请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Bahía de Ponce
释义

  1. History

  2. Bay wildlife

  3. Maritime services

  4. Industrial activities

  5. Recreational activities

  6. Gallery

     Marine life  Marine birds  Maps  Others 

  7. See also

  8. Notes

  9. Footnotes

  10. References

  11. External links

{{about|the bay in Puerto Rico|the bay in Florida|Ponce de Leon Bay}}{{short description|Bay in Ponce, Puerto Rico}}{{use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}{{Infobox body of water
| name = Bahía de Ponce
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Spanish
| other_name = Ponce Bay
| image = Bahia de Ponce - panoramio.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Partial view of Bahia de Ponce, with Isla de Gatas on the left, Isla Cardona on the far background and Punta Peñoncillo on the right (photo taken looking WSW from La Guancha)
| image_bathymetry =
| alt_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry =
| location = Ponce, Puerto Rico
| coordinates = {{coord|17|58|28.5954|N|66|38|9.168|W|region:PR_type:waterbody_source:GNS-enwiki}}
| type = Bay
| etymology = Municipality of Ponce
| inflow = Rio Matilde
| rivers = Rio Matilde
| outflow =
| oceans = Caribbean Sea
| basin_countries = Puerto Rico
| agency = Ponce Municipal Government[1][2][3]
| length = {{convert|1.5|mi|km|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|3.5|mi|km|abbr=on}}
| area = {{convert|5.25|sqmi|sqkm|abbr=on}}
| depth = {{convert|36|ft|abbr=on}}
| max-depth = {{convert|50|ft|abbr=on}}[4]
| salinity = 35.7[5]{{efn|Surface salinity at surface temperature of 28.4°C, as measured on 3 June 1971.}}
| shore = {{convert|4.0|mi|km|abbr=on}}
| islands = Isla Cardona, Isla de Gatas
| islands_category =
| cities = Barrio Playa, Ponce
| pushpin_map = Puerto Rico
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Bahía de Ponce, in Ponce, Puerto Rico
| website =
| reference =
}}

Bahía de Ponce (Ponce Bay) is a bay in Barrio Playa, Ponce, Puerto Rico. The Bay is home to the most important commercial harbor on the Puerto Rico south coast and the second largest in Puerto Rico. The Cardona Island Light is located on the Bay to mark the way into the Bay from the nearby Caja de Muertos Light.

Bahía de Ponce is located in southern Puerto Rico, about midway on the southern coast. It has a width of {{convert|3.5|mi|km|abbr=on}}, a length of 1.5 miles, its shore is about {{convert|4.0|mi|km|abbr=on}} and its area is approximately {{convert|3300|acre|km2}}. Typical bay depths are in the {{convert|20|ft|abbr=on}}-to//Rafael Cordero Santiago Port of the Americas">Rafael Cordero Santiago Port of the Americas is located here as well as the La Guancha Recreational and Cultural Complex, the La Guancha Boardwalk, and Club Náutico de Ponce. The annual Cruce a Nado Internacional swimming sports event is held at this Bay every September.

History

The history of the Bahía de Ponce is closely tied to the history of Barrio Playa, the populated place that lines Bahía de Ponce's shores. As the major means of external communication for the settlement at Ponce, barrio Playa has, in turn, a history that is as old as the history of the city of Ponce itself, dating to the 16th century, when Barrio Playa used to be called Montones.[to-{{convert|40|ft|abbr=on}} range, but these dip to {{convert|50|ft|m}} at the drenched piers.[44]

Wind patterns at Bahía de Ponce are generally from the east, with a southeast onshore component. Average east-southeast knots of 7.7 miles per hour exists year-around, with March being the windiest month.[45] The bay receives an average of 32 inches of rain per year.[46] The average tidal wave is about 1.1 feet high.[47] Water surface currents have a net flow of 12–40 cm/sec to the Northeast, and the prevailing flow of surface waters is shoreward in a Northwest direction.[48]

In 1971, untreated domestic sewage entered the bay through an outfall off Avenida Hostos and through another outfall off Pampanos Road.[49] To comply with the 1970 Clean Water Act improvements were made. A mid-1970s construction realized an outfall 5,000 feet into the Sea.[50] A March 2001 enhancement also brought the one outfall from Avenida Hostos to diffuse much further into the Sea than before, to where bay depths are 1,200 feet. The post-improvements study demonstrated conclusively that discharges into the Bay by Autoridad de Acueductos y Alcantarillados did not adversely affect the water quality.[51] Also, in 2017, a Biological Evaluation of the area found that sewer discharged into the Bay by the Ponce waste water sewer plants did not adversely affect federally-listed Threatened or Endangered Species or their critical habitats in the Bay.[52]

