“Waterloo, Iowa”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Waterloo is a city in and the county seat of Black Hawk County, Iowa, United States.^[1] As of the 2010 United States Census the population decreased by 0.5% to 68,406;^[2] the 2016 Census estimates the population at 67,934, making it the sixth-largest city in the state.^[3] The city is part of the Waterloo – Cedar Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area, and is the more populous of the two cities.

History

Waterloo was originally known as Prairie Rapids Crossing.^[3] The town was established near two Meskwaki American tribal seasonal camps alongside the Cedar River. It was first settled in 1845 when George and Mary Melrose Hanna and their children arrived on the east bank of the Red Cedar River (now just called the Cedar River). They were followed by the Virden and Mullan families in 1846. Evidence of these earliest families can still be found in the street names Hanna Boulevard, Mullan Avenue and Virden Creek.

On December 8, 1845, the Iowa State Register and Waterloo Herald was the first newspaper published in Waterloo.^[4]

The name Waterloo supplanted the original name, Prairie Rapids Crossing, shortly after Charles Mullan petitioned for a post office in the town. Since the signed petition did not include the name of the proposed post office location, Mullan was charged with selecting the name when he submitted the petition. Tradition has it that as he flipped through a list of other post offices in the United States, he came upon the name Waterloo. The name struck his fancy, and on December 29, 1851, a post office was established under that name. The town was later called the same, and Mullan served as the first postmaster from December 29, 1851 until August 11, 1854.

There were two extended periods of rapid growth over the next 115 years. From 1895 to 1915, the population increased from 8,490 to 33,097, a 290% increase. From 1925 to 1960, population increased from 36,771 to 71,755. The 1895 to 1915 period was a time of rapid growth in manufacturing, rail transportation and wholesale operations. During this period the Waterloo Gasoline Traction Engine Company moved to Waterloo and, shortly after, the Rath Packing Company moved from Dubuque. Another major employer throughout the first two-thirds of the 20th century was the Illinois Central Railroad. Among the others was the less-successful brass era automobile manufacturer, the Maytag-Mason Motor Company.^[5]

On June 7, 1934, bank robber Tommy Carroll had a shootout with the FBI when he and his wife stopped to pick up gas. Accidentally parking next to a police car and wasting time dropping his gun and picking it back up, Carroll was forced to flee into an alley, where he was shot. He was taken to Allen Memorial Hospital in Waterloo, where he soon died.

Waterloo suffered in the agricultural recession of the 1980s; its major employers at the time were heavily rooted in agriculture. John Deere, the area's largest employer, cut 10,000 jobs, and the Rath meatpacking plant closed altogether, losing 2500 jobs. It is estimated that Waterloo lost 14% of its population during this time.^[6] Today the city enjoys a broader industrial base, as city leaders have sought to diversify its industrial and commercial mix. Deere remains a strong presence in the city, but employs only roughly one-third the number of people it did at its peak.

African American community

In 1903, African Americans were told to leave Waterloo immediately as it became a sundown town.^[7]

In 1910, a significant number of black railroad workers were brought in as strikebreakers to the Waterloo area.^[8]^[9] Black workers were relegated to 20 square blocks in Waterloo, an area that remains the east side to this day.^[8]^[9] In 1940, more black strikebreakers were brought in to work in the Rath meat plant.^[10] In 1948, a black strikebreaker accidentally killed a white union member as he tried to escape the striker's ire. Instead of a race riot, a strike ensued against the Rath Company. The National Guard was called in to end the 73-day strike.^[10]

Civil rights

Porter would go on to organize the first black radio station in Waterloo, KBBG, in 1978.^[9]^[11] Weems became the head of the anti-discrimination department and local NAACP chapter.^[8]

On May 31, 1966, Eddie Wallace Sallis was found dead in the local jail. The black community felt the death was suspicious, and protests were held. On June 4, Weems led a march on city hall to encourage investigation into his death.^[9]^[11] The march led to the creation of the Waterloo Human Rights Commission, which lasted only a year due to lack of funding.^[10]

On Sept. 7, 1967, a city report, "Waterloo's Unfinished Business", was released.^[13] The report covered the ongoing problems in housing, education and employment faced by Waterloo's black community. It confirmed the housing bias faced by black residents, that many of the schools were generally 80% of one race, and that 80% of black residents held service jobs.^[13] In a 2007 article, the Courier covered some changes in the 40 years since, finding that housing was now mostly divided by socioeconomic status, schools still violated the desegregation plan, and black unemployment was still double that of white residents.^[13]

