“Bayram Khwaja”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

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Bayram Khwaja

释义

Family
Biography
Succession
References

{{Infobox royalty|name=Bayram Khwaja|title=|titletext=|more=|image=|alt=|caption=|succession=Bey of Kara Koyunlu|moretext=|reign=1351 - 1380|reign-type=|coronation=|cor-type=|predecessor=Qara Mansur|pre-type=|regent=|reg-type=|successor=Qara Mahammad|suc-type=|birth_name=|birth_date=|birth_place=|death_date=1380|death_place=|burial_place=|consort=|spouse=|spouse-type=|issue=|issue-link=|issue-pipe=|full name=|era name=|era dates=|regnal name=|posthumous name=|temple name=|house=Kara Koyunlu|house-type=Dynasty|father=Qara Mansur|mother=|occupation=|signature_type=|religion=Shiite|embed=|type=|image_size=|succession1=|moretext1=|reign1=|reign-type1=|issue-type=|signature=|module=}}Bayram Khwaja (died 1380, {{reign|1351|1380}} was founder of the Kara Koyunlu state. The Kara Koyunlu, also called the Black Sheep Turkomans ({{lang-fa|قره قویونلو}}), were a Muslim Oghuz Turkic monarchy that ruled over the territory comprising present-day Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia (1406), northwestern Iran, eastern Turkey, and northeastern Iraq from about 1374 to 1468.{{sfn|Hovanissian|2004|p=4}}^[1]

Family

Bayram Khwaja was the son of Qara Mansur.^[2] He had a brother called Qara Dursun, whose son Qara Mahammad, Bayram's nephew, succeeded Bayram. He had two other brothers: Murad, was governor of Baghdad {{circa|1364}}; and Berdi Khwaja. He belonged to the Baranlu clan of the Yiva Oghuzes.

Biography

Bayram is first recorded in service to Huseyin beg, a Turkmen warlord who killed Pir Muhammed of Sinjar and usurped his city. Huseyin beg and his company were attacked by the Ayyubid lord of Hasankeyf, Al-Adil, in 1350; however, they defeated him.^[3] Bayram in turn usurped Huseyin Beg's position and declared his independence in 1351.^[4]

Bayram besieged Mardin, which at the time was ruled by the Artuqid Mansur Ahmed ({{reign|1363|1367}}), in 1366. Mansur called for Shaikh Awais Jalayir's help. Awais responded and defeated and subjugated Bayram Khwaja in a battle near Muş. He then besieged Mosul in 1371, but retreated on hearing news of the approach of a Mamluk force.

Bayram acted more independently after Awais' withdrawal. He subsequently invaded Mosul, Sinjar, Surmelu, Khoy and Nakhchivan in 1374. The new Jalairid sultan, Hussain, moved against Qara Mahammad and attacked Erciş, his new base. Despite Bayram's help, the Kara Koyunlus suffered heavy casualties and were subjugated in 1374, becoming vassals of the Jalairid Sultanate, which was centered in Baghdad and Tabriz.

Succession

Bayram died in 1380 and was succeeded by his brother Berdi Khwaja, about whose reign nothing is known.^[4] He was followed by Qara Mahammad.

References

1. ^Encyclopædia Britannica. "Kara Koyunlu". Online Edition, 2007
2. ^{{Cite journal|last=Minorsky|first=V.|date=1955|title=The Qara-qoyunlu and the Qutb-shāhs (Turkmenica, 10)|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London|volume=17|issue=1|pages=50–73|jstor=609229|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00106342}}
3. ^{{Cite book|title=Eastern Turkey : an architectural and archaeological survey|last=A.|first=Sinclair, T.|date=1987-1990|publisher=Pindar Press|isbn=978-0907132325|location=London|pages=397|oclc=16887803}}
4. ^¹Encyclopedia of Islam, vol 7 - "Karakoyunlular"

3 : 14th-century Turkic people|Kara Koyunlu rulers|1380 deaths

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