“Aviation in Turkey”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Turkey is an emerging aviation hub at the intersection of Europe with emerging markets in the Middle East, the Caucasus and Northern Africa.^[1]

Airlines

In 1983, the Turkish airline market was liberalized. While before, only public companies were allowed to serve the country's airports, with the enactment of the 1983 Civil Aviation Law, private companies were admitted. As the regulation failed at setting up a competitive environment, the quasi-monopoly of Turkey's national flag carrier Turkish Airlines was further reinforced. It was only in 2003, that major barriers for market entry were erased, leading to a more competitive market, though Turkish Airlines continued to benefit from state support.^[2]

With 61.8 million passengers in 2015, Turkish Airlines today is one of the major airlines of the world, particularly by its number of international passengers. Operating scheduled services to 280 destinations in Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas {{as of|2015|2|lc=y}}, Turkish Airlines is the fourth-largest carrier in the world by number of destinations,^[3] and the one that serves the most countries.^[4]

Airports

Since the 2000s, the country has seen an extraordinary development in civil aviation with a growth ten times faster than the world average. While Turkey's airports only handled 34 million passengers in 2003, the number rose to 105 million in 2010, 52 percent of which were on international flights.^[5] In 2012, Turkish airports handled 130 million passengers, making it the sixth-largest aviation market in Europe.^[6]

In 2015, Istanbul's Atatürk Airport handled 61.8 million passengers making it the world's 11th busiest airport.^[7] The aging airport will however be replaced by the larger "Istanbul New Airport", which is currently under construction. With the world's largest airport terminal, initially serving 90 million passengers the new airport will massively expand the passenger capacity, with two more terminals being planned totalling to 150 million passengers per year.^[8] By 2035, the new airport is projected to be the world’s largest airport serving 260 million passengers annually.^[9]

Under Transport Minister Binali Yıldırım, numerous new airports were opened, starting with Zonguldak Airport and Şanlıurfa GAP Airport and the controversial Hatay Airport in 2007. Amasya Merzifon Airport followed in 2008, while Gazipaşa Airport serving Antalya and Gökçeada Airport serving Çanakkale were opened in 2010. Zafer Airport serving the cities of Afyonkarahisar, Uşak and Kütahya in 2012, Iğdır Airport also in 2012 and Şırnak Airport followed in 2013.^[10] Erhaç Airport in Malatya and Cengiz Topel Airport in Kocaeli, previously operating as military air bases, were opened to civil aviation in 2007 and 2011 respectively. A new international terminal at İzmir's Adnan Menderes Airport was opened in 2006, followed by a new domestic terminal in 2014.^[11] New terminal buildings for Erzincan Airport and Mardin Airport were both opened in 2011 and a new international terminal for Milas–Bodrum Airport was completed in 2012.

In the same period, many other airports were refurbished,^[12] including the Tokat, Kahramanmaraş, Sivas, Gaziantep and Çanakkale, Balıkesir and Kars Harakani airports reopened in 2006 and 2007.^[13]^[14]^[15] Major improvements to Balıkesir Koca Seyit Airport and Kastamonu Airport were completed in 2010 and 2013 respectively.

Airport construction

In the airport sector, construction company Limak İnşaat grew into the position as one of the regional market leaders. In 2007, a Limak joint venture with French company Aéroport de Lyon won the concession tender for Pristina International Airport.^[16] In 2015, the company won the tender for a new terminal building at Kuwait International Airport.^[17] Limak is also part of the joint venture that won the tender for Istanbul New Airport, Turkey's largest PPP infrastructure project, and due to become the world's largest airport.^[8]

Aircraft industry

Turkey has sought for a national aerospace industry since the foundation of the Republic. Today, Turkey's aircraft industry is centered on the Turkish Aerospace Industries Corporation (TUSAŞ), which was founded only in 1984, expanding on a predecessor established in 1973 under the auspices of the Turkish Ministry for Industry and Technology.^[18]