The primary treated submarine sewage outfall to Bahia de Ponce was relocated to discharge at a depth of 150 m down the insular slope below the pycnocline. The Ponce ocean outfall is 150 meters deep, all other outfalls discharge within the insular shelf at depths ranging between 15–40 m on the north coast of Puerto Rico.”[53]

Bay wildlife

Birds on the bay include the brown pelican, particularly at La Guancha Boardwalk, and seagulls.[54] Among marine species the more visible one is the Atlantic tarpon (Megalops atlanticus), also easily spotted at Paseo Tablado La Guancha. The following are among two endangered species seen in the Bahía de Ponce:[55] the Antillean manatees, which are known to feed in the Bahía de Ponce, with most sightings occurring in the middle part of the Bay, near the Río Matilde estuary, and the brown pelicans, which forage and roost throughout Bahía de Ponce and will casually come onshore at La Guancha Boardwalk in search for food from people strolling by.[56] The brown pelican nests at Isla del Frío just to the east of Bahía de Ponce and roosts at the Punta Cucharas end of the bay.[57] The western sandpiper (Calidris mauri) roosts in the western portion of the bay (Punta Cucharas).[58] Also found in the bay is the roseate tern (Sterna dougallii dougallii), the piping plover (Charadrius melodus), and the Puerto Rican nightjar (Caprimulgus noctitherus).[59] Equally, the blue-winged teal (Anas discors), and the white-cheeked pintail (Anas bahamensis).[60]

These are also at the Punta Cucharas western end of the bay: Puerto Rican oriole (Icterus portoricensis), brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis), peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), Puerto Rican vireo (Vireo latimeri), and white-cheeked pintail (Anas bahamensis).[61]

Marine life at the bay includes: coney (Epinephelus fulvus), red hind (Epinephelus guttatus), Nassau grouper (Epinephelus striatus), mutton snapper (Lutjanus analis), schoolmaster snapper (Lutjanus apodus), gray snapper (Lutjanus griseus), silk snapper (Lutjanus vivanus), yellowtail snapper (Ocyurus chrysurus), white grunt (Haemulon plumierii), banded butterflyfish (Chaetodon striatus), queen triggerfish (Balistes vetula), squirrelfish (Holocentrus ascensionis), sand tilefish (Malacanthus plumieri), redtail parrotfish (Sparisoma chrysopterum), trunkfish (Lactophrys quadricomis), spiny lobster (Panulirus argus), and queen conch (Strombus gigas).[62]

Maritime services

The Port of Ponce facilities are in the east portion of the bay, on Punta Peñoncillo. The Port of the Americas has a man-made depth of 50 feet,[63] making it the deepest in the Caribbean.[64][65] Port facilities include two post-Panamax cranes.

Government services on the Bay include the Ponce Customs House[66] and the U.S. Coast Guard.[67] The U.S. Coast Guard is located at the former Spanish Capitania del Puerto building in Barrio Playa. There is also a precinct of the Policia Municipal de Ponce[68] and the Maritime Unit of the Policia de Puerto Rico[69] there. These are in addition to the Puerto Rico Ports Authority.[70]

The usual anchorage is northeast of Isla de Cardona in depths of 30 to 50 feet, but vessels can also anchor in 30 to 40 feet depths northwest of Las Hojitas. A small-craft anchorage is located northeast of Las Hojitas in depths of 18 to 28 feet. A well-protected anchorage for small boats in depths of 19 to 30 feet is northeast of the Club Nautico de Ponce yacht club on Isla de Gatas. Bahía de Ponce is not safe as a hurricane anchorage because it is exposed to the South. For this reason, seamen seeking protection from hurricanes oftentimes head to the hurricane-proof anchorages at Bahia de Guayanilla or Bahia de Guanica, located 8 and 16 miles to the west, respectively, or Bahía Jobos, located 28 miles to the east.[71]

Industrial activities

In addition to the industrial support offered by maritime traffic entering and exiting the Port of Ponce, several industries have settled on or in the vicinity of the Bay.[72] During the 1970s, the Ralston-Purina Tuna Fish Packing Plant operated on the Bay, but has since shut down its operations.[73]

