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词条 Base (topology)
释义

  1. Definition and basic properties

  2. Objects defined in terms of bases

  3. Theorems

  4. Base for the closed sets

  5. Weight and character

      Increasing chains of open sets  

  6. See also

  7. Notes

  8. References

In mathematics, a base (or basis) B for a topological space X with topology T is a collection of open sets in X such that every open set in X can be written as a union of elements of B.[1][2][3] We say that the base generates the topology T. Bases are useful because many properties of topologies can be reduced to statements about a base generating that topology, and because many topologies are most easily defined in terms of a base which generates them.

Definition and basic properties

A base is a collection B of subsets of X satisfying the following properties:

  1. The base elements cover X.
  2. Let B1, B2 be base elements and let I be their intersection. Then for each x in I, there is a base element B3 containing x and contained in I.

An equivalent property is: any finite intersection[4] of elements of B can be written as a union of elements of B. These two conditions are exactly what is needed to ensure that the set of all unions of subsets of B is a topology on X.

If a collection B of subsets of X fails to satisfy these properties, then it is not a base for any topology on X. (It is a subbase, however, as is any collection of subsets of X.) Conversely, if B satisfies these properties, then there is a unique topology on X for which B is a base; it is called the topology generated by B. (This topology is the intersection of all topologies on X containing B.) This is a very common way of defining topologies. A sufficient but not necessary condition for B to generate a topology on X is that B is closed under intersections; then we can always take B3 = I above.

For example, the collection of all open intervals in the real line forms a base for a topology on the real line because the intersection of any two open intervals is itself an open interval or empty.

In fact they are a base for the standard topology on the real numbers.

However, a base is not unique. Many different bases, even of different sizes, may generate the same topology! For example, the open intervals with rational endpoints are also a base for the standard real topology, as are the open intervals with irrational endpoints, but these two sets are completely disjoint and both properly contained in the base of all open intervals. In contrast to a basis of a vector space in linear algebra, a base need not be maximal; indeed, the only maximal base is the topology itself. In fact, any open set generated by a base may be safely added to the base without changing the topology. The smallest possible cardinality of a base is called the weight of the topological space.

An example of a collection of open sets which is not a base is the set S of all semi-infinite intervals of the forms (−∞, a) and (a, ∞), where a is a real number. Then S is not a base for any topology on R. To show this, suppose it were. Then, for example, (−∞, 1) and (0, ∞) would be in the topology generated by S, being unions of a single base element, and so their intersection (0,1) would be as well. But (0, 1) clearly cannot be written as a union of elements of S. Using the alternate definition, the second property fails, since no base element can "fit" inside this intersection.

Given a base for a topology, in order to prove convergence of a net or sequence it is sufficient to prove that it is eventually in every set in the base which contains the putative limit.

Objects defined in terms of bases

  • The order topology is usually defined as the topology generated by a collection of open-interval-like sets.
  • The metric topology is usually defined as the topology generated by a collection of open balls.
  • A second-countable space is one that has a countable base.
  • The discrete topology has the singletons as a base.
  • The profinite topology on a group is defined by taking the collection of all normal subgroups of finite index as a basis of open neighborhoods of the identity.

Theorems

  • For each point x in an open set U, there is a base element containing x and contained in U.
  • A topology T2 is finer than a topology T1 if and only if for each x and each base element B of T1 containing x, there is a base element of T2 containing x and contained in B.
  • If B1,B2,...,Bn are bases for the topologies T1,T2,...,Tn, then the set product B1 × B2 × ... × Bn is a base for the product topology T1 × T2 × ... × Tn. In the case of an infinite product, this still applies, except that all but finitely many of the base elements must be the entire space.
  • Let B be a base for X and let Y be a subspace of X. Then if we intersect each element of B with Y, the resulting collection of sets is a base for the subspace Y.
  • If a function f:X → Y maps every base element of X into an open set of Y, it is an open map. Similarly, if every preimage of a base element of Y is open in X, then f is continuous.
  • A collection of subsets of X is a topology on X if and only if it generates itself.
  • B is a basis for a topological space X if and only if the subcollection of elements of B which contain x form a local base at x, for any point x of X.

Base for the closed sets

Closed sets are equally adept at describing the topology of a space. There is, therefore, a dual notion of a base for the closed sets of a topological space. Given a topological space X, a family of closed sets F forms a base for the closed sets if and only if for each closed set A and each point x not in A there exists an element of F containing A but not containing x.

It is easy to check that F is a base for the closed sets of X if and only if the family of complements of members of F is a base for the open sets of X.

Let F be a base for the closed sets of X. Then

  1. ∩F = ∅
  2. For each F1 and F2 in F the union F1 ∪ F2 is the intersection of some subfamily of F (i.e. for any x not in F1 or F2 there is an F3 in F containing F1 ∪ F2 and not containing x).

Any collection of subsets of a set X satisfying these properties forms a base for the closed sets of a topology on X. The closed sets of this topology are precisely the intersections of members of F.

