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词条 Ayodhya firing incident
释义

  1. Background

  2. Timeline

     21 October 1990  30 October 1990  1 November 1990  2 November 1990 

  3. Deaths

  4. Wounded survivors

  5. Aftermath

  6. References

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}{{Ayodhya debate}}

The Ayodhya firing incident describes the occasion when the Uttar Pradesh police fired live ammunition at civilians on two separate days, 30{{nbsp}}October 1990 and 2{{nbsp}}November 1990.[1] The civilians were religious volunteers, or kar sevaks, assembled near the Ram Janmabhoomi site at Ayodhya.[1]

The state government's official records report that 16 people were killed.[2][3][4][5][6]

Background

In September 1990 the Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP), the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and the Bhartiya Janata Party campaigned for a new Ram Temple to be built at the Ram Janmabhoomi site. The situation became volatile, with L. K. Advani conducting rath yatra and the VHP mobilizing people to the site. The state government, under Mulayam Singh Yadav, promised protection and a complete lockdown of the site and city.[7] Yadav reassured the public: "No bird would be able to fly into Ayodhya".[8][9]

Timeline

21 October 1990

Volunteers, or kar sevaks first assembled in Ayodhya, at the behest of L. K. Advani of the BJP and Ashok Singhal of the VHP, on 21{{nbsp}}October 1990.[10]

30 October 1990

Called "the D-Day of Karseva" 30{{nbsp}}October saw the start of unprecedented security arrangements.[4] Police barred all bus and train services to Ayodhya. Most kar sevaks reached Ayodhya by foot; some swam across the Sarayu river. The police also barricaded the 1.5 km-long climb to the disputed structure and imposed a curfew. According to the investigatory Liberhan Commission report, issued after the event:

  • 28,000 Uttar Pradesh Provincial Armed Constabulary personnel were deployed in Ayodhya
  • Out of 40,000 kar sevaks, only 1,000 managed to reach Ayodhya

At around 10am, a large group of kar sevaks headed towards the site, led by Vamadev, Mahant Nratyagopal Das, and Ashok Singhal of the VHP. Ashok Singhal was wounded on the head by a police baton. This altercation led to a mob frenzy and open confrontation between civilians and policemen.

At around 11am, a Hindu holyman or sadhu managed to gain control of an Armed Constabulary bus in which the police were holding detainees. The sadhu drove the bus right through the barricades, clearing a way for the others to follow on foot. The security forces were caught off guard and were forced to chase about 5,000 kar sevaks, who stormed through the heavily guarded site.[8][11][12] According to eyewitnesses the Kothari brothers mounted a saffron flag atop the Babri Masjid.[13]

On the orders of Mulayam Singh Yadav security personnel fired on the crowd and chased kar sevaks across the area. Many people died from head wounds. There was a stampede at the Saryu Bridge, which killed a number of people.

1 November 1990

Hindu groups took a day of rest on 1{{nbsp}}November.

2 November 1990

Assembled kar sevaks offered prayers at Ramlila on the morning of 2{{nbsp}}November and then proceeded to Babri Masjid. Members of the crowd used the strategy of touching security personnel's feet, which made them withdraw a step. This worked for a while, and the procession continued. However, the police took firm action by using tear gas and baton charges to disperse the crowd.[9] Nevertheless, some contingents of kar sevaks reached and partially damaged the mosque.

In response the police opened fire for the second time in 72 hours, and chased kar sevaks through the alleys around Hanumangarhi. In one place, later named Shaheed Gali or Martyr’s Alley, police killed many kar sevaks{{snd}}this included the Kothari Brothers, who were allegedly dragged out of a house.

Some Indians have accused the police of disposing of many dead bodies, either by cremating them at unknown places or by dumping them into the Saryu River in sacks.[14]

Deaths

Among the dead were:

  • The Kothari Brothers (Kolkata)
  • Setharam Mali (Jodhpur)
  • Ramesh Kumar (Ganganagar)
  • Mahavir Prasad (Faizabad)
  • Ramesh Pandey (Ayodhya)
  • Sanjay Kumar (Mujaffarpur)
  • Professor Mahendranath Arora (Jodhpur)[15]
  • An unnamed sadhu[5]
  • Rajendra Dharkar[6]
  • Babulal Tiwari (from the village of Nemavar)[16]

Wounded survivors

Wounded survivors of the attack included:[17]

  • Sunil Kumar
  • Rajnarain Singh (Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh)
  • Vishwajeet (Patel Nagar, Delhi)
  • Rambahadur (Badayun, Uttar Pradesh)
  • Abhay Kumar (Asansol)

Aftermath

News of the shootings was mostly suppressed from the Indian media, but some local and international media outlets mentioned them.[18][19][20][21][22] The firing incident had a major impact on Uttar Pradesh and on Indian national politics.

The Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh was given the sobriquet ‘Mulla’ Mulayam Singh for his pro-muslim stance during the incident. He lost the 1991 election to the Bhartiya Janata Party.[23][24] he described his decision to fire on the crowd in Ayodhya as "painful yet necessary as it was ordered by the high cort to maintain peace, law and order till the judgement come out ."[25][2]

Right-wing groups arranged a memorial meeting for the dead Karsevaks on April{{nbsp}}4, 1991 at the Boat Club, New Delhi, which attracted a large audience.[26][27] They also launched a nationwide awareness program displaying the Asthi Kalash (funeral urns) of those who died in the firing incident.[6][28] In the following years, these organizations and their prominent leaders received both political and moral endorsement.

On{{nbsp}}6 December 1992, a large group of kar shevaks completely demolished Babri Masjid.

References

1. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.de/books?id=7gzsCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA275&lpg=PA275&dq=In+1990,+Uttar+Pradesh+Police+f&source=bl&ots=bF1M8w6BRg&sig=Eoic97VDNGLg6ABzM9HY_ATRWzc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiq3ueBhOLWAhUIEpoKHZA1AW8Q6AEIVjAG#v=onepage&q=In%201990,%20Uttar%20Pradesh%20Police%20f&f=false|title=Redress for Victims of Crimes Under International Law|last=Bottigliero|first=Ilaria|date=2013-11-11|publisher=Springer|isbn=9789401760270|language=en}}
2. ^1 2 {{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Mulayam-%E2%80%98regrets%E2%80%99-firing-on-Kar-Sevaks-in-Ayodhya/article14593339.ece |title=Mulayam ‘regrets’ firing on Kar Sevaks in Ayodhya |newspaper=The Hindu |date= |accessdate=2017-05-24}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://voiceofdharma.org/books/ayodhya/ch7.htm |title=Ayodhya and After – Chapter 7 – Press Reporting on Ayodhya |website=Voiceofdharma.org |date=1990-10-30 |accessdate=2017-05-24}}
4. ^1 {{cite web|author= |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/12/10/ayodhya-the-battle-for-indias-soul-the-complete-story/ |title=Ayodhya, the Battle for India’s Soul: The Complete Story – India Real Time – WSJ |website=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2012-12-10 |accessdate=2017-05-24}}
5. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://vhp.org/shriram-janmabhumi-mukti-andolan/mov1-shriram-janmabhumi-mukti-andolan-2/&gws_rd=cr&ei=xQEgWYuDAsHXvATo36D4DQ |title=Shriram Janmabhumi Mukti Andolan 2 | Vishva Hindu Parishad | Official Website |website=Webcache.googleusercontent.com |date= |accessdate=2017-05-24}}
6. ^1 2 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PebdkPS0fhMC&pg=PT71&dq=karseva+firing&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi7-aWZnv7TAhXLro8KHW1RDMoQ6AEIRjAH#v=onepage&q=karseva%20firing&f=false |title=Portraits from Ayodhya |author=Scharada Dubey |page=71 |website=Books.google.co.in |date= |accessdate=2017-05-24}}
7. ^{{cite web|author= |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/it-is-wholly-needless-why-all-this-tamasha-about-ayodhya-devi-lal/1/315843.html |title=It is wholly needless. Why all this tamasha about Ayodhya?: Devi Lal : Voices – India Today 15111990 |website=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=1990-11-15 |accessdate=2017-05-24}}
8. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://internethindu.in/ayodhya-massacre-of-hindu-devotees-in-1990-which-no-media-will-talk-about/ |title=Ayodhya massacre of Hindu devotees in 1990 which no media will talk about | Internet Hindu |website=Internethindu.in |date=2017-02-24 |accessdate=2017-05-24}}
9. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/v3i0ojYgZQhHh1DLlhb0yO/We-fall-get-up-and-march-forward.html |title=We fall, get up and march forward |website=Livemint.com |date= |accessdate=2017-05-24}}
10. ^ {{dead link|date=May 2017}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://ancientindia.co.in/cold-blooded-massacre-of-kar-sewaks-in-ayodia/ |title=Cold blooded massacre of kar sewaks in Ayodhya |publisher=Ancient India |date= |accessdate=2017-05-24}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/soc.culture.indian/ar0veVlynn0 |title=Google Groups |website=Groups.google.com |date= |accessdate=2017-05-24}}
