface.
{{clear|right}}

Triple point

In the following table, material data are given with a pressure of 611.7 Pa (equivalent to 0.006117 bar). Up to a temperature of 0.01 °C, the triple point of water, water normally exists as ice, except for supercooled water, for which one data point is tabulated here. At the triple point, ice can exist together with both liquid water and vapor. At higher temperatures, the data are for water vapor only.

 

Water/steam data table at triple point pressure (0.0006117 MPa)
T °CV
dm3/kg		H
kJ/kg		U
kJ/kg		S
kJ/(kg·K)		cp
kJ/(kg·K)		γ
10−3/K		λ
mW / (m·K)		η
µPa·s
0 lq 1.0002 −0.04 −0.04 −0.0002 4.339 −0.081 561.0 1792
0.01 s 1.0908 −333.4 −333.4 −1.221 1.93 0.1 2180 –
lq 1.0002 0.0 0 0 4.229 −0.080 561.0 1791
g 205986 2500 2374 9.154 1.868 3.672 17.07 9.22
5g 209913 2509 2381 9.188 1.867 3.605 17.33 9.34
10 213695 2519 2388 9.222 1.867 3.540 17.60 9.46
15 217477 2528 2395 9.254 1.868 3.478 17.88 9.59
20 221258 2537 2402 9.286 1.868 3.417 18.17 9.73
25 225039 2547 2409 9.318 1.869 3.359 18.47 9.87
30 228819 2556 2416 9.349 1.869 3.304 18.78 10.02
35 232598 2565 2423 9.380 1.870 3.249 19.10 10.17
40 236377 2575 2430 9.410 1.871 3.197 19.43 10.32
45 240155 2584 2437 9.439 1.872 3.147 19.77 10.47
50 243933 2593 2444 9.469 1.874 3.098 20.11 10.63
60 251489 2612 2459 9.526 1.876 3.004 20.82 10.96
70 259043 2631 2473 9.581 1.880 2.916 21.56 11.29
80 266597 2650 2487 9.635 1.883 2.833 22.31 11.64
90 274150 2669 2501 9.688 1.887 2.755 23.10 11.99
100 281703 2688 2515 9.739 1.891 2.681 23.90 12.53
200 357216 2879 2661 10.194 1.940 2.114 32.89 16.21
300 432721 3076 2811 10.571 2.000 1.745 43.26 20.30
500 583725 3489 3132 11.188 2.131 1.293 66.90 28.57
750 772477 4043 3571 11.808 2.307 0.977 100.20 38.47
1000 961227 4642 4054 12.331 2.478 0.785 136.30 47.66
{{clear|right}}

Saturated vapor pressure

The following table is based on different, complementary sources and approximation formulas, whose values are of various quality and accuracy. The values in the temperature range of −100 °C to 100 °C were inferred from D. Sunday (1982) and are quite uniform and exact. The values in the temperature range of the boiling point of water up to the critical point (100 °C to 374 °C) are drawn from different sources and are substantially less accurate; hence they should be used only as approximate values.[22][23][24][25]

To use the values correctly, consider the following points:

  • The values apply only to smooth interfaces and in the absence other gases or gas mixtures such as air. Hence they apply only to pure phases and need a correction factor for systems in which air is present.
  • The values were not computed according formulas widely used in the US, but using somewhat more exact formulas (see below), which can also be used to compute further values in the appropriate temperature ranges.
  • The saturated vapor pressure over water in the temperature range of −100 °C to −50 °C is only extrapolated [Translator's note: Supercooled liquid water is not known to exist below −42 °C].
  • The values have various units (Pa, hPa or bar), which must be considered when reading them.

Formulas

The table values for −100 °C to 100 °C were computed by the following formulas, where T is in kelvins and vapor pressures, Pw and Pi, are in pascals.

Over liquid water

loge(Pw) = −6094.4642 T−1 + 21.1249952 − 2.724552×10−2 T + 1.6853396×10−5 T2 + 2.4575506 loge(T)

For temperature range: 173.15 K to 373.15 K or equivalently −100 °C to 100 °C

Over ice

loge(Pi) = −5504.4088 T−1 − 3.5704628 − 1.7337458×10−2 T + 6.5204209×10−6 T2 + 6.1295027 loge(T)

For temperature range: 173.15 K to 273.15 K or equivalently −100 °C to 0 °C

At triple point

An important basic value, which is not registered in the table, is the saturated vapor pressure at the triple point of water. The internationally accepted value according to measurements of Guildner, Johnson and Jones (1976) amounts to:

Pw(ttp = 0.01 °C) = 611.657 Pa ± 0.010 Pa at (1 − α) = 99%

 

Values of saturated vapor pressure of water
Temp.
T in °C		Pi(T) over ice
in Pa		Pw(T) over water
in Pa		Temp.
T in °C		Pw(T) over water
in hPa		Temp.
T in °C		P(T)
in bar		Temp.
T in °C		P(T)
in bar		Temp.
T in °C		P(T)
in bar
−1000.00139570.003630906.112131001.0120015.5530085.88
−990.00170940.004412116.570691011.0520115.8830187.09
−980.00208890.005348727.059491021.0920216.2130288.32
−970.00254700.006469237.580231031.1320316.5530389.57
−960.00309870.007806748.134671041.1720416.8930490.82
−950.00376170.009399658.724691051.2120517.2430592.09
−940.00455690.01129369.352221061.2520617.6030693.38
−930.00550870.013538710.01931071.3020717.9630794.67
−920.00664550.016195810.72801081.3420818.3230895.98
−910.00800080.019333911.48061091.3920918.7030997.31
−900.00961320.0230311012.27941101.4321019.0731098.65
−890.0115280.0273811113.12671111.4821119.46311100.00
−880.0137970.0324891214.02511121.5321219.85312101.37
−870.0164820.0384741314.97721131.5821320.25313102.75
−860.0196530.0454731415.98561141.6421420.65314104.15
−850.023390.0536451517.05321151.6921521.06315105.56
−840.0277880.0631661618.18291161.7521621.47316106.98
−830.0329540.0742411719.37781171.8121721.89317108.43
−820.0390110.0871011820.64091181.8621822.32318109.88
−810.0461020.102011921.97571191.9321922.75319111.35
−800.0543880.119252023.38541201.9922023.19320112.84
−790.0640570.139182124.87371212.0522123.64321114.34
−780.0753200.162152226.44421222.1222224.09322115.86
−770.0884190.188602328.10061232.1822324.55323117.39
−760.103630.219012429.84701242.2522425.02324118.94
−750.121270.253912531.68741252.3222525.49325120.51
−740.141680.293902633.62601262.4022625.98326122.09
−730.165280.339662735.66711272.4722726.46327123.68
−720.192520.391932837.81541282.5522826.96328125.30
−710.223910.451562940.07541292.6222927.46329126.93
−700.260040.519483042.45201302.7023027.97330128.58
−690.301560.596723144.95021312.7823128.48331130.24
−680.349210.684463247.57521322.8723229.01332131.92
−670.403830.783973350.33221332.9523329.54333133.62
−660.466330.896683453.22671343.0423430.08334135.33
−650.537781.02423556.26451353.1323530.62335137.07
−640.619331.16823659.45131363.2223631.18336138.82
−630.712311.33063762.79331373.3223731.74337140.59
−620.818171.51363866.29561383.4223832.31338142.37
−610.938541.71953969.96751393.5123932.88339144.18
−601.07531.95094073.81271403.6224033.47340146.00
−591.23032.21064177.83191413.7224134.06341147.84
−581.40602.50184282.05361423.8224234.66342149.71
−571.60492.82774386.46331433.9324335.27343151.58
−561.82963.19224491.07571444.0424435.88344153.48
−552.08333.59934595.89841454.1624536.51345155.40
−542.36944.053546100.9391464.2724637.14346157.34