Recreational activities

The bay supports commercial enterprises including recreational fishing.[74] Among recreational activities on the Bay are boats that sail from La Guancha in the bay inlet to Isla Cardona in the middle of the bay with tourists seeking to vacation at Isla Cardona. Isla Cardona is part of the Punta Cucharas Nature Reserve and offers a quiet natural setting where visitors can sun bathe, swim, hike its lighthouse or just relax.[75] Other vessels depart from the bay to ferry visitors to the nearby Caja de Muertos island. Additional recreation can be had at the La Guancha Recreational Complex, as well as the members-only Club Náutico de Ponce. Also, at least two cruise ship lines have scheduled stops at the Port of Ponce.[76][77]

The annual Cruce a Nado Internacional swimming sports event is held at this Bay every September.[78] Participants are ferried to Isla Cardona from where they swim across the bay to the shore in front of Parque Enrique González park in barrio Playa. The event is carried out in compliance with the standards and requirements of the International Swimming Federation.[79]

Gallery

Marine life

Marine birds

Maps

Others

See also

  • San Juan Bay
  • Mayagüez Bay
{{Portal|Puerto Rico|Geography}}{{Clear}}

Notes

1. ^Ponencia del Gobierno Municipal Autonomo de Ponce Before the Senate of Puerto Rico. Rafael Cordero Santiago, Alcalde de Ponce. Page 5. Accessed 19 September 2018.
2. ^Neysa Rodriguez Deynes. Brevario Sobre la Historia de Ponce. Second Edition. Government of the Autonomous Municipality of Ponce. 2002. Page 14. Printed by Impress Quality Printing, Bayamon, Puerto Rico.
3. ^Administración Municipal engaña a los ponceños indica presidente del PPD en Ponce. El Sur a la Vista. Ponce, Puerto Rico. 12 December 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
4. ^Part Two: The Transportation Planning Regions - Context and Cost-Feasible Plans: South and Southeast. "Puerto Rico's Five Transportation Planning Regions (TPRS): 2040 Long Range Transportation Plans." Puerto Rico Department of Transportation. December 2013. Page 7-43. Accessed 19 September 2018.
5. ^Oceanographic Baseline Data (1971-72) for the Formulation of Marine Waste Disposal Alternatives for Puerto Rico. (Volume II: Appendices. Final Report - November 1974.) November 1974. Prepared For: Environmental Quality Board (Junta de Calidad Ambiental), Office of the Governor, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Prepared by: Oceanographic Program, Area of Natural Resources, Department of Public Works, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Table G-4, pages 7.147-7.148. Figures G-1 and G-2, pages 7.151-7.152.
6. ^Eli D. Oquendo-Rodriguez. Pablo L. Crespo-Vargas, editor. A Orillas del Mar Caribe: Boceto historico de la Playa de Ponce - Desde sus primeros habitantes hasta principios del siglo XX. First edition. June, 2017. Editorial Akelarre. Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones del Sur Oeste de Puerto Rico (CEISCO). Lajas, Puerto Rico. Page 21. {{ISBN|978-1547284931}}
7. ^Un operador busca transformar el Puerto de las Américas de Puerto Rico. The San Diego Union-Tribune. 14 September 2015. Accessed 28 September 2018.
8. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=6WUzAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Historia de Puerto Rico.] Paul G. Miller. Chicago and New York: Rand McNally & Compañia. 1992. Page 235.
9. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=6WUzAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Historia de Puerto Rico.] Paul G. Miller. Chicago and New York: Rand McNally & Compañia. 1992. Page 186.
10. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=6WUzAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Historia de Puerto Rico.] Paul G. Miller. Chicago and New York: Rand McNally & Compañia. 1992. Page 451.
11. ^Ley de la Autoridad del Puerto de Ponce para crear la Autoridad del Puerto de Ponce (Ley 240 del 12 de diciembre de 2011) Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico. 12 December 2011. Page 4. Accessed 28 September 2018.
12. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=6WUzAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Historia de Puerto Rico.] Paul G. Miller. Chicago and New York: Rand McNally & Compañia. 1992. Page 253.
13. ^Declaracion de Impacto Ambiental: Estrategia. Centros Urbanos de Ponce. Sectores VII & VIII, La Playa y la Avenida Hostos. (Plan de Area de los Centros Urbanos. PL.E.6 La Playa, PL.E.7 La Avenida Hostos.) Municipio de Ponce. Oficina de Ordenación Territorial. January 2009. Page 21. Accessed 1 October 2018.
