| 词条 | Wei (state) |
| 释义 |
For the later state during the Three Kingdoms, see Cao Wei. For the later state during the Sixteen Kingdoms, see Ran Min.}}{{Infobox country |native_name = {{lang|zh|魏}} *N-qʰuj-s |conventional_long_name = State of Wei |common_name = Wei |national_motto = |era = |status = |government_type =Marquessate ({{lang|zh|侯}}) Kingdom ({{lang|zh|王}}; after 344 {{sc|BCE}}) |year_start = 403 {{sc|BCE}} |year_end = 225 {{sc|BCE}} |p1 = Jin (Chinese state) |s1 = Qin (state) |s2 = |s3 = |event_start = Partition of Jin |event_end = Conquered by Qin |event1 = |date_event1 = |event2 = |date_event2 = |event3 = |date_event3 = |event4 = |date_event4 = |event5 = |date_event5 = |image_map =EN-WEI260BCE.jpg |image_map_caption = |capital =Anyi ({{lang|zh|安邑}}, first) Daliang ({{lang|zh|大梁}}) |common_languages = Old Chinese |religion = |Philosophy = |currency = spade money other ancient Chinese coinage |leader1 = |leader2 = |year_leader1 = |year_leader2 = |title_leader = |deputy1 = |year_deputy1 = |title_deputy = |legislature = |stat_year1 = |stat_area1 = |stat_pop1 = |category = }}{{Infobox Chinese |pic=Wei (Chinese characters).svg |piccap="Wei" in seal script (top) and regular Chinese (bottom) characters |picupright=0.275 |c=魏 |p=Wèi |w=Wei4 |mi={{IPAc-cmn|wei|4}} |gr=Wey |j=Ngai6 |y=Ngaih |ci={{IPAc-yue|ng|ai|6}} |poj=Guī |oc-bs=*{{IPA|N-qʰuj-s}} }} Wei ({{IPAc-en|w|eɪ}};[1] {{zh|c=魏|p=Wèi}}; Old Chinese: *{{IPA|N-qʰuj-s}}) was one of the seven major states during the Warring States period of ancient China. It was created from the three-way Partition of Jin, together with Han and Zhao. Its territory lay between the states of Qin and Qi and included parts of modern-day Henan, Hebei, Shanxi, and Shandong. After its capital was moved from Anyi to Daliang (present-day Kaifeng) during the reign of King Hui, Wei was also called Liang ({{zh|c=梁|p=Liáng}}). History{{Refimprove section|date=November 2010}}FoundationSurviving sources trace the ruling house of Wei to the Zhou royalty: Gao, Duke of Bi ({{lang|zh|畢公高}}), was a son of King Wen of Zhou. His descendants took their surname from his fief. After the destruction of Bi by the Xionites, Bi Wan ({{lang|zh|畢萬}}) escaped to Jin, where he became a courtier of Duke Xian's, accompanying his personal carriage. After a successful military expedition, Bi Wan was granted Wei, from which his own descendants then founded the house of Wei. Spring and Autumn periodJin's political structure was drastically changed after the slaughter of its ruling dynasty during and after the Li Ji Unrest. Afterwards, "Jin ha[d] no princely house" ({{lang|zh|晉無公卿}}) and its political power diffused into extended relations of the ruling family, including the Wei. In the last years of the Spring and Autumn period, the founders of Wei, Zhao, and Han joined to attack and kill the dominant house of Zhi ({{lang|zh|知}}) in 453 {{sc|BCE}}, resulting in the partition of Jin. King Weilie of Zhou finally legitimized the situation in 403 {{sc|BCE}}, when he elevated the three houses' heads to the rank of marquess ({{zh|p=hóu|c=侯}}). Warring States PeriodThe state reached its apogee during the reigns of its first two rulers, Marquess Wen of Wei and Marquess Wu of Wei. The third ruler, King Hui of Wei, declared himself an independent sovereign and concentrated on economic developments, including irrigation projects at the Yellow River. Hui felt that Qin in the west was weak and their land a barren waste. He focused on conquering the well-settled eastern lands which were richer in known resources. However, a series of battles including the battle of Maling in 341 {{sc|BCE}} checked Wei's ambitions while Qin's expansion went largely unimpeded, boosting its economy and military strength. Early strengthening of the state of Wei resulted from adoption of Legalist reforms proposed by Li Kui ({{zh|c=李悝}}, c. 459 - c. 395 BCE). DefeatWei eventually lost the western Hexi region, a strategic area of pastoral land on the west bank of the Yellow River between the border of modern-day Shanxi and Shaanxi, to Qin. Thereafter, it remained continuously at war with Qin, requiring the capital to be moved from Anyi to Daliang. Wei surrendered to Qin in 225 {{sc|BCE}}, after the Qin general Wang Ben diverted the Yellow River into Daliang, destroying the capital in a flood. Rulers{{anchor|list|list of rulers}}
According to Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian written in the 1st century {{sc|BCE}}, the list of rulers is slightly different: King Hui died in 335 {{sc|BCE}} and was succeeded by his son King Xiang in 334 {{sc|BCE}}. King Xiang died in 319 {{sc|BCE}} and was succeeded by his son King Ai ({{lang|zh|哀王}}), who died in 296 {{sc|BCE}} and was succeeded by his son King Zhao. However, the majority of scholars and commentators believe that King Ai, whose personal name is not recorded, never existed. It seems that Sima Qian assigned the second part of the reign of King Hui (starting in 334 {{sc|BCE}}, on which date Marquess Hui probably proclaimed himself King) to his son King Xiang and added King Ai to fill in the gap between 319 and 296 {{sc|BCE}}. On the other hand, a minority of scholars believe King Ai did indeed exist.