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词条 Autonomous peripheral operation
释义

  1. Overview

  2. Implementations

  3. See also

  4. References

In computing, autonomous peripheral operation is a hardware feature found in some modern microcontroller architectures to off-load certain tasks into embedded autonomous peripherals in order to minimize latencies and improve throughput in hard real-time applications as well as to save energy in ultra-low-power designs.

Overview

Forms of autonomous peripherals in microcontrollers were first introduced around 2005. Allowing embedded peripherals to work independently of the CPU and even interact with each other in certain pre-configurable ways off-loads event-driven communication into the peripherals to help improve the real-time performance due to lower latency and allows for potentially higher data throughput due to the added parallelism. Since 2009, the scheme has been improved in newer implementations to continue functioning in sleep modes as well, thereby allowing the CPU to remain dormant for longer periods of time in order to save energy. This is partially driven by the IoT market.[1]

Conceptually, autonomous peripheral operation can be seen as a generalization of and mixture between direct memory access (DMA) and hardware interrupts. Peripherals that issue event signals are called event generators or producers whereas target peripherals are called event users or consumers. In some implementations, peripherals can be configured to pre-process the incoming data and perform various peripheral-specific functions like comparing, windowing, filtering or averaging in hardware without having to pass the data through the CPU for processing.

Implementations

Known implementations include:

  • Intelligent autonomous peripherals (Capture/compare unit CCU6) in Infineon XC800 series of 8051-compatible 8-bit microcontrollers since 2005[2]
  • Event System (EVSYS) in Atmel AVR XMEGA 8-bit microcontrollers since 2008[3][4]
  • Peripheral Event System (PES) with SleepWalking in Atmel AVR32 AT32UC3L 32-bit microcontrollers since 2009[6][7][8]
  • Peripheral Reflex System (PRS) in Energy Micro (now Silicon Labs) Gecko EFM32 32-bit ARM-based microcontrollers since 2009[9][10][8]
  • IXYS/Zilog ZNEO Z16FMC 16-bit microcontrollers since 2011[12][13]
  • Event Link Controller (ELC) in Renesas microcontrollers since 2011
  • Programmable Peripheral Interconnect (PPI) in Nordic nRF 32-bit ARM-based microcontrollers since about 2011[14]
  • Autonomous peripherals in Infineon XMC 32-bit microcontrollers since 2012[15]
  • Data Transfer Manager (DTM) in Silicon Labs Precision32 SiM3L1 32-bit ARM Cortex-M3 microcontrollers since 2012[16][8][18]
  • Peripheral Event System (PES) with SleepWalking in Atmel (now Microchip) SAM4L 32-bit ARM Cortex-M4 microcontrollers since 2012[19]
  • Power-Smart Peripherals in Freescale (now NXP) Kinetis L 32-bit ARM Cortex-M0+ microcontrollers since 2012[20]
  • Event System (EVSYS) with SleepWalking in Atmel (now Microchip) SAMD, SAML and SAMC 32-bit ARM Cortex-M0+ microcontrollers since 2013[22][23]
  • Core Independent Peripherals (CIP) in Microchip PIC16F[24] and PIC18F[25] as well as Microchip AVR ATtiny 8-bit microcontrollers since 2015[26][27][28]
  • Peripherals Interconnect Matrix in STMicroelectronics' STM32 32-bit ARM-based microcontrollers since 2015[29]

See also

  • Channel I/O
  • Peripheral DMA controller (PDC)
  • Clock gating, autonomous peripheral clock gating
  • Power gating
  • CPU power dissipation
  • Low-power electronics
  • Event-driven architecture
  • Event-driven programming