14. ^Aida Belen Rivera Ruiz, Certifying Official, and Juan Llanes Santos, Preparer, Puerto Rico Historic Preservation Office. (San Juan, Puerto Rico) 26 February 2008. In National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form – McCabe Memorial Church. United States Department of the Interior. National Park Service. (Washington, D.C.) Section 8. Page 15. Listing Reference Number 80000283. Published 11 April 2008.
15. ^Eduardo Neumann. Verdadera y Auténtica Historia de la Ciudad de Ponce. 1913. Reprinted by the Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña. 1987. Page 194. (In Spanish)
16. ^James C. Massey, Exec. Vice Pres., and Shirley Maxwell, Associate, National Preservation Institute (National Building Museum) Washington, D.C. and the Federal Historic Preservation Office, U.S. Department of the Treasury. (Washington, D.C.) 7 January 1988. In National Register of Historic Places Registration Form – U.S. Custom House, Ponce. United States Department of the Interior. National Park Service. (Washington, D.C.) Section 8, Page 3. Listing Reference Number 88000073. 10 February 1988.
17. ^Eduardo Neumann. Verdadera y Auténtica Historia de la Ciudad de Ponce. 1913. (In Spanish) Reprinted by the Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña. 1987. Page 194. (In Spanish)
18. ^National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form – Isla Caja de Muertos Light. United States Department of the Interior. National Park Service. (Washington, D.C.) Page 2. Listing Reference Number 81000690. 22 October 1981.
19. ^National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form – Cayo Cardona Light. United States Department of the Interior. National Park Service. (Washington, D.C.) Page 2. Listing Reference Number 81000691. 22 October 1981.
20. ^General Purpose Population Data, Census 2000. Unidad de Sistemas de Información Geográfica, Área de Tecnología de Información Gubernamental, Oficina de Gerencia y Presupuesto. Gobierno de Puerto Rico. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100812171159/http://www.gis.otg.gobierno.pr/webcensus/ |date=2010-08-12 }} Retrieved 16 February 2010.
21. ^US Census. 1930 Federal Census Team Transcription. Retrieved 23 February 2010.
22. ^[https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/phc-3-53-eng.pdf Puerto Rico 2000: Population and Housing Unit Counts.] U.S. Census Bureau. Publication Number PHC-3-53. Published November 2003. Page F-17. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
23. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=6WUzAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Historia de Puerto Rico.] Paul G. Miller. Chicago and New York: Rand McNally & Compañía. 1992. Page 390.
24. ^In 1911 the U.S. Federal Government granted the City of Ponce a perpetual franchise to operate the Port. During the second decade of the 20th century (1910s), a new harbor was built. (See [https://archivonacional.com/?t=pOr6YlPf&s=ponce La Vuelta de la Feria: Segunda Parte del Juguete Cómico "Los Jíbaros Progresistas o La Feria de Ponce", Original y en Verso."] Ramon Mendez Quiñones. Tipografía "El Vapor". Ponce, Puerto Rico. 28 July 1882. Archivo Digital Nacional de Puerto Rico. p. 244 (footnote). Accessed 5 April 2019.) The new Port of Ponce was built on Punta Peñoncillo, where it currently (2019) stands.
25. ^Declaracion de Impacto Ambiental: Estrategia. Centros Urbanos de Ponce. Sectores VII & VIII, La Playa y la Avenida Hostos. (Plan de Area de los Centros Urbanos. PL.E.6 La Playa, PL.E.7 La Avenida Hostos.) Municipio de Ponce. Oficina de Ordenación Territorial. January 2009. Section 3.1.1 (Page 68). Accessed 1 October 2018.
26. ^[https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-speeches/december-11-1906-message-regarding-state-puerto-rico December 11, 1906: Message Regarding the State of Puerto Rico.] Theodore Roosevelt. 11 December 1906. Presidential Speeches: President [Theodore] Roosevelt reports to Congress on his trip to Puerto Rico. (Transcript) University of Virginia Miller Center. 2018. Accessed 26 September 2018.
27. ^Aida Belen Rivera Ruiz, Certifying Official, and Juan Llanes Santos, Preparer, Puerto Rico Historic Preservation Office. (San Juan, Puerto Rico) 26 February 2008. In National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form – McCabe Memorial Church. United States Department of the Interior. National Park Service. (Washington, D.C.) Section 8. Page 15. Listing Reference Number 80000283. Published on 11 April 2008.
28. ^Diana Lopez Sotomayor. Edificio Municipal de la Playa de Ponce. National Register of Historic Places. Registration Form. Number 13000639. 3 July 2013. p.7.