The Iowa Supreme Court outlawed school segregation in 1868.^[10] A 1967 commission found most schools were still segregated and recommended immediate desegregation, which Mayor Lloyd Turner opposed.^[11] In 1969, the Waterloo school board voted to allow open enrollment in all their schools to encourage integration. Many parents felt it was not enough.^[11] Despite the efforts between 1967 and 1970, already-black schools in the area increased in their segregation.^[11]

Protests and riots

By the 1960s, Rath was in decline and jobs there were harder to come by. A federal government program trained 1,200 local youths with the promise of summer jobs, only to hire two as bricklayers.^[8] Starting in the summer months of 1966,^[14] Waterloo was subject to riots over race relations between the white community and the black community. Many white residents expressed confusion as to why riots were occurring in Waterloo,^[11]^[14] while younger black residents felt they were being treated unfairly, as their conditions seemed worse than those of their white neighbors.^[14] In 1967, the black population of Waterloo was equivalent to 8%, and according to the Courier, had a 4% unemployment rate.^[14] Yet despite being a northern city, Waterloo was unofficially segregated at the time, as 95% of its black population lived in "East" Waterloo.^[14] While the white community felt East High was "integrated" with a 45% black student body, the black community pointed out that the elementary school in "East" Waterloo had only one white pupil.

Protests were mostly organized by black youths aged 16–25.^[13]^[14] Protests became riots when the youth felt protesting wasn't effective.^[14] Protests turned into riots in July 1968^[14] and reached critical mass by that September, with buildings on East 4th street torched and vandalized.^[13]

In August 1968, East High students Terri and Kathy Pearson gave the principal a list of grievances detailing how they felt the discrimination could be lessened. The principal refused to implement any of the requested changes.^[11] Student protests and walkouts continued through September. Students were angry that no African American history course was being taught, and that interracial dating was discouraged by teachers and administrators.^[11]

On Sep 13, 1968, during an East High School football game, police attempted to arrest a black youth.^[9] He resisted arrest, drawing attention of students in the stands. Black students fought and argued with the police, and police responded by using clubs and mace.^[11] The riot continued into the east side of Waterloo, with a subsequent fire that claimed a lumber mill and three homes. There was an attempt to set East High on fire as well.^[11] The riot lasted until midnight and resulted in seven officers injured and thirteen youths jailed. The National Guard was called in the following day. The riots were called off and a solution was reached thanks to civil rights leader William G Parker^[11]

Present day

In 2003, Governor Tom Vilsack created a task force to close the racial achievement gap in Waterloo.^[15] In 2009, a fair housing report, "Analysis of Impediments to Fair Housing Choice", compiled by Mullin & Lonergan Associates Inc., found Waterloo to be Iowa's most segregated city.^[12] "Historical patterns of racial segregation persist in Waterloo. Of the 20 cities in Iowa with populations exceeding 25,000, Waterloo ranks as the most segregated."^[12]

Many activists who participated in the original protests feel that Waterloo has remained the same.^[9]^[13] In 2015, Huffpost listed Waterloo as the 10th worst city for black Americans.^[16] The site noted that black residents of the city have a 24% unemployment rate compared to 3.9% for whites, giving Waterloo one of the highest black unemployment rates among Midwest cities.^[9] Waterloo still has a higher percentage of blacks than most Iowa cities.^[9]

In December 2012, Derrick Ambrose Jr. was shot by a police officer. Ambrose's family maintains he was unarmed, while the officer stated that he felt his life was in danger. A grand jury acquitted the officer. The shooting sparked outrage in the community.^[9]

Flood of 2008

June 2008 saw the worst flooding the Waterloo – Cedar Falls area had ever recorded; other major floods include the Great Flood of 1993. The flood control system constructed in the 1970s–90s largely functioned as designed.

In areas not protected by the system, the Cedar River poured out of its banks and into parking lots, backyards and across the farmland surrounding the city. Although much damage was done, the larger downstream city of Cedar Rapids was much harder hit.

An area of the west side of the downtown and an area near the former Rath Packing facility were impacted, not directly by water coming from the river, but as a result of storm runoff draining toward the river but then being trapped on the back side of the flood levy system. These areas did not have lift stations or alternate pumping capacity sufficient to force this water back to the river side of the control system. Areas where lift stations had been constructed (Virden Creek and East 7th Street) to pump this storm runoff into the swollen river remained largely dry (the east and north sides of downtown). Several areas experienced water seeping into basements due to high water-table levels.