References

1. ^1 {{cite web |title=Improve Cortex M4 MCU interrupt responses with an intelligent Peripheral Event System |author-first1=Andreas |author-last1=Eieland |author-first2=Espen |author-last2=Krangnes |publisher=Atmel Corp. |date=2012-10-28 |url=https://www.edn.com/print/4399539 |access-date=2018-04-30 |dead-url=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430190530/https://www.edn.com/print/4399539 |archive-date=2018-04-30}}
2. ^1 {{cite journal |title=Event System Implementations for Microcontroller Circuits |author-last=Bjørnerud |author-first=Rune André |date=2009 |hdl=11250/2370969 |publisher= |url=https://brage.bibsys.no/xmlui/handle/11250/2370969 |access-date=2018-04-29}}
3. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.electronicsweekly.com/news/products/micros/energy-micro-details-its-arm-cortex-m3-based-efm32g-range-2009-10/ |title=Energy Micro details its ARM Cortex M3-based EFM32G range |author-first=Steve |author-last=Bush |date=2009-10-21 |publisher=Electronics Weekly |access-date=2018-04-29 |dead-url=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430190844/https://www.electronicsweekly.com/news/products/micros/energy-micro-details-its-arm-cortex-m3-based-efm32g-range-2009-10/ |archive-date=2018-04-30}}
4. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US9087051B2/en |title=Programmable peripheral interconnect |access-date=2018-04-29 |id=US patent US9087051B2 |author-first1=Junaid |author-last1=Elahi |author-first2=Joar Olai |author-last2=Rusten |author-first3=Lasse |author-last3=Olsen |author-first4=Lars |author-last4=Sundell |publisher=Nordic Semiconductor ASA |date=2011-12-12}}
5. ^1 {{cite web |title=Mikrocontroller: Neue Cortex-M0+-Familie von Atmel |author-first=Frank |author-last=Riemenschneider |author-link=:de:Frank Riemenschneider |language=German |publisher=elektroniknet.de |date=2013-06-18 |url=http://www.elektroniknet.de/preview/neue-cortex-m0-familie-von-atmel-98530.html |access-date=2018-04-29 |dead-url=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430191422/http://www.elektroniknet.de/preview/neue-cortex-m0-familie-von-atmel-98530.html |archive-date=2018-04-30}}
6. ^1 {{cite web |title=8-bit Fights Back with Autonomous Peripherals |author-first=Rich |author-last=Quinnell |date=2015-07-28 |location=Santa Clara, USA |publisher=EETimes |url=https://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1327261 |access-date=2018-04-30 |dead-url=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430191856/https://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1327261 |archive-date=2018-04-30}}
7. ^1 {{cite web |title=Autonomous peripherals for PIC18F MCUs |author-first=Steve |author-last=Bush |date=2016-10-31 |publisher=Electronics Weekly |url=https://www.electronicsweekly.com/news/products/micros/autonomous-peripherals-pic18f-mcus-2016-10/ |access-date=2018-04-29 |dead-url=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430192223/https://www.electronicsweekly.com/news/products/micros/autonomous-peripherals-pic18f-mcus-2016-10/ |archive-date=2018-04-30}}
8. ^1 {{cite web |title=Microchip Technology: 8-Bit-Offensive: AVR |language=German |author-first=Iris |author-last=Stroh |date=2016-11-10 |publisher=elektroniknet.de |url=http://www.elektroniknet.de/markt-technik/halbleiter/8-bit-offensive-avr-135724.html |access-date=2018-04-29 |dead-url=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430192937/http://www.elektroniknet.de/markt-technik/halbleiter/8-bit-offensive-avr-135724.html |archive-date=2018-04-30}}
9. ^1 {{cite web |title=Atmel Introduces AVR32 Microcontroller Which Lowers Industry's Best Power Consumption by 63% |author-first=Helen |author-last=Perlegos |publisher=Atmel |type=Press announcement |date=2009-06-22 |url=https://www.ots.at/presseaussendung/OTE_20090622_OTE0006/atmel-introduces-avr32-microcontroller-which-lowers-industrys-best-power-consumption-by-63 |access-date=2018-04-30 |dead-url=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430194909/https://www.ots.at/presseaussendung/OTE_20090622_OTE0006/atmel-introduces-avr32-microcontroller-which-lowers-industrys-best-power-consumption-by-63 |archive-date=2018-04-30}}