−532.69174.559747106.2061474.3924737.78347159.30
−523.05425.123148111.7081484.5124838.43348161.28
−513.46185.749649117.4521494.6424939.09349163.27
−503.91936.445450123.44781504.7625039.76350165.29
−494.43247.217451129.70421514.8925140.44351167.33
−485.00738.072952136.23041525.0225241.12352169.39
−475.65069.020153143.03571535.1625341.81353171.47
−466.369910.06854150.12981545.2925442.52354173.58
−457.173211.22555157.52261555.4325543.23355175.70
−448.069512.50356165.22431565.5825643.95356177.85
−439.068513.91157173.24511575.7225744.68357180.02
−4210.18115.46358181.59591585.8725845.42358182.21
−4111.41917.17059190.28741596.0325946.16359184.43
−4012.79419.04860199.33091606.1826046.92360186.66
−3914.32121.11061208.73781616.3426147.69361188.93
−3816.01623.37262218.51981626.5026248.46362191.21
−3717.89325.85363228.68881636.6726349.25363193.52
−3619.97328.57064239.25721646.8426450.05364195.86
−3522.27331.54465250.23731657.0126550.85365198.22
−3424.81634.79566261.64211667.1826651.67366200.61
−3327.62438.34767273.48451677.3626752.49367203.02
−3230.72342.22568285.77811687.5526853.33368205.47
−3134.14046.45369298.53631697.7326954.17369207.93
−3037.90351.06070311.77311707.9227055.03370210.43
−2942.04656.07771325.50291718.1127155.89371212.96
−2846.60161.53472339.74011728.3127256.77372215.53
−2751.60767.46673354.49951738.5127357.66373218.13
−2657.10473.90974369.79631748.7227458.56374220.64
−2563.13480.90275385.64591758.9227559.46374.15221.20
−2469.74588.48576402.06411769.1427660.38
−2376.98796.70177419.06691779.3527761.31
−2284.914105.6078436.67081789.5727862.25
−2193.584115.2279454.89231799.8027963.20
−20103.06125.6380473.748518010.0328064.17
−19113.41136.8881493.256718110.2628165.14
−18124.70149.0182513.434518210.5028266.12
−17137.02162.1183534.300018310.7428367.12
−16150.44176.2384555.871418410.9828468.13
−15165.06191.4485578.167318511.2328569.15
−14180.97207.8186601.206818611.4928670.18
−13198.27225.4387625.009018711.7528771.22
−12217.07244.3788649.593618812.0128872.27
−11237.49264.7289674.980618912.2828973.34
−10259.66286.5790701.190419012.5529074.42
−9283.69310.0291728.243419112.8329175.51
−8309.75335.1692756.160819213.1129276.61
−7337.97362.1093784.963919313.4029377.72
−6368.52390.9594814.674319413.6929478.85
−5401.58421.8495845.314119513.9929579.99
−4437.31454.8896876.905719614.2929681.14
−3475.92490.1997909.471819714.6029782.31
−2517.62527.9398943.035519814.9129883.48
−1562.62568.2299977.620319915.2229984.67
0611.153611.2131001013.2520015.5530085.88
Temp.
T in °C		Pi(T) over ice
in Pa		Pw(T) over water
in Pa		Temp.
T in °C		Pw(T) over water
in hPa		Temp.
T in °C		P(T)
in bar		Temp.
T in °C		P(T)
in bar		Temp.
T in °C		P(T)
in bar