In some cases it is more convenient to use a base for the closed sets rather than the open ones. For example, a space is completely regular if and only if the zero sets form a base for the closed sets. Given any topological space X, the zero sets form the base for the closed sets of some topology on X. This topology will be the finest completely regular topology on X coarser than the original one. In a similar vein, the Zariski topology on An is defined by taking the zero sets of polynomial functions as a base for the closed sets.

Weight and character

We shall work with notions established in {{harv|Engelking|1977|loc=p. 12, pp. 127-128}}.

Fix X a topological space. Here, a network is a family of sets, for which, for all points x and open neighbourhoods U containing x, there exists B in for which x ∈ B ⊆ U. Note that, unlike a basis, the sets in a network need not be open.

We define the weight, w(X), as the minimum cardinality of a basis; we define the network weight, nw(X), as the minimum cardinality of a network; the character of a point, , as the minimum cardinality of a neighbourhood basis for x in X; and the character of X to be

The point of computing the character and weight is useful to be able to tell what sort of bases and local bases can exist. We have following facts:

  • nw(X) ≤ w(X).
  • if X is discrete, then w(X) = nw(X) = |X|.
  • if X is Hausdorff, then nw(X) is finite iff X is finite discrete.
  • if B is a basis of X then there is a basis of size .
  • if N a neighbourhood basis for x in X then there is a neighbourhood basis of size .
  • if f : X → Y is a continuous surjection, then nw(Y) ≤ w(X). (Simply consider the Y-network for each basis B of X.)
  • if is Hausdorff, then there exists a weaker Hausdorff topology so that . So a fortiori, if X is also compact, then such topologies coincide and hence we have, combined with the first fact, nw(X) = w(X).
  • if f : X → Y a continuous surjective map from a compact metrisable space to an Hausdorff space, then Y is compact metrisable.

The last fact follows from f(X) being compact Hausdorff, and hence (since compact metrisable spaces are necessarily second countable); as well as the fact that compact Hausdorff spaces are metrisable exactly in case they are second countable. (An application of this, for instance, is that every path in an Hausdorff space is compact metrisable.)

Increasing chains of open sets

Using the above notation, suppose that w(X) ≤ κ some infinite cardinal. Then there does not exist a strictly increasing sequence of open sets (equivalently strictly decreasing sequence of closed sets) of length ≥ κ+.

To see this (without the axiom of choice), fix

as a basis of open sets. And suppose per contra, that

were a strictly increasing sequence of open sets. This means

For

we may use the basis to find some Uγ with x in Uγ ⊆ Vα. In this way we may well-define a map, f : κ+ → κ mapping each α to the least γ for which Uγ ⊆ Vα and meets

This map is injective, otherwise there would be α < β with f(α) = f(β) = γ, which would further imply Uγ ⊆ Vα but also meets

which is a contradiction. But this would go to show that κ+ ≤ κ, a contradiction.

See also

  • Subbase
  • Gluing axiom
  • Esenin-Volpin's theorem

Notes

1. ^{{cite book |last1=Merrifield |first1=Richard E. |last2=Simmons |first2=Howard E. |authorlink2=Howard Ensign Simmons, Jr. |title=Topological Methods in Chemistry |year=1989 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |location=New York |isbn=0-471-83817-9 |url=http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0471838179.html |accessdate=27 July 2012 |pages=16 |quote=Definition. A collection B of subsets of a topological space (X,T) is called a basis for T if every open set can be expressed as a union of members of B.}}
2. ^{{cite book |last=Armstrong |first=M. A. |title=Basic Topology |year=1983 |publisher=Springer |isbn=0-387-90839-0 |url=https://www.springer.com/mathematics/geometry/book/978-0-387-90839-7 |accessdate=13 June 2013 |page=30 |quote=Suppose we have a topology on a set X, and a collection of open sets such that every open set is a union of members of . Then is called a base for the topology...}}
3. ^We are using a convention that the union of empty collection of sets is the empty set.
4. ^We are using a convention that the empty intersection of subsets of X is considered finite and is equal to X.

References

{{Reflist}}{{refbegin}}
  • {{cite book | last1=Arkhangel’skij | first1=A.V. | last2=Ponomarev | first2=V.I. | title=Fundamentals of general topology: problems and exercises | others=Translated from the Russian by V. K. Jain. | zbl=0568.54001 | series=Mathematics and Its Applications | volume=13 | location=Dordrecht | publisher=D. Reidel Publishing | year=1984 }}
  • {{cite book | authorlink=Ryszard Engelking | last=Engelking | first=Ryszard | title=General Topology | publisher=PWN | location=Warsaw | year=1977 | zbl=0373.54002 | series=Monografie Matematyczne | volume=60 }}
  • James Munkres (1975) Topology: a First Course. Prentice-Hall.
  • Willard, Stephen (1970) General Topology. Addison-Wesley. Reprinted 2004, Dover Publications.
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1 : General topology
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