29. ^Declaracion de Impacto Ambiental: Estrategia. Centros Urbanos de Ponce. Sectores VII & VIII, La Playa y la Avenida Hostos. (Plan de Area de los Centros Urbanos. PL.E.6 La Playa, PL.E.7 La Avenida Hostos.) Municipio de Ponce. Oficina de Ordenación Territorial. January 2009. Page 22. Accessed 1 October 2018.
30. ^Regional inventory report, South Atlantic-Gulf region, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Inventory report. United States. Army Corps of Engineers. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1973. Page vi.
31. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=HDc0AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA4 Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement (SDEIS) for Port of the Americas, Puerto Rico, Appendix D: Amended Biological Assessment (Biological characterization and mapping of marine habitats in Ponce Bay).] CSA Group (San Juan, PR). Page 4. October 2003. Accessed 2 October 2018.
32. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=hU3g1SVErBgC&pg=PA75 Code of Federal Regulations: 1949-1984: 7.225: Bahía de Ponce.] Code of Federal Regulations. U.S. General Services Administration. National Archives and Records Service. Office of the Federal Register. 1 January 1980. Accessed 27 September 2018.
33. ^[https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol21/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol21-sec131-40.pdf Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) § 131.40 Puerto Rico.] Environmental Protection Agency § 131.40. 1 July 2010 Edition. U.S. Government Printing Office. 2010. Page 509. Accessed 1 October 2018.
34. ^Regional inventory report, South Atlantic-Gulf region, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Inventory report. United States. Army Corps of Engineers. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1973. Page vi.
35. ^Carmelo Rosario Natal. Ponce En Su Historia Moderna: 1945-2002. Secretaría de Cultura y Turismo of the Government of the Autonomous Municipality of Ponce. Ponce, Puerto Rico. 2003. p. 118.
36. ^Proyecto de año: Represa Portugues, Construccion con Ingenieria Extrema. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928142105/http://www.planosycapacetes.com/small_26.jpg |date=28 September 2013 }} Planos y Capacets. May-Jun 2011. Page 10. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
37. ^[https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi/9100GN65.PDF?Dockey=9100GN65.PDF Oceanographic Baseline Data (1971-72) for the Formulation of Marine Waste Disposal Alternatives for Puerto Rico. (Volume 1: Main Report. Final Report.)] November 1974. Prepared For: Environmental Quality Board (Junta de Calidad Ambiental), Office of the Governor, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Prepared by: Oceanographic Program, Area of Natural Resources, Department of Public Works, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Page 6.86. Accessed 27 September 2018.
38. ^Yacht Club of the Month: Ponce Yacht and Fishing Club. All at Sea. September 2006. Accessed 29 August 2010.
39. ^Reducen la extensión del megapuerto. Associated Press. 20 December 2002. (Published by Puerto Rico Herald, 20 December 2002). Accessed 1 October 2018.
40. ^Bahía de Ponce and Approaches. BookletChart. NOAA Chart 25683. U.S. Department of Commerce. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. National Ocean Service. Office of Coast Survey. Page 2. Accessed 20 September 2018.
41. ^Bahía de Ponce and Approaches. BookletChart. NOAA Chart #25683. US Department of Commerce. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. National Ocean Service. Office of Coast Survey. Page 2. Accessed 20 September 2018.
42. ^Nuevo record en el cruce a nado de la playa de Ponce. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910010921/http://www.elsuralavista.com/periodico/?p=42383 |date=2012-09-10 }} El Sur a la Vista. Ponce, Puerto Rico. 5 September 2011. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
43. ^Bahía de Ponce and Approaches. BookletChart. NOAA Chart No. 25683. US Department of Commerce. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. National Ocean Service. Office of Coast Survey. Page 2. Accessed 20 September 2018.
44. ^Part Two: The Transportation Planning Regions - Context and Cost-Feasible Plans: South and Southeast. "Puerto Rico's Five Transportation Planning Regions (TPRS): 2040 Long Range Transportation Plans." Puerto Rico Department of Transportation. December 2013. Page 7-43. Accessed 19 September 2018.
