| 词条 | Baixada Maranhense Environmental Protection Area |
| 释义 |
| name = Baixada Maranhense Environmental Protection Area | alt_name = Área de Proteção Ambiental da Baixada Maranhense | iucn_category = V | photo = APA Baixada Maranhense.JPG | photo_alt = | photo_caption = Fishers | map = Brazil | map_alt = | relief = yes | location = | nearest_city = São Luís, Maranhão | coordinates = {{coords|-2.842|-44.814|region:BR|display=inline, title}} | area = {{convert|1775035.6|ha}} | designation = Environmental protection area | created = 11 June 1991 | administrator = Secretaria de Estado de Meio Ambiente e Recursos Naturais | world_heritage_site = | embedded = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_date = 28 February 2000 | designation1_number = 1020[1]}} }} The Baixada Maranhense Environmental Protection Area ({{lang-pt|Área de Proteção Ambiental da Baixada Maranhense}}) is an environmental protection area in the state of Maranhão, Brazil. It includes large areas of wetlands, and was designated a Ramsar site in 2000. The traditional population lives in the area, but human activities are regulated in an effort to preserve the environment. LocationThe Baixada Maranhense Environmental Protection Area has an area of {{convert|1775035.6|ha}} in 32 municipalities of the state of Maranhão. Baixada Maranhense means literally Maranhense Lowland.{{sfn|APA Baixada Maranhense – ISA}} These are Alcântara, Altamira do Maranhão, Anajatuba, Arari, Bacabal, Bacabeira, Bacurituba, Bela Vista do Maranhão, Bequimão, Bom Jardim, Cajapió, Cajari, Cedral, Central do Maranhão, Conceição do Lago-Açu, Guimarães, Igarapé do Meio, Lago Verde, Matinha, Matões do Norte, Mirinzal, Monção, Olho d'Água das Cunhãs, Olinda Nova do Maranhão, Palmeirândia, Pedro do Rosário, Penalva, Peri Mirim, Pindaré-Mirim, Pinheiro, Pio XII, Porto Rico do Maranhão, Presidente Sarney, Santa Helena, Santa Inês, Santa Rita, Satubinha, Serrano do Maranhão, São Bento, São João Batista, São Luís, São Mateus do Maranhão, São Vicente Ferrer, Turiaçu, Turilândia, Viana, Vitorino Freire, and Vitória do Mearim.{{sfn|APA Baixada Maranhense – ISA}} The traditional population includes indigenous people and some remnants of quilombo communities. The families fish, cultivate rice and breed buffaloes.{{sfn|Laís de Morais Rego Silva|p=12–17}} EnvironmentThe vegetation is in the transition between the Amazon and Cerrado biomes, and includes coastal marine influence, covering a large area of lacustrine basins.{{sfn|Laís de Morais Rego Silva|p=3–7}} The soil is clay, with high water retention. During the rainy season from December to July the low fields are flooded, leaving islands of terra firma.{{sfn|APA Baixada Maranhense – ISA}} Vegetation includes mangroves, babassu, riverine forests, Amazon rainforest remnants, lowland meadows and flooded meadows.{{sfn|Laís de Morais Rego Silva|p=3–7}} WildlifeThreatened and vulnerable species include West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus), pearly parakeet (Pyrrhura lepida), bearded bellbird (Procnias averano), wattled jacana (Jacana jacana) and American purple gallinule (Porphyrula martinica).{{sfn|Laís de Morais Rego Silva|p=18}} Other bird species include striated heron (Butorides striata), black-bellied whistling duck (Dendrocygna autumnalis), great egret (Ardea alba), ringed kingfisher (Megaceryle torquata), blue dacnis (Dacnis cayana), rufescent tiger heron (Tigrisoma lineatum), white-faced whistling duck (Dendrocygna viduata), Neotropic cormorant (Phalacrocorax brasilianus) and white-winged swallow (Tachycineta albiventer).{{sfn|Laís de Morais Rego Silva|p=8–9}} Fish species include Plagioscion squamosissimus, Prochilodus nigricans, Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum, Centropomus undecimalis, Micropogonias furnieri, Hoplias malabaricus and Pimelodus species.{{sfn|Laís de Morais Rego Silva|p=10}} Common mammals are fox, howler monkey, monkey, peccary, deer, raccoon, paca and anteater.{{sfn|APA Baixada Maranhense – ISA}} ConservationThe Baixada Maranhense Environmental Protection Area was created by Maranhão state decree 11.900 of 11 June 1991. The objective is to regulate use and occupation of the land, exploitation of natural resources, fishing, predatory hunting and breeding of buffalo, so as to preserve biological integrity, water quality and refuges for migratory birds. The conservation area has three sub-areas: Baixo Pindaré, Baixo Mearim-Grajaú and the Mearim-Pindaré Estuary - São Marcos Bay including Caranguejos Island.{{sfn|APA Baixada Maranhense – ISA}} The Baixada Maranhense Environmental Protection Area was designated a Ramsar Site in 2000.{{sfn|Laís de Morais Rego Silva|p=2}} Ordnance 66 of 5 November 2012 assigned an area of {{convert|56386.11|ha}} to SEMA/MA as the Baixada Maranhense sustainable use conservation unit. The ordnance expected that a visitors centre would be built in the conservation unit.{{sfn|APA Baixada Maranhense – ISA}} The APA lacks surveillance and management tools. Issues include construction of fish farming tanks, accumulation of solid waste and predatory hunting of wattled jacana and American purple gallinule.{{sfn|Laís de Morais Rego Silva|p=12–17}} Notes{{notes}}1. ^{{Cite web|title=Baixada Maranhense Environmental Protection Area|website=Ramsar Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1020|accessdate=25 April 2018}} Sources{{refbegin}}
|title=APA Baixada Maranhense|publisher=ISA: Instituto Socioambiental |url=https://uc.socioambiental.org/uc/1042|accessdate=2016-06-13}}
|author=Laís de Morais Rego Silva|publisher=SEMA-MA|title=Área de Proteção Ambiental da Baixada Maranhense |url=http://www.mma.gov.br/estruturas/205/_arquivos/apa_baixada_205.pdf|accessdate=2016-06-13}}{{refend}}{{authority control}} 4 : 1991 establishments in Brazil|Environmental protection areas of Brazil|Protected areas of Maranhão|Ramsar sites in Brazil |
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