| 词条 | Bahá'í Faith in Indonesia |
| 释义 |
According to the Association of Religion Data Archives in 2015, accurate figures for the number of adherents to the Bahá'í Faith in Indonesia are not available.[1] Bahá'ís in Indonesia are subject to a measure of government discrimination.[2] HistoryThe Bahá'í Faith's presence in Indonesia can be traced to the late 19th century, when two Bahá'ís visited what is now Indonesia, as well as several other Southeast Asian countries.[3] The Mentawai Islands were one of the first areas outside the Middle East and the Western world where significant numbers of conversions to the religion took place, beginning in 1957.[4] In 2014, the Bahá'í International Community (BIC) established a regional office in Jakarta.[3] Legal status and discriminationThe activities of the Bahá'í Faith were banned in Indonesia in 1972.[4] The religion was then legalized in 2000 by President Abdurrahman Wahid.[5][6] Nevertheless, the Indonesian Bahá'í community continues to face discrimination. Social acceptance appears to have been greater during the Dutch colonial period than in the New Order period and the subsequent Reform period.[7] In 2002, the Indonesian Ulema Council issued a fatwa declaring it forbidden for Bahá'ís to be buried in public places.[7] A 2011 research paper reported various forms of discrimination against the small Bahá'í community in the town of Canga'an, Banyuwangi, East Java.[8] Furthermore, the USCIRF stated in a 2016 report:[2] Indonesia's Baha'i community still experiences government discrimination because of their faith. Despite Religious Affairs Minister Lukman's 2014 statement that the Baha'i faith should be recognized as a religion protected by the constitution, the government has not changed official policy. Baha'i followers are not able to obtain state recognition of civil marriages, have limited educational opportunities, and must state a faith other than their own on their ID cards. Only recently have some Baha'is been allowed to leave blank the religion field on their ID cards. Although some schools now allow Baha'is to provide their own religious education, Baha'i instruction is not part of the official curriculum on religion set by the national standards board, and some Baha'i students instead are forced to study Protestantism or Catholicism. StatisticsThe religion had 22,115 adherents in Indonesia in 2005, according to an estimate by the Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA).[9] In 2010 the same source reported a slightly higher estimate of 22,815 Bahá'ís in Indonesia.[10] These two estimates were based on information from the World Christian Encyclopedia.[9][10] In its 2015 profile of the country, the ARDA noted that while the Indonesian Bahá'í community claimed a membership in the thousands, no reliable figures were available.[1] See also
References1. ^1 {{cite web |title=Indonesia |url=http://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_109_2.asp#S_1 |website=Association of Religion Data Archives |accessdate=12 February 2019}} 2. ^1 {{cite web |title=USCIRF Annual Report 2016 - Tier 2 countries - Indonesia |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/57307ce411.html |website=Refworld |publisher=United States Commission on International Religious Freedom |accessdate=12 February 2019 |date=2 May 2016}} 3. ^1 {{cite news |title=Exploring religion’s contribution to peace in Southeast Asia |url=https://news.bahai.org/story/1139 |accessdate=13 February 2019 |agency=Bahá'í World News Service |date=17 November 2016}} 4. ^1 {{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Peter |last2=Momen |first2=Moojan |title=The Baha'i faith 1957–1988: A survey of contemporary developments |journal=Religion |date=1989 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=63-91 |doi=10.1016/0048-721X(89)90077-8 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1016/0048-721X%2889%2990077-8?casa_token=yIN33vB68_sAAAAA:bE123KajUw-om8p-v4NGmlR5j7GZlX4bo-OoZl7yT80ao2aSKy24DSxxYC5HOxSUwvWqO7gKF_L9VQ8 |accessdate=12 February 2019}} 5. ^{{cite news |title=Indonesian government recognizes Baha'i faith as a religion |url=https://www.ecumenicalnews.com/article/indonesian-government-recognizes-bahai-faith-as-a-religion-25990 |accessdate=13 February 2019 |agency=Ecumenical News |date=12 August 2014}} 6. ^{{cite news |last1=Lesley |first1=Alison |title=Indonesia to Officially Recognize Baha’i in Increasing Tolerance |url=https://www.worldreligionnews.com/issues/indonesia-officially-recognize-bahai-increasing-tolerance |accessdate=12 February 2019 |agency=World Religion News |date=4 August 2014}} 7. ^1 {{cite news |last1=Nurish |first1=Amanah |title=Welcoming Baha'i: New official religion in Indonesia |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/08/08/welcoming-baha-i-new-official-religion-indonesia.html |accessdate=12 February 2019 |agency=Jakarta Post |date=8 August 2014}} 8. ^{{cite web |last1=Nurish |first1=Amanah |title=Baha’i: a Narrative of Minority Religion in Indonesia |url=https://crcs.ugm.ac.id/thesis/615/bahai-a-narrative-of-minority-religion-in-indonesia.html |website=Center for Religious and Cross-cultural Studies: Graduate School, Universitas Gadjah Mada |accessdate=13 February 2019 |date=16 June 2011}} 9. ^1 {{cite web|title=Most Baha'i Nations (2005)|url=http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_40.asp|publisher=Association for Religion Data Archives|accessdate=12 February 2019}} 10. ^1 {{cite web|title=Most Baha'i Nations (2010)|url=http://www.thearda.com/QL2010/QuickList_40.asp|publisher=Association for Religion Data Archives|accessdate=12 February 2019}} External links
3 : Bahá'í Faith by country|Bahá'í Faith in Asia|Religion in Indonesia |
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