According to the National Weather Service, the ten highest crests of the Cedar River recorded at East 7th Street in downtown Waterloo:^[17]

Crests reported in the 1960s and earlier were before completion of major flood control projects and therefore may not be directly comparable.

In September 2016, flood watches and warnings were put into effect for Waterloo and its surrounding cities. The crest was expected to just barely hit the height of the 2008 flood.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of {{convert|63.23|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, of which {{convert|61.39|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is land and {{convert|1.84|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is water.^[19]

The average elevation of Waterloo is 846 feet above sea level. The population density is 1101 people per square mile, considered low for an urban area.^[20]

Climate

Waterloo has a humid continental climate zone (Köppen classification Dfa),^[21] typical of the state of Iowa, and is part of USDA Plant Hardiness zone 5a.^[22] The normal monthly mean temperature ranges from {{convert|18.5|F}} in January to {{convert|73.6|F}} in July. On average, there are 22 nights annually with a low at or below {{convert|0|F}}, 58 days annually with a high at or below freezing, and 16 days with a high at or above {{convert|90|F}}. As the mean first and last occurrence of freezing temperatures is October 1 and April 29, respectively, this allows for a growing season of 154 days. Temperature records range from {{convert|−34|F}} on March 1, 1962 and January 16, 2009 up to {{convert|112|F}} on July 13 and 14, 1936, during the Dust Bowl. The record cold daily maximum is {{convert|−16|F}} on February 2, 1996, while conversely the record warm daily minimum is {{convert|80|F}} on July 31, 1917 and August 16, 1988.^[67]

Normal annual precipitation equivalent is {{convert|34.60|in|mm|0}} spread over an average 112 days, with heavier rainfall in spring and summer, but observed annual rainfall has ranged from {{convert|17.35|to|53.07|in|mm|0}} in 1910 and 1993, respectively. The wettest month on record is July 1999 with {{convert|12.82|in|mm|0}}; on the 2nd of that month, {{convert|5.49|in|mm|0}} of rain fell, making for the heaviest rainfall in a single calendar day. The driest months are October 1952 and November 1954 with trace amounts each.^[67]

Winter snowfall is moderate, and averages {{convert|35.3|in|cm|0}} per season, spread over an average 27 days, and snow cover of {{convert|1|in|cm}} or more is seen on 67 days, mostly from December to March. Winter snowfall has ranged from {{convert|11.6|in|cm|1}} in 1967–68 to {{convert|68.5|in|cm|1}} in 1904–05. The most snow in a calendar day and month is {{convert|13.2|in|cm|1}} and {{convert|33.9|in|cm|1}} on January 3, 1971 and in December 2000, respectively.^[67]

Demographics

2010 census

As of the census^[28] of 2010, there were 68,406 people, 28,607 households, 17,233 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert|1114.3|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 30,723 housing units at an average density of {{convert|500.5|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 77.3% White, 15.5% African American, 0.3% Native American, 1.1% Asian, 0.3% Pacific Islander, 2.6% from other races, and 3.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 5.6% of the population.

There were 28,607 households of which 29.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.3% were married couples living together, 14.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 39.8% were non-families. 31.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.95.

The median age in the city was 35.9 years. 23.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.4% were from 25 to 44; 25.5% were from 45 to 64; and 14% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.4% male and 51.6% female.

2000 census

As of the 2000 census,^[29] there were 68,747 people, 28,169 households, and 17,746 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert|1131.9|PD/sqmi|/km2}}. There were 29,499 housing units at an average density of {{convert|485.7|/sqmi|/km2}}. The racial makeup of the city was 79.2% White, 14.5% African American, 1.1% Asian, 1.9% from other races, and 2.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 3.2% of the population.

There were 28,169 households out of which 29.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.0% were married couples living together, 13.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.0% were non-families. 30.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.97.

Age spread: 24.7% under the age of 18, 10.6% from 18 to 24, 27.5% from 25 to 44, 22.0% from 45 to 64, and 15.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.0 males.^[30]

The median income for a household in the city was $34,092, and the median income for a family was $42,731. Males had a median income of $31,491 versus $22,569 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,558. About 10.0% of families and 13.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.6% of those under age 18 and 10.5% of those age 65 or over.