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}} Family tree of Wei rulers{{chart top|width=50%|Wei state family tree}}{{chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:112%;|summary=Wei state rulers family tree}}{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | Bw | | | | |Bw=Bi Wan 毕万}}{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | }}{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | Mj | | | | |Mj=芒季}}{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | }}{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | Wu | | | | |Wu=Ji Chou 姬犨Viscount Wu of Wei 魏武子}}{{chart|border=1| |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(| | | | | }}{{chart|border=1| Ke | | Qi | | Da | | | | |Ke=Wei Ke 魏颗 令狐氏|Qi=Wèi Qí 魏锜 吕氏 ?–575|Da=Viscount Dao of Wei 魏悼子}}{{chart|border=1| |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | | | }}{{chart|border=1| We | | Xu | | Zh | | | | |We=Wèi Jié 魏颉 令狐文子 ?–570|Xu=Wei Xiang 魏相 吕宣子 ?–622|Zh={{nowrap|Ji Jiang 姬絳 Viscount Zhao of Wei 魏昭子}}}}{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | }}{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | Xi | | | | |Xi={{nowrap|Ji Shu 姬舒 Viscount Xian of Wei 魏獻子 565–509 BC}}}}{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | |)|-|-|-|.| }}{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | Ji | | Wu2 |Ji={{nowrap|魏取 Viscount Jian of Wei 魏简子}}|Wu2=Wèi Wù 魏戊}}{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | }}{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | Xi2 | | | | |Xi2={{nowrap|Wei Chi 魏侈 Viscount Xiang of Wei 魏襄子}}}}{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | }}{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | Hu | | | | |Hu={{nowrap|Viscont Huan of Wei 魏桓 子魏驹 ?–446 BC}}}}{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | |)|-|-|-|.| }}{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | |We2 | | Ch |We2=(1)Wei Si 魏斯 Wen of Wei 魏文侯 Marquess of Wei ?–424–396 BC|boxstyle_We2=border-width:2px|Ch=Wei Cheng 魏成}}{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | |)|-|-|-|.| }}{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | |Wu3 | | Zh2 |Wu3=(2)Wu of Wei 魏武侯 Marquess of Wei ?–396–370 BC|boxstyle_Wu3=border-width:2px|Zh2=少子挚}}{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | |)|-|-|-|.| }}{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | |Hc | | Hu2 |Hc=(3)Ji Ying 罃 Hui of Wei 魏惠王 King of Wei 400–370–319 BC|boxstyle_Hc=border-width:2px|Hu2=魏緩}}{{chart|border=1| | | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| }}{{chart|border=1| | | | | Sh | |Xi3 | | Go |Sh={{nowrap|Prince Shen 太子申}}|Xi3={{nowrap| (4)Ji He 姬赫 Xiang of Wei 魏襄王 King of Wei ?–319–296 BC}}|boxstyle_Xi3=border-width:2px|Go={{nowrap| Prince Gao 公子高}}}}{{chart|border=1| | | | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | | | }}{{chart|border=1| | | | | Zg | |Zh3 | | | | |Zg=Prince Zheng 太子政|Zh3=(5)Ji Chi 魏遫 Zhao of Wei 魏昭王 King of Wei ?–296–277 BC|boxstyle_Zh3=border-width:2px}}{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | |)|-|-|-|.| }}{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | |Ax | | Xl |Ax=(6)Ji Yu 姬于 Anxi of Wei 魏安釐王 King of Wei ?–277–243 BC|boxstyle_Ax=border-width:2px|Xl=Wei Wuji 魏無忌 Lord Xinling 信陵君 ?–243 BC}}{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | }}{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | |Jm | | | | |Jm=(7)Ji Zeng 姬增 Jingmin of Wei 魏景湣王 King of Wei ?–243–228 BC|boxstyle_Jm=border-width:2px}}{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | }}{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | |Ji2 | | | | |Ji2=(8)Ji Jia 姬假 Jia of Wei 魏王假 King of Wei ?–228–225 BC|boxstyle_Ji2=border-width:2px}}{{chart/end}}{{chart bottom}} Notable people
LegacyChinese legendAccording to the Han Feizi, King Anxi had a lover named Lord Long Yang, with whom he enjoyed fishing. One day, Long began to weep. When questioned, Long said he saw his own future in how he had treated a fish. Happy to have the catch at first, Long Yang had wanted to throw it back when he caught a better fish. He wept, "I am also a previously-caught fish! I will also be thrown back!" To show his fidelity to Long Yang, the king declared that, "Anyone who dares to speak of other beauties will be executed along with his entire family".[2] Chinese astronomy{{main|Chinese constellations}}In traditional Chinese astronomy, Wei is represented by one star in the "Twelve States" asterism of the "Girl" lunar mansion of the "Black Turtle" symbol and other star in the "Left Wall" of the "Heavenly Market" enclosure. Sources differ, however, in whether those two stars are (respectively) 33 Capricorni[3] and Delta Herculis[4] or whether they are Chi Capricorni and Phi Capricorni.[5] See also
References1. ^"Wei". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. {{Zhou Dynasty topics}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Wei}}2. ^Hinsch, Bret. Passions of the Cut Sleeve, p. 32. University of California Press, 1990. 3. ^Ian Ridpath's Startales - Capricornus the Sea Goat 4. ^Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy. "{{lang|zh|天文教育資訊網}}". 23 June 2006. {{zh icon}} 5. ^Star Names - R.H.Allen p.142 4 : Ancient Chinese states|Wei (state)|Jin (Chinese state)|States and territories established in the 5th century BC |
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