“Autonomy for Macedonia and Adrianople regions”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Autonomy for the region of Macedonia and Adrianople Thrace within the Ottoman Empire was a concept that arose in the late 19th century and was popular until ca. 1920. The plan was developed among Macedonian Bulgarian and Thracian Bulgarian emigres in Bulgaria and covered several meanings.

History

The concept was popularized by the Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization with its demand for political autonomy of these areas.^[1] Initially its membership was restricted only for Bulgarians. It was active in Macedonia, but also in Thrace (the Vilayet of Adrianople).^[2] At the eve of the 20th century, it changed its exclusively Bulgarian character and opened it to all Macedonians and Thracians regardless of their nationality.^[3] The Organization gave a guarantee for the preservation of the rights of all national communities there. Those revolutionaries saw the future autonomous Macedono-Adrianople Ottoman province as a multinational polity.^[4] Another Bulgarian organisation called Supreme Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Committee also had as its official aim the struggle for autonomy of Macedonia and Adrianople regions.

This scenario was partially facilitated by the Treaty of Berlin (1878), according to which Macedonia and Adrianople areas were given back from Bulgaria to the Ottomans, but especially by its unrealized 23rd. article, which promised future autonomy for unspecified territories in then European Turkey, settled with Christian population.^[5] In general, an autonomous status was presumed to imply a special kind of constitution of the region, a reorganization of gendarmerie, broader representation of the local Christians in all the administration, etc. However, there was not a clear political agenda behind this idea and its final outcome, after the expected dissolution of the Ottoman Empire.^[6]

By many IMARO and SMAC activists the autonomy was seen as a transitional step towards possible unification of both areas with Bulgaria.^[7]^[8] This outcome was based on the example of short-lived Eastern Rumelia. The successful unification between the Principality of Bulgaria and this Ottoman province in 1885 was to be followed. The second possible option for the development of the autonomy was as a first step towards a future inclusion into an imagined Balkan Federation. This trend emphasized the principle of popular sovereignty, and appealed for a democratic constitution and further decentralization and local autonomy within the Ottoman Empire.

During the Balkan Wars (1912–1913) and the First World War (1914–1918) the organizations supported the Bulgarian army and joined to Bulgarian war-time authorities when they took control over parts of Thrace and Macedonia. In this period autonomist ideas were abandoned and the direct incorporation of occupied areas into Bulgaria was supported.^[9] These wars left both areas divided mainly between Greece, Serbia (later Yugoslavia), and the Ottoman Empire (later Turkey). That resulted in the final decline of the autonomist concept. After that the combined Macedonian-Adrianopolitan revolutionary movement split into two detached organizations - the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation and the Internal Thracian Revolutionary Organisation.

See also

Notes

1. ^For more see: Tchavdar Marinov, We, the Macedonians, The Paths of Macedonian Supra-Nationalism (1878–1912) in: Mishkova Diana ed., 2009, We, the People: Politics of National Peculiarity in Southeastern Europe, Central European University Press, {{ISBN|9639776289}}, [https://books.google.bg/books?id=pbi_wzu7QAMC&dq=We,+the+People:+Politics+of+National&source=gbs_navlinks_s pp. 117-120.]
2. ^For more see: Brunnbauer, Ulf (2004) Historiography, Myths and the Nation in the Republic of Macedonia. In: Brunnbauer, Ulf, (ed.) (Re)Writing History. Historiography in Southeast Europe after Socialism. Studies on South East Europe, vol. 4. LIT, Münster, pp. 165-200 {{ISBN|382587365X}}.
3. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KfqbujXqQBkC&pg=PA315|title=The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics|author=Ivo Banac.|year=1984 |location=Ithaca, N.Y.|ISBN=978-0801494932|page=315|publisher=Cornell University Press|accessdate=March 30, 2019}}
4. ^Bechev, Dimitar. Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia, Historical Dictionaries of Europe, Scarecrow Press, 2009, {{ISBN|0810862956}}, Introduction.
5. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3fYuy5iUi_sC&pg=PA39|title=Defeat in detail: the Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912–1913|author=Edward J. Erickson|year=2003|ISBN=0275978885|pages=39–43 |publisher= Greenwood Publishing Group|accessdate=}}
6. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pbi_wzu7QAMC&pg=PA114&dq=delcev++adrianople&lr=&hl=bg#v=onepage&q=delcev%20%20adrianople&f=false |title=We, the People: Politics of National Peculiarity in Southeastern Europe, Diana Mishkova, Central European University Press, 2008, p. 114 |publisher=Google Books |isbn=9639776289|accessdate=}}
7. ^Anastasia Karakasidou, Fields of Wheat, Hills of Blood: Passages to Nationhood in Greek Macedonia, 1870-1990, University of Chicago Press, 2009, {{ISBN|0226424995}}, p. 100.
8. ^İpek Yosmaoğlu, Blood Ties: Religion, Violence and the Politics of Nationhood in Ottoman Macedonia, 1878–1908, Cornell University Press, 2013, {{ISBN|0801469791}}, p. 16.
9. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WHFCGEtRKYcC&pg=PA139 |title=Bulgaria's Macedonia: Nation-building and state-building, centralization and autonomy in Pirin Macedonia, 1903–1952 |first=James Walter |last=Frusetta |publisher=University of Maryland, College Park, ProQuest |year=2006 |isbn=0-542-96184-9 |pages=137–140 |accessdate=}}