References

1. ^{{cite book |chapter=Civilian Aerospace |title=Turkey Investment and Business Guide Volume 1 Strategic and Practical Information |year=2015 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=International Business Publications |isbn=978-1-329-18235-6 |url={{Google books|stXWCQAAQBAJ|plainurl=y|page=99}} |page=99 f.}}
2. ^{{cite book |editor=R. Curran |display-editors=etal |title=Air Transport and Operations: Proceedings of the Third International Air Transport and Operations Symposium 2012 |author1=Erik den Hartigh |author2=Hatice Küçükönal |chapter=The Turkish aviation system and the strategy of Turkish Airlines |year=2012 |location=Amsterdam |publisher=IOS Press |isbn=978-1-61499-118-2 |url={{Google books|aYmrWtaVdkQC|page=231|plainurl=y}} |pages=231–245}}
3. ^{{cite press release|title=Turkish Airlines again expands its network |publisher=Turkish Airlines |url=http://www.turkishairlines.com/en-int/corporate/press-room/press-releases/press-release-detail/turkish-airlines-launches-flights-to-rotterdam-today |date=5 March 2014 |accessdate=2014-03-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129084430/http://www.turkishairlines.com/en-int/corporate/press-room/press-releases/press-release-detail/turkish-airlines-launches-flights-to-rotterdam-today |archivedate=29 November 2014 }}
4. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.garfors.com/2013/03/the-worlds-most-international-airlines.html |title= These Airlines Fly to Most Countries |author= Gunnar Garfors |date= 5 March 2013}}
5. ^{{cite book |chapter=Civilian Aerospace |title=Turkey Transportation Policy and Regulations Handbook - Strategic |year=2015 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=International Business Publications |isbn=978-1-329-16459-8 |url={{Google books|anT1CwAAQBAJ|plainurl=y|page=60}} |page=60 f.}}
6. ^{{cite book |title=The Report: Turkey 2013 |publisher=Oxford Business Group |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-907-06580-4 |url={{Google books|gsHVvV16PqEC|page=153|plainurl=y}} |page=153}}
7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.panynj.gov/airports/pdf-traffic/ATR_2015.pdf |title=2015 Airport Traffic Statistics |publisher=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey |date=2016-04-01 |accessdate=2016-04-16}}
8. ^¹{{cite web |title=World’s biggest airport under construction in Istanbul |publisher=The Worldfolio |url=http://www.theworldfolio.com/interviews/worlds-biggest-airport-under-construction-in-istanbul/3796/ |date=19 November 2015 |accessdate=22 May 2016}}
9. ^{{cite news|title=Kotil: Istanbul New Airport to be world’s largest |first1=Kurt |last1=Hofmann |date=20 April 2016 |url=http://atwonline.com/leasing/turkish-airlines-lease-five-additional-airbus-a330s |publisher=Air Transport World |quote=By 2035, the New Airport should serve 260 million passengers annually, making it the world’s largest airport, Turkish Airlines president and CEO Temel Kotil told ATW. }} {{cite web|url=http://atwonline.com/airports-routes/kotil-istanbul-new-airport-be-world-s-largest |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-04-23 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423031557/http://atwonline.com/airports-routes/kotil-istanbul-new-airport-be-world-s-largest |archivedate=2016-04-23 |df= }}
10. ^{{Cite web |url=http://arsiv.ntv.com.tr/news/429064.asp |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603034936/http://arsiv.ntv.com.tr/news/429064.asp |archive-date=2016-06-03 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/266-milon-euroluk-adnan-menderes-ic-hatlar-terminali-hizmete-girdi-26025821|title=266 milon Euro'luk Adnan Menderes İç Hatlar Terminali hizmete girdi|publisher=}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://web.shgm.gov.tr/tr/haberler/572-turkiyede-atil-havaalani-kalmayacak|title=Türkiye'de Atıl Havaalanı Kalmayacak. - Sivil Havacılık Genel Müdürlüğü|first=|last=SHGM|publisher=}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.airporthaber.com/havacilik-haberleri/kahramanmaras-havaalani-ucuslara-acildi-26169h.html|title=Kahramanmaraş Havaalanı uçuşlara açıldı|website=www.airporthaber.com}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://web.shgm.gov.tr/tr/haberler/520-tokat-havaalani-yeniden-hizmete-acildi|title=Tokat Havaalanı, yeniden hizmete açıldı... - Sivil Havacılık Genel Müdürlüğü|first=|last=SHGM|publisher=}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://web.shgm.gov.tr/tr/haberler/521-canakkale-havaalani-yeniden-hizmete-acildi|title=Çanakkale Havaalanı yeniden hizmete açıldı. - Sivil Havacılık Genel Müdürlüğü|first=|last=SHGM|publisher=}}
16. ^{{cite news |author=Ali Aslan Kiliç |title=Kosovo to open to world with Turkish-built airport |newspaper=Today's Zaman |url=http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/news-218982-105-kosovo-to-open-to-world-with-turkish-built-airport.html |date=14 August 2010}}
17. ^{{cite news |title=Limak to construct new terminal at Kuwait International Airport |newspaper=Daily Sabah |url=http://www.dailysabah.com/money/2015/08/19/limak-to-construct-new-terminal-at-kuwait-international-airport |date=19 August 2015 |accessdate=22 May 2016}}
18. ^{{cite book |author=Sören Eriksson |chapter=Newly industrialising economies and the aircraft industry: economic and industrial policy views in Asia |editor-last1=Eriksson |editor-last2=Steenhuis |title=The Global Commercial Aviation Industry |year=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-81821-6 |url={{Google books|ReEsCgAAQBAJ|page=236|plainurl=y}} |page=236}}