| 词条 | Benfleet and Southend Marshes |
| 释义 |
|image=Estuarial mudflats at Leigh-on-Sea - geograph.org.uk - 778899.jpg |name= Benfleet and Southend Marshes |aos= Essex |interest= Biological |gridref={{gbmappingsmall|TQ854847}} |area= 2099.7 hectares |notifydate=1987 |map=Magic Map }}{{Designation list | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Benfleet & Southend Marshes | designation1_date = 14 February 1994 | designation1_number = 648[1]}}Benfleet and Southend Marshes is an {{convert|8.1|mi2|adj=on}} Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) in Essex. It consists of mudflats, salt marshes, scrub and wild grassland, and includes the Southend-on-Sea foreshore. It has been so recognised for its biological (including ecological) value, rather than geological.[2][3] A definition five percent larger forms the Benfleet and Southend Marshes Ramsar site[4] and Special Protection Area.[5][5] In the centre-west, more than ten percent of the Site is the Leigh National Nature Reserve (NNR),{{refn|group=n|257.5 hectares}}[6][7] which has been appraised in detail in A Nature Conservation Review as a site of national importance.[2] The SSSI and NNR include the eastern half of Two Tree Island, in Leigh on Sea which is managed by the Essex Wildlife Trust.[6][8] A narrow majority of the Site is the Southend on Sea Foreshore Local Nature Reserve.{{refn|group=n|1083.9 hectares}}[9][10] The marshes and mudflats have internationally important numbers of wildfowl and wading birds, including the dark-bellied brent goose, grey plover, redshank and red knot. Scarce invertebrates, such as the white-letter hairstreak and marbled white butterfly, have adapted to specific habitats in the marshes.[2] Notes and ReferencesNotes1. ^{{Cite web|title=Benfleet & Southend Marshes|website=Ramsar Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/648|accessdate=25 April 2018}} 2. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.sssi.naturalengland.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/1004414.pdf |title=Benfleet and Southend Marshes citation |series=Sites of Special Scientific Interest |publisher=Natural England |accessdate=19 November 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035845/http://www.sssi.naturalengland.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/1004414.pdf |archivedate=4 March 2016 |df= }} 3. ^{{cite web|url= http://magic.defra.gov.uk/MagicMap.aspx?startTopic=Designations&activelayer=sssiIndex&query=HYPERLINK%3D%271004414%27|title=Map of Benfleet and Southend Marshes|series= Sites of Special Scientific Interest|publisher=Natural England|accessdate= 19 November 2015}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/RIS/UK11006.pdf|title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands: Benfleet and Southend Marshes|publisher=Joint Nature Conservation Committee|accessdate= 19 November 2015}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/SPA/UK9009171.pdf|title=Benfleet and Southend Marshes|series=Special Protection Areas under the EC Birds Directive|publisher=Joint Nature Conservation Committee|accessdate= 22 August 2016}} 6. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/essexs-national-nature-reserves/essexs-national-nature-reserves|title=Essex's National Nature Reserves|publisher=Natural England}} 7. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://magic.defra.gov.uk/MagicMap.aspx|title=Magic map|publisher=Natural England|accessdate= 19 November 2015}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.essexwt.org.uk/reserves/two-tree-island|title=Two Tree Island|publisher=Essex Wildlife Trust| accessdate= 19 November 2015}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lnr.naturalengland.org.uk/Special/lnr/lnr_details.asp?C=15&N=&ID=545 |title=Southend on Sea Foreshore |series=Local Nature Reserves |publisher=Natural England |date=27 February 2013 |accessdate=19 November 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119120748/http://www.lnr.naturalengland.org.uk/Special/lnr/lnr_details.asp?C=15&N=&ID=545 |archivedate=19 November 2015 |df= }} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://magic.defra.gov.uk/MagicMap.aspx?startTopic=Designations&activelayer=lnrIndex&query=REF_CODE%3D%271009278%27 |title=Map of Southend on Sea Foreshore|series=Local Nature Reserves|publisher=Natural England| accessdate= 19 November 2015}} References{{Reflist}}{{SSSIs Essex}}{{Local Nature Reserves in Essex}} 4 : Ramsar sites in England|Special Protection Areas in England|Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Essex|Nature Conservation Review sites |
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