10. ^1 {{cite web |title=Energy Micro reveals more details on power efficient ARM MCU |author-first=Steve |author-last=Bush |date=2009-07-08 |publisher=Electronics Weekly |url=https://www.electronicsweekly.com/news/products/micros/energy-micro-reveals-more-details-on-power-efficient-arm-mcu-2009-07/ |access-date=2018-04-30 |dead-url=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430211044/https://www.electronicsweekly.com/news/products/micros/energy-micro-reveals-more-details-on-power-efficient-arm-mcu-2009-07/ |archive-date=2018-04-30}}
11. ^1 {{cite web |title=Atmel's AVR XMEGA Redefines System Performance for 8/16-bit Microcontrollers |author-first=Philippe |author-last=Faure |type=Press announcement |publisher=Atmel |date=2008-02-26 |url=https://www.ots.at/presseaussendung/OTE_20080226_OTE0012/atmels-avr-xmega-redefines-system-performance-for-816-bit-microcontrollers |access-date=2018-05-01 |dead-url=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501091828/https://www.ots.at/presseaussendung/OTE_20080226_OTE0012/atmels-avr-xmega-redefines-system-performance-for-816-bit-microcontrollers |archive-date=2018-05-01}}
12. ^1 {{cite web |title=There is nothing left to be invented in embedded control, Part 1 |author-first=Lucio |author-last=Di Jasio |date=2015-05-05 |url=https://www.embedded.com/design/mcus-processors-and-socs/4439357/There-is-nothing-left-to-be-invented-in-embedded-control--Part-1 |access-date=2018-05-01 |dead-url=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501094834/https://www.embedded.com/design/mcus-processors-and-socs/4439357/There-is-nothing-left-to-be-invented-in-embedded-control--Part-1 |archive-date=2018-05-01}}
13. ^1 {{cite web |title=There is nothing left to be invented in embedded control, Part 2 |author-first=Lucio |author-last=Di Jasio |date=2015-05-12 |url=https://www.embedded.com/print/4439430 |access-date=2018-05-01 |dead-url=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501094342/https://www.embedded.com/print/4439430 |archive-date=2018-05-01}}
14. ^1 {{cite web |title=Lowest power 32-bit MCUs from Si Labs |author-first=David |author-last=Manners |date=2012-10-03 |publisher=Electronics Weekly |url=https://www.electronicsweekly.com/news/products/micros/lowest-power-32-bit-mcus-from-si-labs-2012-10/ |access-date=2018-05-01 |dead-url=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502014706/https://www.electronicsweekly.com/news/products/micros/lowest-power-32-bit-mcus-from-si-labs-2012-10/ |archive-date=2018-05-01}}
15. ^1 {{cite web |title=Peripherals interconnections on ST M32F405/7xx, STM32F415/7xx, STM32F42xxx, STM32F43xxx, STM32F446xx and STM32F469/479xx |date= |author= |publisher=STMicroelectronics |type=Application note |id=AN4640 |url=http://www.st.com/content/ccc/resource/technical/document/application_note/59/ed/30/07/55/76/4e/82/DM00154959.pdf/files/DM00154959.pdf/jcr:content/translations/en.DM00154959.pdf |access-date=2018-05-01 |dead-url=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501101225/http://www.st.com/content/ccc/resource/technical/document/application_note/59/ed/30/07/55/76/4e/82/DM00154959.pdf/files/DM00154959.pdf/jcr:content/translations/en.DM00154959.pdf |archive-date=2018-05-01}}
16. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |title=Raising Performance Without Breaking the Power Budget |date=2013-07-10 |publisher=Digikey |url=https://www.digikey.lv/en/articles/techzone/2013/jul/raising-performance-without-breaking-the-power-budget |access-date=2018-05-01 |dead-url=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502020243/https://www.digikey.lv/en/articles/techzone/2013/jul/raising-performance-without-breaking-the-power-budget |archive-date=2018-05-01}}
17. ^1 {{cite web |title=A closer look at Atmel's Peripheral Event System |date= |author= |publisher= |url=https://atmelcorporation.wordpress.com/2013/07/05/a-closer-look-at-atmels-peripheral-event-system/ |access-date=2018-05-01 |dead-url=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501101029/https://atmelcorporation.wordpress.com/2013/07/05/a-closer-look-at-atmels-peripheral-event-system/ |archive-date=2018-05-01}}
18. ^1 {{cite web |title=Low Power Technology: Microcontroller Peripherals Push the Boundaries of Ultra-Low-Power |author=Silicon Laboratories |date= |publisher= |url=https://www.mouser.de/applications/low-power-microcontroller-peripherals/ |access-date=2018-05-01 |dead-url=no |archive-url= |archive-date=2018-05-01}}