45. ^[https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi/9100GN65.PDF?Dockey=9100GN65.PDF Oceanographic Baseline Data (1971-72) for the Formulation of Marine Waste Disposal Alternatives for Puerto Rico. Volume 1: Main Report. (Final Report.)] November 1974. Prepared For: Environmental Quality Board (Junta de Calidad Ambiental), Office of the Governor, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Prepared by: Oceanographic Program, Area of Natural Resources, Department of Public Works, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Page 4.5. Accessed 27 September 2018.
46. ^[https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/sir20145102 Hydrogeology and hydrology of the Punta Cabullones wetland area, Ponce, southern Puerto Rico, 2007-08.] Jesús Rodríguez-Martínez and Luis R. Soler-López. U.S. Geological Survey. Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5102. Prepared in cooperation with the Municipio Autónomo de Ponce and the Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources. 2014. Accessed 27 September 2018.
47. ^[https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi/9100GN65.PDF?Dockey=9100GN65.PDF Oceanographic Baseline Data (1971-72) for the Formulation of Marine Waste Disposal Alternatives for Puerto Rico. Volume 1: Main Report. Final Report.] November 1974. Prepared for the Environmental Quality Board (Junta de Calidad Ambiental), Office of the Governor, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Prepared by Oceanographic Program, Area of Natural Resources, Department of Public Works, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Page 4.5. Accessed 27 September 2018.
48. ^[https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi/9100GN65.PDF?Dockey=9100GN65.PDF Oceanographic Baseline Data (1971-72) for the Formulation of Marine Waste Disposal Alternatives for Puerto Rico. Volume 1: Main Report. Final Report.] November 1974. Prepared for the Environmental Quality Board (Junta de Calidad Ambiental), Office of the Governor, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Prepared by Oceanographic Program, Area of Natural Resources, Department of Public Works, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Pages 6.87 and 6.89. Accessed 27 September 2018.
49. ^[https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi/9100GN65.PDF?Dockey=9100GN65.PDF Oceanographic Baseline Data (1971-72) for the Formulation of Marine Waste Disposal Alternatives for Puerto Rico. Volume 1: Main Report. Final Report.] November 1974. Prepared for the Environmental Quality Board (Junta de Calidad Ambiental), Office of the Governor, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Prepared by: Oceanographic Program, Area of Natural Resources, Department of Public Works, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Page 6.86. Accessed 27 September 2018.
50. ^[https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=94004FLH.txt The Comprehensive Water Quality Management Plan for Puerto Rico, 1970-2020.] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Puerto Rico Junta de Calidad Ambiental (JCA). San Juan, Puerto Rico. 29 May 1974. Page III-202. Accessed 1 October 2018.
51. ^Status del Programa de Muestreo para Obtener la Dispensa 301(h) de la Planta Regional de Aguas Residuales de Ponce. Martha Rivera Rosa, Directora Area de Pretratamiento, Autoridad de Acueductos y Alcantarillados. Panamerican Health Organization, Washington, DC. Published circa 2001. Pages 5-6. Accessed 28 September 2018.
52. ^Biological Evaluation of the Potential Effects of the Continued Operation of the Ponce Regional Wastewater Treatment Plant Ocean Outfall on Special Status Marine Species near Ponce, Puerto Rico. Prepared by CH2M. Prepared for the Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority (Autoridad de Acueductos y Alcantarillados de Puerto Rico). June 2017. Pages 1-1 and 5-9. Accessed 27 September 2018.
53. ^The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Jorge (Reni) García-Sais, Richard Appeldoorn, Andy Bruckner, Chris Caldow, John D. Christensen, Craig Lilyestrom, Mark E. Monaco, Jorge Sabater, Ernest Williams, Ernesto Diaz. Caribbean Coral Reef Institute. pp. 6 and 20. Accessed 2 October 2018.
54. ^[https://avespr.org/photo.php?pic=2189 Foto de Pelícano Pardo.] Steven Frias Rodriguez. Aves de Puerto Rico. 17 April 2013. Accessed 3 October 2018.
55. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=HDc0AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA12#v=onepage&q&f=false Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement (SDEIS) for Port of the Americas, Puerto Rico, Appendixes D: Biological characterization and mapping of marine habitats in Ponce Bay.] CSA Group (San Juan, PR). Pages 12-25 and 38-29. October 2003. Accessed 2 October 2018.
56. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=HDc0AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA38#v=onepage&q&f=false Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement (SDEIS) for Port of the Americas, Puerto Rico; Appendix D: Biological characterization and mapping of marine habitats in Ponce Bay.] CSA Group (San Juan, PR). October 2003. Section 3.1.9.2, page 38. Accessed 2 October 2018.
57. ^Avian Conservation Planning Priorities for Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands (BCR 69). Christopher J. Nytch, William C. Hunter, Fernando Núñez-García, Cindy Fury, and Maya Quiñones. University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras; US Fish and Wildlife Service, and US Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry. Page 247. February 2015. Accessed 4 October 2018.
58. ^Avian Conservation Planning Priorities for Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands (BCR 69). Christopher J. Nytch, William C. Hunter, Fernando Núñez-García, Cindy Fury, and Maya Quiñones. University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras; US Fish and Wildlife Service, and US Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry. Page 249. February 2015. Accessed 4 October 2018.
59. ^Avian Conservation Planning Priorities for Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands (BCR 69). Christopher J. Nytch, William C. Hunter, Fernando Núñez-García, Cindy Fury, and Maya Quiñones. University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras; US Fish and Wildlife Service, and US Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry. Pages 374-375. February 2015. Accessed 4 October 2018.
60. ^Avian Conservation Planning Priorities for Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands (BCR 69). Christopher J. Nytch, William C. Hunter, Fernando Núñez-García, Cindy Fury, and Maya Quiñones. University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras; US Fish and Wildlife Service, and US Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry. Pages 348. February 2015. Accessed 4 October 2018.
61. ^Avian Conservation Planning Priorities for Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands (BCR 69). Christopher J. Nytch, William C. Hunter, Fernando Núñez-García, Cindy Fury, and Maya Quiñones. University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras; US Fish and Wildlife Service, and US Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry. Pages 333. February 2015. Accessed 4 October 2018.
62. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=HDc0AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false Port of the Americas, Municipalities of Guayanilla-Penuelas and Ponce, Environmental Impact Statement, Appendix E: Essential Fish Habitat Assessment.] CSA Group, San Juan, Puerto Rico. Prepared for the Port of the Americas Authority, Port of the Americas, Ponce, Puerto Rico. December 2003. Pages 1-2. Accessed 7 October 2018.
63. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=HDc0AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA2 Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement (SDEIS) for Port of the Americas, Puerto Rico, Appendixes D to F: Biological characterization and mapping of marine habitats in Ponce Bay.] CSA Group (San Juan, PR). Page 2. October 2003. Accessed 2 October 2018.
64. ^Estudio de mercado de la Zonas de Valor Añadido del Puerto de las Americas. Cesar J. Irrizarry Chardón. Universidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico, Recinto de Ponce. Administración de Empresas Internacional. M.S. Thesis. May 2009. Pages 65 and 67. Accessed 1 October 2018.
65. ^Declaración de Impacto Ambiental: Estrategia. Centros Urbanos de Ponce. Sectores VII & VIII, La Playa y la Avenida Hostos. (Plan de Area de los Centros Urbanos. PL.E.6 La Playa, PL.E.7 La Avenida Hostos.) Municipio de Ponce. Oficina de Ordenación Territorial. January 2009. Section 3.1.3.4 (Page 76). Accessed 1 October 2011.
66. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=85EvAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA218 The Navigation of the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico, 2nd edition. Vol 1: The West India Islands, Including the Bahama Banks and Islands and the Bernmuda Islands.] Lieutenant Samuel L. Grant and Lieutenant Frank E. Sawyer. United States Hydrographic Office. US. Navy. Publication No. 86. Washington Government Printing Office. 1888. Pages 218-219. Accessed 19 September 2018.
