| 词条 | Bao Shichen |
| 释义 |
Bao Shichen (Chinese: 包世臣；1775—1855）was a calligrapher and reformist scholar in the early nineteenth century. Under the Qing administration, Bao made numorous important suggestions regarding the areas of military affairs, laws and politics, the grain tribute system, the salt monopoly, and the improvement of agricultural practice. LifeBao Shichen grew up in a low-class intellectual family, and had fair education. He was son of a low-ranking Green Standard Army officer, and helped his father to suppress the Lin Shuangwen rebellion. When his father was ill, he brought his father home in Anhui province.[1] While taking care of his father by himself, Bao rented a land to farm, acquiring food this way, and sold vegetables and fruits for money. After his father passed away, Bao used his paternal connections to get a commander position in leading the White Lotus campaigns in the northwest.[1] Throughout his life, Bao had experienced thirteen failures to pass the highest level of the civil service examination, and therefore did not obtain a formal official position until his late years with the help of friends.[1] Bao had one son and one daughter. Major works and reputationsIn 1801, Bao wrote an essay Shuochu (说储, On Wealth) to list his ambitious thoughts on the reforms that could help Qing empire to regain its political power and became prosperous again.[2] He believed in the theory of "agriculture first", that agriculture is paramount for achieving prosperity in the country, and he also put down his ideas on agrarian policy in an essay Random notes from the year 1820 (Gengchen zazhu).[1] In 1820s and 1830s, Bao did a considerable amount of work on the reforms of the Grain Tribute Administration and the Liang-Huai Salt Administration.[1] Along with many other scholars in the nineteenth century, Bao is labaled as jinshi--"statecraft". He advocated large scale institutional reforms, such as getting rid of the Grand Council to improve administrational efficiency, allowing the court to consult the literati, giving farmers low gentry degrees based on their agricultural technique, and reconsolidating the baojia (保甲) system.[3] However, Bao's reputation is earned mostly for being a calligrapher and historian of calligraphy. He wrote a book Yizhou Shuangji (艺舟双楫, Two Oars for the Boat of Art) in 1844 on Wei style character formation.[1] Bao was also known in the late Qing to be an anti-foreign patriot and an extreme hardliner in the opium debates and the first Anglo-Chinese war of 1839-42.[2] In China, Bao Shichen is well-known as an anti-foreign-capitalist advocate. He deeply criticized Opium War and exposed the judicial darkness during the war.[4] In his late years, Bao collected and compiled all his written works into one book titles Anwu Sizhong (安吴四种, Four Catogories of Anwu).[5] Criticizing Opium TradeBao believed that there were three wastages: tobacco, wine, and opium.[12] In Bao's argument on the opium trade, he suggested that large number of silver flowing out of China and the large amount of cash transaction caused the silver money to become more valuable while devaluing the copper money. This directly affected the poorer community and made their life miserable.[6] References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Cite journal |last=Rowe|first=William T.|date=September 11, 2010|title=Bao Shichen: An Early Nineteenth-Century Chinese Agrarian Reformer|url=https://agrarianstudies.macmillan.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/colloqpapers/01rowe.pdf|journal=Yale Agrarian Studies Colloquium Series|volume=|pages=|via=}} {{authority control}}2. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Rowe|first=William T.|date=2012|title=Rewriting the Qing Constitution: Bao Shichen's "On Wealth" (Shuochu)|url=https://www.jstor.org.oca.ucsc.edu/stable/41725978?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=bao&searchText=shichen&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3Ffilter%3D%26amp%3BQuery%3Dbao%2Bshichen&refreqid=search%3Ab65a8e7077ab9c0a55e50706573c005b&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents|journal=T'oung Pao|volume=98|issue=1–3|pages=178–181|doi=10.1163/156853212X634635}} 3. ^{{Cite book|title=China's Last Empire: The Great Qing (History of Imperial China)|last=Rowe|first=William T.|publisher=Belknap Press: An Imprint of Harvard University Press; Reprint edition|year=September 2012|isbn=978-0674066243|location=|pages=159–160}} 4. ^{{Cite book|title=The Tradition and Modern Transition of Chinese Law|last=Zhang|first=Jinfan|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=2014|isbn=|location=|pages=512–513}} 5. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=2jE9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA116&lpg=PA116&dq=bao+shichen+anwu+sizhong#v=onepage&q=bao%20shichen%20anwu%20sizhong&f=false|title=Agricultural Development in Qing China: A Quantitative Study, 1661-1911|last=Shi|first=Zhihong|date=2017-10-20|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004355248|location=|pages=116|language=en}} 6. ^1 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=mv7dCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA72&lpg=PA72&dq=bao+shichen+and+opium+war#v=onepage&q=bao%20shichen%20and%20opium%20war&f=false|title=Modern Chinese Religion II: 1850 - 2015 (2 vols)|last=|first=|date=2015-10-30|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004304642|location=|pages=70–72|language=en}} 9 : 1775 births|1855 deaths|Qing dynasty calligraphers|Qing dynasty politicians from Anhui|Qing dynasty essayists|People from Xuancheng|Artists from Anhui|Historians from Anhui|Qing dynasty historians |
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