Metropolitan area

The Waterloo-Cedar Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area consists of Black Hawk, Bremer, and Grundy counties. The area had a 2000 census population of 163,706 and a 2008 estimated population of 164,220.^[31]

Waterloo is next to Cedar Falls, home to the University of Northern Iowa. Small suburbs include Evansdale, Hudson, Raymond, Elk Run Heights, Gilbertville, and Washburn.

The largest employers in the Waterloo/Cedar Falls MSA, according to the Greater Cedar Valley Alliance, as of June 2016 include (in order): John Deere, Tyson Fresh Meats, Wheaton Franciscan Healthcare, UnityPoint Health, the University of Northern Iowa, HyVee Food Stores, Waterloo Community Schools, Target Regional Distribution Center, CBE Companies, Inc., City of Waterloo, and Bertch Cabinet Manufacturing.

Arts and culture

The Cedar Valley Arboretum & Botanic Gardens is a 40-acre public garden oasis located directly east of Hawkeye Community College. Admission is $5/adult and $2/child, under five and members are free.^[32]

Silos & Smokestacks National Heritage Area

Waterloo Center for the Arts

The Waterloo Center for the Arts (WCA) is a regional center for visual and performance arts. It is owned and operated by the City of Waterloo with oversight by the advisory Waterloo Cultural and Arts Commission. The Center is located at 225 Commercial Street. It is also an anchor for the Waterloo Cultural and Arts District (a State of Iowa designation).^[34]

The permanent collection at the WCA includes the largest collection of Haitian art in the country, Midwest Regionalist art (including works by Grant Wood and Thomas Hart Benton), Mexican folk art, international folk art, American decorative arts, and public art.^[34]

President Barack Obama gave a speech here on August 14, 2012, during the 2012 presidential campaign. Originally scheduled for 7:45 pm, the speech was delayed by about 15 minutes, when Obama made an unannounced stop in neighboring Cedar Falls for a beer at a pub.^[35]^[36]^[37]

Included in the WCA is the Phelps Youth Pavilion (PYP), which opened in 2009. The PYP is an interactive children's museum. PYP provides additional gallery and studio space.^[34]

The Riverloop Amphitheater, completed in 2011, is an outdoor plaza and amphitheater available to rent for events and weddings. The Riverloop Amphitheater also is home to Mark's Park, a water park playground open to the public.^[34]

The WCA also houses the Waterloo Community Playhouse, the oldest community theatre in Iowa operating since 1916, and the Black Hawk Children's Theatre, started in 1982. Both perform in the Hope Martin Theatre, which opened in 1965. The theatre's administrative offices are located across the street in the historic Walker Building.^[38]

Grout Museum District

Established in 1932, the district started with an endowment set up in the will of Henry W. Grout.^[39] The district is a nonprofit educational entity that is active in engaging the students and all people from the surrounding communities. It is accredited by the American Alliance of Museums.^[40]

The Grout Museum of History and Science, the first museum which would grow into the museum district, was displayed for many years in the building that was the local YMCA. The current building was completed and opened to the public as a not-for-profit museum in 1956.^[40]

The Sullivan Brothers Iowa Veterans Museum was opened in November 2008 at a cost of $11 million, funded in part by a citizens' grassroots campaign.^[40]

The Rensselaer Russell House is at 520 W. 3rd Street. Built in 1858, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Rensselaer and Caroline Russell built the house utilizing Italianate architecture in 1861 for $5,878.83.^[40]

The Carl A. and Peggy J. Bluedorn Science Imaginarium opened in 1993 and provides both interactive exhibits and formal demonstrations in various fields of science.^[40]

The Snowden House is a two-story brick Victorian era house listed on the National Register of Historic Places was built in 1875. The house was once used as the Waterloo Woman's Club.

Library

Waterloo has one central public library. For the fiscal year ending June 30, 2018, there were 250,804 patron visits resulting in a circulation of 297,483 items. The total collection consisted of 112,777 items. The library's reference services, supported by 4.75 FTE librarians, answered 52,029 questions. Its 99 public access computers provided over 57,821 sessions for patrons. [https://www.waterloopubliclibrary.org/annualreport (Waterloo Public Library Annual Report).].