19. ^1 {{cite web |title=Redefining the Power Benchmark |type=White Paper |author-first1=Espen |author-last1=Kragnes |author-first2=Andreas |author-last2=Eieland |date=2012 |publisher=Atmel |url=https://www.newark.com/wcsstore/ExtendedSitesCatalogAssetStore/cms/asset/images/americas/common/storefront/atmel/Redefining_the_Power_Benchmark.pdf |access-date=2018-05-01 |dead-url=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501100502/https://www.newark.com/wcsstore/ExtendedSitesCatalogAssetStore/cms/asset/images/americas/common/storefront/atmel/Redefining_the_Power_Benchmark.pdf |archive-date=2018-05-01}}
20. ^1 {{cite web |title=ZILOG Releases New 16-Bit MCU System On A Chip For Motor Control Applications |date=2011-01-06 |publisher=BusinessWire |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20110106005359/en/ZILOG-Releases-New-16-Bit-MCU-System-Chip |access-date=2018-05-01 |dead-url=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502023301/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20110106005359/en/ZILOG-Releases-New-16-Bit-MCU-System-Chip |archive-date=2018-05-01}}
21. ^1 {{cite web |title=The Need for Autonomous Peripheral Interoperation in Sensorless BLDC Applications |author-first=Dave |author-last=Coulson |publisher=Convergence Promotions LLC |date=2011-10-12 |url=https://www.digikey.com/en/articles/techzone/2011/oct/the-need-for-autonomous-peripheral-interoperation-in-sensorless-bldc-applications |access-date=2018-05-01 |dead-url=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501101851/https://www.digikey.com/en/articles/techzone/2011/oct/the-need-for-autonomous-peripheral-interoperation-in-sensorless-bldc-applications |archive-date=2018-05-01}}
22. ^1 {{cite web |title=Freescale Energy-Efficient Solutions: Kinetis L Series MCUs |type=White paper |publisher=Freescale |date=2012 |url=https://www.nxp.com/docs/en/white-paper/ENEFFSOLKINLSWP.pdf |access-date=2018-05-03 |dead-url=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503215034/https://www.nxp.com/docs/en/white-paper/ENEFFSOLKINLSWP.pdf |archive-date=2018-05-03}}
23. ^1 {{cite web |title=XC800 Product Presentation - Capture Compare Unit CC6 |date=May 2006 |publisher=Infineon |id=XC886 CC6 V1 |url=https://www.infineon.com/dgdl/XC8xx_CC6_v10.pdf?fileId=db3a304412b407950112b40c64690b15 |access-date=2018-05-10 |dead-url=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510112911/https://www.infineon.com/dgdl/XC8xx_CC6_v10.pdf?fileId=db3a304412b407950112b40c64690b15 |archive-date=2018-05-10 |quote=[…] Drives need realtime performance – control loop must run faster than 2-4 PWM periods (e.g. 100-200us) – CPU performance is valuable and must be saved for key tasks – Question: How to offload the CPU? –Answer: Build intelligent and autonomous peripherals! […] CC6 in a Drive application: – generate PWM patterns for all kind of motors – operate always in a safe state – even in an error condition – interact with ADC for sensorless control of motors […] CC6 is used intensively – the more it works autonomous the more CPU load can be saved for control algorithms […]}}
24. ^1 {{cite web |title=One microcontroller platform. Countless solutions. XMC4000. |type=Presentation |location=International Press Conference, Am Campeon, Munich, Germany |author-first1=Peter |author-last1= Bauer |author-first2=Peter |author-last2=Schäfer |author-first3= Stephan |author-last3=Zizala |date=2012-01-23 |publisher=Infineon |url=https://www.infineon.com/dgdl/XMC4000_PressConference_23-01-2012.pdf?fileId=db3a304334fac4c601350a01d8f011d4 |access-date=2018-05-10 |dead-url=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510125327/https://www.infineon.com/dgdl/XMC4000_PressConference_23-01-2012.pdf?fileId=db3a304334fac4c601350a01d8f011d4 |archive-date=2018-05-10}}
25. ^1 {{cite journal |title=Things worthy of consideration - The Internet of Things is pushing microcontroller developers to move in unexpected directions |author-first=Graham |author-last=Pitcher |date=2014-01-28 |publisher=New Electronics |url=http://www.newelectronics.co.uk/electronics-technology/the-internet-of-things-is-pushing-microcontroller-developers-to-move-in-unexpected-directions/59112/ |access-date=2018-05-10 |dead-url=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510135037/http://www.newelectronics.co.uk/electronics-technology/the-internet-of-things-is-pushing-microcontroller-developers-to-move-in-unexpected-directions/59112/ |archive-date=2018-05-10 |pages=22-23}} https://web.archive.org/web/20180510135538/http://www.newelectronics.co.uk/article-images/59112/P22-23.pdf -->
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