67. ^[https://homeport.uscg.mil/Lists/Content/Attachments/2352/Information%20Package.pdf Small Passenger Vessel Information Package.] United States Coast Guard, San Juan Sector, Prevention Unit. San Juan Juan, Puerto Rico. 30 September 2015. Page A-3. Accessed 11 October 2018.
68. ^Mensaje del Presupuesto, Año Fiscal 2011-2012. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425051248/http://www.visitaaponce.com/Eventos/Mensaje%20de%20Presupuesto%202011.pdf |date=25 April 2012 }} Hon. María "Mayita" Meléndez Altieri, Mayor. Municipio Autonomo de Ponce. 30 May 2011. Retrieved 7 October 2011.
69. ^[https://data.pr.gov/api/views/rjqi-csd2/rows.pdf?app_token=U29jcmF0YS0td2VraWNrYXNz0 Cuarteles y Comandancias.] Policia de Puerto Rico. Page 19. Accessed 11 October 2018.
70. ^Declaracion de Impacto Ambiental: Estrategia. Centros Urbanos de Ponce. Sectores VII & VIII, La Playa y la Avenida Hostos. (Plan de Area de los Centros Urbanos. PL.E.6 La Playa, PL.E.7 La Avenida Hostos.) Municipio de Ponce. Oficina de Ordenación Territorial. January 2009. Page 49. Accessed 1 October 2018.
71. ^Bahía de Ponce and Approaches. BookletChart. NOAA Chart #25683. U.S. Department of Commerce. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. National Ocean Service. Office of Coast Survey. Page 2. Accessed 20 September 2018.
72. ^Status del Programa de Muestreo para Obtener la Dispensa 301(h) de la Planta Regional de Aguas Residuales de Ponce. Martha Rivera Rosa, Directora Area de Pretratamiento, Autoridad de Acueductos y Alcantarillados. Panamerican Health Organization, Washington, DC. ca.2001. Page 1. Accessed 28 September 2018
73. ^[https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi/9100GN65.PDF?Dockey=9100GN65.PDF Oceanographic Baseline Data (1971-72) for the Formulation of Marine Waste Disposal Alternatives for Puerto Rico. Volume 1: Main Report. Final Report.] November 1974. Prepared For: Environmental Quality Board (Junta de Calidad Ambiental), Office of the Governor, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Prepared by Oceanographic Program, Area of Natural Resources, Department of Public Works, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Page 6.87. Accessed 27 September 2018.
74. ^Status del Programa de Muestreo para Obtener la Dispensa 301(h) de la Planta Regional de Aguas Residuales de Ponce. Martha Rivera Rosa, Directora Area de Pretratamiento, Autoridad de Acueductos y Alcantarillados. Panamerican Health Organization, Washington, DC. Published circa 2001. Pages 5-6. Accessed 3 October 2018.
75. ^[https://www.periodicolaperla.com/cayo-cardona-un-nuevo-destino-en-la-bahia-de-ponce/ Cayo Cardona: un nuevo destino en la Bahía de Ponce.] Waldo Covas Quevedo. La Perla del Sur. 1 August 2018. Accessed 22 September 2018.
76. ^Puerto Rico’s Second City Steps Out. Jeremy W. Peters. The New York Times. Travel Section. 17 February 17, 2008. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
77. ^PRTC {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080902211553/http://www.gotopuertorico.com/porta-caribe-vacations.php |date=2 September 2008 }}
78. ^[https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2013/05/14/2013-11360/special-local-regulation-cruce-a-nado-internacional-de-la-bahia-de-ponce-puerto-rico-bahia-de-ponce Special Local Regulation, Cruce a Nado Internacional de la Bahía de Ponce Puerto Rico, Bahía de Ponce; Ponce, PR.] Federal Register: The Daily Journal of the United States Government. A Proposed Rule by the Coast Guard. 14 May 2013. Accessed 19 September 2018.
79. ^[https://www.periodicolaperla.com/de-fiesta-la-playa-con-otro-cruce-a-nado-internacional/ De fiesta La Playa con otro Cruce a Nado Internacional: El Cruce a Nado contará con la participación de nadadores de Panamá, Venezuela, Colombia, El Salvador, República Dominicana y Puerto Rico, entre otros.] La Perla del Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. 29 August 2018. Year 35. Issue 1813. Page 26. Accessed 29 September 2018.

Footnotes

{{noteslist}}

References

External links

  • [https://www.oceangrafix.com/chart/zoom?chart=25683 NOAA's High resolution map of "Bahía de Ponce and Approaches." 20th Edition, October 2012. Revised: 11 September 2018. Accessed 19 September 2018.]
  • [https://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=63892 USS Ponce Departs Ponce. Story Number: NNS111118-06. 18 November 2011. Nathanael Miller, USS Ponce Public Affairs. US Navy. Accessed 19 September 2018.]
{{Puerto Rican topics}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Bahía de Ponce}}

2 : Bays of Puerto Rico|Geography of Ponce, Puerto Rico
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/9/20 14:54:48