13. ^{{cite web|author=Seetha Seetha is a senior journalist and author |url=https://swarajyamag.com/politics/6121992as-it-happened |title=6/12/1992—As It Happened |website=Swarajyamag.com |date=2017-04-21 |accessdate=2017-05-24}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HJhgJJP2mbE |title="जय श्री राम" बोलते अमर बलिदानी कार सेवक 2) |publisher=YouTube |date= |accessdate=2017-05-24}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/docfragment/1060043/?formInput=ayodhya%20firing |title=Miss. Veera Arora vs Life Insurance Corporation And ... on 18 November, 1999 |website=Indiankanoon.org |date=1999-11-18 |accessdate=2017-05-24}}
16. ^{{cite web|author=Sachin Pilankar |url=http://www.hvk.org/specialarticles/saga/saga.html |title=The Saga Of Ayodhya |website=Hvk.org |date= |accessdate=2017-05-24}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xD60F8DsaC4&t=2s |title=1990 Me Ram Janm Bhumi Andolan Mey Hinduo Per Goli Chalati Mullayam Sarkar...(raja singh) |publisher=YouTube |date=1984-10-31 |accessdate=2017-05-24}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1990/10/31/page/5/article/indian-troops-kill-5-hindus-in-mosque |title=October 31, 1990 – Indian troops kill 5 Hindus in mosque | Chicago Tribune Archive |website=Archives.chicagotribune.com |date=1990-10-31 |accessdate=2017-05-24}}
19. ^{{cite news|author=Barbara Crossette |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/31/world/20-die-in-india-as-hindus-storm-disputed-mosque.html |title=20 Die in India as Hindus Storm Disputed Mosque |location=Iraq; Kuwait; Middle East |website=NYTimes.com |date=1990-10-31 |accessdate=2017-05-24}}
20. ^[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5HhUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=e48DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5481%2C8075744] {{dead link|date=May 2017}}
21. ^[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=lTEyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=E-YFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4539%2C363237] {{dead link|date=May 2017}}
22. ^[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=PfdTAAAAIBAJ&sjid=oIwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6387%2C999461] {{dead link|date=May 2017}}
23. ^{{cite web|author=Aviral Virk |url=https://www.thequint.com/explainers/2015/12/08/ayodhya-deqoded-part-6-the-making-of-mullah-mulayam |title=Ayodhya DeQoded, Part 6: The Making of "Mullah Mulayam" |publisher=The Quint |date=2017-02-01 |accessdate=2017-05-24}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ghost-of-1990-haunts-ayodhya-as-both-vhp-and-sp-try-to-play-comunal-card-on-84-kosi-yatra/1/300657.html |title=Ayodhya braces for a showdown as Akhilesh's govt bans VHP yatra |website=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=2013-08-22 |accessdate=2017-05-24}}
25. ^{{cite web|author= |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Decision-to-order-firing-in-Ayodhya-painful-Mulayam-Singh-Yadav/articleshow/53892287.cms |title=Decision to order firing in Ayodhya painful: Mulayam Singh Yadav |website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2016-08-28 |accessdate=2017-05-24}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://vhp.org/shriram-janmabhumi-mukti-andolan/mov1-shriram-janmabhumi-mukti-andolan/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2017-05-21 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321180231/http://vhp.org/shriram-janmabhumi-mukti-andolan/mov1-shriram-janmabhumi-mukti-andolan |archivedate=21 March 2015 }}
27. ^{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/vhp-gains-strength-with-each-passing-day-poised-to-play-key-role-in-coming-polls/1/318216.html |title=VHP gains strength with each passing day, poised to play key role in coming polls : Special Report – India Today 30041991 |website=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=1991-04-30 |accessdate=2017-05-24}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/23714/11/11_chapter%204.pdf |title=Chapter-Iv |website=Shodganga.inflibnet.ac.in |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2017-05-24}}
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