The library is governed by a board of trustees, nominated by the city mayor and confirmed by the city council: John Berry, Larry Bjortomt, Ivy Hagedorn, Kathleen Wernimont and Cindy Wells. The library is directed by Steven P. Nielsen, MLS.<>

The Waterloo Public Library is in a renovated Great Depression era building that served as a post office and federal building ([https://www.waterloopubliclibrary.org/libraryhistory Waterloo Public Library history]). The building was renovated in the late 1970s for use as a library. In 2011, the Waterloo Public Library celebrated 30 years at its Commercial Street location.

Two New Deal-funded murals by artist Edgar Britton are on display at the library. Exposition is an image of the National Cattle Congress, and Holiday is of a picnic.

Pop culture

Government

Waterloo is administered by the mayor and council system of government. One council member is elected from each of Waterloo's five wards, and two are elected at-large. The current mayor is Quentin Hart. He is the City's first African American mayor.

Education

Hawkeye Community College is located in Waterloo. Neighboring Cedar Falls is home to the University of Northern Iowa.

The three public high schools in the city are Waterloo West High School, Waterloo East High School, and Expo High School.

West's school mascot is the "Wahawk", a contraction of Waterloo and Black Hawk (the city and county names), and its colors are old rose and black. Its most famous alumnus is former Olympic wrestler and coach Dan Gable. Its current principal is Andy Miehe.

East's school mascot is the "Trojan", a warrior from the ancient city Troy, and its colors are orange and black. Marla Padget is the current principal.

Waterloo's private high schools are Waterloo Christian School and Columbus Catholic High School, which is supported by the Catholic parishes of Waterloo and Cedar Falls. Waterloo Christian is a non-denominational college preparatory school located on the grounds of Walnut Ridge Baptist Church. The school's colors are green and yellow, and its mascot is the "Regent." Columbus' mascot is the "Sailor", a connection to the school's namesake Christopher Columbus, and its colors are green and white.

There is also a wide array of elementary and junior high schools in the area, with open enrollment available.

Media

Radio

Television

Infrastructure

Transportation

Waterloo is located at the north end of Interstate 380. U.S. Highways 20, 63, and 218 and Iowa Highway 21, also run through the metropolitan area. The Avenue of the Saints runs through Waterloo.

American Airlines provides non-stop air service to and from Chicago from the Waterloo Regional Airport as of April 3, 2012. As of October 27, 2014, American Airlines runs two flights to/from Chicago O'Hare (ORD). Departures to Chicago are early morning and mid/late afternoon. Arrivals are early/mid-afternoon and evening.

Waterloo is served by a metropolitan bus system (MET), which serves most areas of Cedar Falls and Waterloo. Most routes meet at the central bus station in downtown Waterloo. The system operates Monday through Saturday. During the week the earliest bus is at 5:45 am from downtown Waterloo, and the last bus arrives downtown at 6:40 pm. Service is limited on Saturdays.

Waterloo is served by one daily intercity bus arrival and departure to Chicago and Des Moines, provided by Burlington Trailways. New service to and from Mason City and Minneapolis/St. Paul provided by Jefferson Lines started in the fall of 2009.^[43]

There are currently five taxi operators in Waterloo and Cedar Falls: First Call, Yellow, City Cab, Cedar Valley Cab, and Dolly's Taxi.

Utilities

The MidAmerican Energy Company supplies Waterloo with electricity and natural gas. The Waterloo Water Works supplies potable water with a capacity of 50,400,000 GPD (gallons per day) with an average use of 13,400,000 GPD and a peak use of 28,800,000 GPD. News reports indicate that 18.5% of the system's output in 2013, or 851 million gallons, was unaccounted for.^[44] Sanitation service (sewage) is operated by the city of Waterloo, with a capacity of 36,500,000 GPD and an average use of 14,000,000 GPD.^[45]

Healthcare

Waterloo is home to two hospitals, Covenant Medical Center, which has 366 beds, and Allen Memorial Hospital, with 234 beds. Neighboring Cedar Falls is home to Sartori Memorial Hospital, with 83 beds. The Waterloo-Cedar Falls metropolitan area has 295 physicians, 69 dentists, 52 chiropractors, 24 vision specialists and 21 nursing/retirement homes.^[46]