Magnetic susceptibility

Accepted standardized value of the magnetic susceptibility of water at 20 °C (room temperature) is −12.97 cm3/mol.[26]

Accepted standardized value of the magnetic susceptibility of water at 20 °C (room temperature) is −0.702 cm3/g.[26]

Magnetic susceptibility of water at different temperatures[26]
Isotopolog,
state		Temperature
in K		Magnetic susceptibiliy
in cm3/mol
H2O(g)>373 −13.1
H2O(l)373 −13.09
H2O(l)293 −12.97
H2O(l)273 −12.93
H2O(s)273 −12.65
H2O(s)223 −12.31
DHO(l)302 −12.97
D2O(l)293 −12.76
D2O(l)276.8 −12.66
D2O(s)276.8 −12.54
D2O(s)213 −12.41

References

{{Clear}}
1. ^{{cite book| first = David R.| last = Lide| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WDll8hA006AC&pg=SA6-15| title = CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics| edition = 85| publisher = CRC Press| year = 2004| pages= 6–15 | ISBN = 0-8493-0485-7}}
2. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1063/1.2387163|title=A direct measurement of the dissociation energy of water|year=2006|last1=Maksyutenko|first1=Pavlo|last2=Rizzo|first2=Thomas R.|last3=Boyarkin|first3=Oleg V.|journal=The Journal of Chemical Physics|volume=125|pages=181101|pmid=17115729|issue=18|bibcode=2006JChPh.125r1101M}}
3. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/0022-2852(74)90261-6|title=Molecular force field and structure of water: Recent microwave results|year=1974|last1=Cook|first1=R|last2=Delucia|first2=F|last3=Helminger|first3=P|journal=Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy|volume=53|pages=62|bibcode=1974JMoSp..53...62C}}
4. ^{{cite journal|year=1979|last1=Hoy|first1=AR|last2=Bunker|first2=PR|journal=Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy|volume=74|pages=1–8|doi=10.1016/0022-2852(79)90019-5|title=A precise solution of the rotation bending Schrödinger equation for a triatomic molecule with application to the water molecule|bibcode=1979JMoSp..74....1H}}
5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://cccbdb.nist.gov/expangle2.asp?descript=aHOH&all=0|title=List of experimental bond angles of type aHOH|website=Computational Chemistry Comparison and Benchmark DataBase|access-date=}}
6. ^Griffiths, D. J. "Introduction to Electrodynamics," 3rd Ed. page 275. Prentice Hall, 1999 {{ISBN|0-13-859851-7}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/sound-speed-water-d_598.html|title=Water and the Speed of Sound|publisher=www.engineeringtoolbox.com|accessdate=2008-04-29}}
8. ^Lange, p. 1199. Due to the old definition of liter used at the time, the data from the Handbook was converted from old g/ml to g/cm3, by multiplying by 0.999973.
9. ^{{Cite book|title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics|last=Lide|first=David R.|date=1989-06-30|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-849-30470-5|edition=70|location=Boca Raton, Florida|pages=}}{{page needed|date=June 2016}}
10. ^Franks, [https://books.google.at/books?id=5f_xBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA376&lpg=PA376&dq=999.972+3.984&source=bl&ots=cmB39QADE0&sig=PG_2dNaNirijB2QWF4XhRMFkk54&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=999.972%203.984&f=false Water a comprehensive treatise Volume 1 The Physics and Physical Chemistry of Water].
11. ^David R. Lide [https://books.google.com/books?id=WDll8hA006AC&pg=SA6-15 CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics] CRC Press, 2004, p. 6-201 {{ISBN|0-8493-0485-7}}.
12. ^Lange, p. 1663.
13. ^Revised Release on Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity of Heavy Water Substance, The International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam Lucerne, Switzerland, August 2007.
14. ^Lange, p. 1436.
15. ^Lange, p. 1476.
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/phase.html|title=Water Phase Diagram|publisher=London South Bank University|author=Martin Chaplin|accessdate=2008-01-21}}
17. ^{{RubberBible86th|pages=8–71, 8–116}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/ionis.html|title=Ionization of water|accessdate=2008-04-09|author=Martin Chaplin|publisher=London South Bank University}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/vibrat.html|title=Water Absorption Spectrum|author=Martin Chaplin|publisher=London South Bank University|accessdate=2008-04-10}}
20. ^Fulmer et al. Organometallics, Vol. 29, No. 9, 2010
21. ^{{Cite journal|last=Holz|first=Manfred|last2=Heil|first2=Stefan R.|last3=Sacco|first3=Antonio|date=2000-01-01|title=Temperature-dependent self-diffusion coefficients of water and six selected molecular liquids for calibration in accurate {{chem|1|H}} NMR PFG measurements|url=http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=b005319h|journal=Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics|language=en|volume=2|issue=20|pages=4740–4742|bibcode=2000PCCP....2.4740H|doi=10.1039/b005319h|issn=1463-9084}}
22. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1126/science.191.4233.1261|title=Vapor Pressure of Water at Its Triple Point: Highly Accurate Value|year=1976|last1=Guildner|first1=L. A.|last2=Johnson|first2=D. P.|last3=Jones|first3=F. E.|journal=Science|volume=191|pages=1261|pmid=17737716|issue=4233|bibcode=1976Sci...191.1261G}}
23. ^Klaus Scheffler (1981): Wasserdampftafeln: thermodynam. Eigenschaften von Wasser u. Wasserdampf bis 800°C u. 800 bar (Water Vapor Tables: Thermodynamic Characteristics of Water and Water Vapor to 800°C and 800 bar), Berlin [u.a.] {{ISBN|3-540-10930-7}}
24. ^D. Sonntag und D. Heinze (1982): Sättigungsdampfdruck- und Sättigungsdampfdichtetafeln für Wasser und Eis. (Saturated Vapor Pressure and Saturated Vapor Density Tables for Water and Ice)(1. Aufl.), VEB Deutscher Verlag für Grundstoffindustrie
25. ^Ulrich Grigull, Johannes Staub, Peter Schiebener (1990): Steam Tables in SI-Units – Wasserdampftafeln. Springer-Verlagdima gmbh
26. ^1 2 {{Cite book|title=CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 64th edition|last=Weast|first=Robert|publisher=CRC publishing|year=1983–1984|isbn=0-8493-0464-4|location=Boca Raton, Florida|pages=E-119|quote=|via=}}

Bibliography

  • Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed. {{ISBN|0-07-016384-7}} (for 15th edition)
  • {{nist}}

External links

  • Microwave Spectrum (by NIST)
  • Compilation of properties, with citations by Martin Chaplin, London South Bank University.
{{Water}}

2 : Chemical data pages|Water chemistry
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