International relations

Twin towns – sister cities

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx|accessdate=June 7, 2011|title=Find a County|publisher=National Association of Counties}}
2. ^{{cite news|title=Iowa's Largest Cities|publisher=Quad City Times|url=http://qctimes.com/article_c5d8850a-3556-11e0-ba3b-001cc4c002e0.html|date=February 10, 2011|accessdate=February 13, 2011}}
3. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.public.iastate.edu/~rfindlay/history.html|title=City Profile|website=www.public.iastate.edu|access-date=2017-12-20}}
4. ^{{Cite book|title=The History of Black Hawk County|publisher=Western Historical Company|year=1878|location=Chicago|pages=383 (pdf-375)|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924028913832}}
5. ^Clymer, Floyd. Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877–1925 (New York: Bonanza Books, 1950), p.93.
6. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.public.iastate.edu/~rfindlay/history.html|title= City Profile}}
7. ^{{cite news|work=The Watchman and Southron|location=Sumter, South Carolina|date=September 16, 1903|page=7|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29368622/|via=Newspapers.com|quote=The people of Waterloo, Iowa, have notified all negro residents that they must leave the town at once, as in future it is to be 'a white man's town.'}}
8. ^¹²³⁴{{Cite book|title = Meatpackers: An Oral History of Black Packinghouse Workers and Their Struggle for Racial and Economic Equality|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8N9WCgAAQBAJ|publisher = NYU Press|date = 1999-03-01|isbn = 9781583670057|first = Rick|last = Halpern|first2 = Roger|last2 = Horowitz}}
9. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸{{cite web|title = Waterloo rallies to combat violence, racial divides|url = http://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/local/kyle-munson/2015/07/11/african-american-black-iowa-waterloo/29942799/|website = Des Moines Register|access-date = 2016-02-15}}
10. ^¹²³{{cite web|title = The 10th Worst City for African Americans in the U.S. has a Story: This is How the Dream Derailed: The History of African Americans in Waterloo, Working At Rath, Where is Today’s Local 46?|url = https://medium.com/@dmegivern/the-10th-worst-city-for-african-americans-in-the-u-s-has-a-story-this-is-how-the-dream-derailed-9a1e12a8ad41#.c27ch0ul7|website = Medium|date = 2015-10-26|access-date = 2016-02-15|first = Deborah|last = Foster}}
11. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹{{Cite journal|url = http://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1740&context=annals-of-iowa|title = The Politics of Youth: Civil Rights Reform in the Waterloo Public Schools|last = Schumaker|first = Kathryn|date = 2013|journal = The Annals of Iowa |volume=72|doi = |pmid = |access-date = 2016-02-14}}
12. ^¹²{{cite web|title = Report: Waterloo is Iowa's most segregated large city|url = https://medium.com/@dmegivern/the-10th-worst-city-for-african-americans-in-the-u-s-has-a-story-this-is-how-the-dream-derailed-9a1e12a8ad41#.c27ch0ul7|website = Waterloo Cedar Falls Courier|access-date = 2016-02-15|first = Tim|last = Jamison}}
13. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{cite web|title = Waterloo race relations still an issue 40 years after city report|url = http://wcfcourier.com/news/top_story/waterloo-race-relations-still-an-issue-years-after-city-report/article_42d89ae7-9c4e-5048-9877-ad949bbfc893.html|website = Waterloo Cedar Falls Courier|access-date = 2016-02-15|first = AMIE STEFFEN Courier Staff|last = Writer}}
14. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷{{cite web|title = The Telegraph - Google News Archive Search|url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2209&dat=19670726&id=C64rAAAAIBAJ&sjid=kf0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=6840,2694969&hl=en|website = news.google.com|access-date = 2016-02-15}}
15. ^{{cite web|title = Vilsack looking to Waterloo in closing achievement gap for black males|url = http://wcfcourier.com/news/metro/vilsack-looking-to-waterloo-in-closing-achievement-gap-for-black/article_425ff00a-ac34-5c70-bf5e-8b6c53bd3bcd.html|website = Waterloo Cedar Falls Courier|access-date = 2016-02-15|first = ANDREW WIND, Courier Staff|last = Writer}}
16. ^{{cite web|title = The Worst Cities For Black Americans|url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/worst-cities-black-americans_us_5613d10ee4b0baa355ad322f|website = The Huffington Post|access-date = 2016-02-15}}
17. ^{{cite web|url= http://water.weather.gov/ahps2/hydrograph.php?wfo=dmx&gage=aloi4&view=1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1|title=Cedar River at Waterloo|publisher=National Weather Service|accessdate= August 4, 2011}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=April 23, 2011|date=February 12, 2011|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}
19. ^¹{{cite web|title=US Gazetteer files 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |publisher=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=May 11, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/699nOulzi?url=http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |archivedate=July 14, 2012 |df= }}
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