| 词条 | Bernard the Pilgrim |
| 释义 |
| name = Bernard the Pilgrim | image = | alt = A depiction of Bernard's journey starting in Rome, across the Mediterranean into Egypt, to the Holy Land, back to Italy, and finally to France. | nationality = French | other_names = Bernard the Wise, Bernardus Sapiens | occupation = Monk | era = 9th Century | notable_works = Itinerarium }} Bernard the Pilgrim (fl. 865) (Bernardus Sapiens, Bernard the Wise) was a ninth-century Frankish monk. He is most recognisable for the composition of a travelogue, in which he details his journey around the Mediterranean, travelling through Italy, Egypt, the Holy Land, and France. BiographyLittle is known about Bernard's life outside of the Itinerarium. The Frankish monk originated from the Champagne territory of France, later residing in the Monastery of Mont-Saint-Michel, located in the region of Brittany. Bernard is believed to have travelled between the dates 865 and 871. The ItinerariumStructure and contentBernard's Itinerarium is a ten-page tract logging the monk's journey around the Mediterranean. The precise date of Bernard's travels remains unclear, and is an issue which continues to be contested by historians. Some have claimed that Bernard travelled over a period of three years, from 867-870. The monk's acquirement of papal permission for his trip from Pope Nicholas I, who died in 867, has been deployed as evidence for the start year for Bernard's travels; the text's reference to the year 970 made by a tenth-century scribal editor, which has been deemed an error by exactly one hundred years, has been used to substantiate the claim for a three year expedition.[1] Leor Halevi suggests that there is no reason to believe that Bernard could not have travelled in the years preceding the Pope's death, however, positing the trip as having occurred anywhere between the years 865 and 871.[2] The text itself explores Bernard's travels throughout Italy, Egypt, the Holy Land and France. Accompanied by two monks, the Beneventan Theudemund and a Spaniard named Stephen, Bernard documents his encounters with sacred sites and different people, recording his impressions. On his trip from Italy to Alexandria, Bernard claims to have witnessed the transportation of ships containing 9000 Beneventan Christian slaves. In actuality, this number is likely an exaggeration, denounced by Michael McCormick as "manifestly impossible", and it can be inferred that the number was probably closer to 900.[3] Bernard further notes the Venetians' removal of Saint Mark's body from the monastery of Saint Mark in Alexandria.[4] Covering a vast number of regions and a distance of over 6000 kilometres[5], Bernard's journey allows for insight into Christian-Muslim relations in the ninth-century Mediterranean. In this respect, the tract is noteworthy for its production "at a time when hardly a Christian ventured willingly to the other side of the Mediterranean Sea".[1] Halevi notes how the "account illustrates a largely unknown chapter in the history of the Christian encounter with Islam".[1] The relative ease with which Bernard travelled to Bari is noteworthy, given the dating of his travels to the period following the Arab raid against Rome. Towards the end of the text, Bernard attests to the peace which existed between Christians and Muslims in Jerusalem and Egypt, contrasting this to the volatile situation in Italy. To illustrate this point, Bernard claims that if, during his journey, his camel or donkey was to die, he would be able to leave his possessions unattended whilst visiting a different city to retrieve a new animal, and could return to find his belongings still there.[6] Throughout the text, Bernard documents the challenges he faced whilst sojourning the Mediterranean, the majority of which are rooted in his attempts to gain access to different regions. Before beginning his journey, Bernard expresses his need to gain papal permission from Pope Nicholas I (a litterae formatae or commendaticiae). Whilst the monk achieves this with relative ease, he later notes having to gain letters from those such as the emir of Bari, Sawdan, to deliver to the leader of Alexandria, and a letter from the leader of Alexandria, to deliver to the ruler of Babylon (Old Cairo).[4] It is in Old Cairo that Bernard details his six-day long imprisonment as a result of the ruler's distrust, reflective of this age as one of "mutual suspicions".[7] JourneyThe main destinations visited by Bernard, in order, are as follows:
Influences on BernardBernard makes explicit reference to his awareness of Bede's Ecclesiastical History, justifying his scarce discussion of the Holy Sepulchre as "Bede in his history says enough about it".[8] The monk's description of Jerusalem is therefore notably brief, detailing a number of sacred sites and miracles which are afforded little more of a discussion than many of the other places Bernard visits. CommentaryWilliam of Malmesbury references Bernard in his early 12th century work Gesta Regum Anglorum (History of the Kings of England).[9][10] Mabillion published the Itinerarium in his Acta Sanctorum Ordinis Benedicti published in Paris in 1672.[11]References1. ^1 2 {{Cite journal|last=Halevi|first=Leor|date=January 1998|title=Bernard, Explorer of the Muslim Lake: a Pilgrimage From Rome to Jerusalem, 867|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/me/4/1/article-p24_2.xml?crawler=true|journal=Medieval Encounters|volume=4.1|pages=24|via=Brill Journals Archive}} 2. ^{{Cite journal|last=Halevi|first=Leor|date=January 1998|title=Bernard, Explorer of the Muslim Lake: a Pilgrimage From Rome to Jerusalem, 867|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/me/4/1/article-p24_2.xml?crawler=true|journal=Medieval Encounters|volume=4.1|pages=25|via=Brill Journals Archive}} 3. ^{{Cite book|title=Origins of the European Economy: Communications and Commerce, A.D. 300-900|last=McCormick|first=Michael|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2001|isbn=0-521-66102-1|location=Cambridge|pages=137}} 4. ^1 {{Cite book|title=Carolingian Civilization: A Reader, Second Edition|last=Bernard the Pilgrim|first=in Paul Edward Dutton ed.|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2009|isbn=978-1-55111-492-7|location=Toronto|pages=473}} 5. ^{{Cite book|title=Origins of the European Economy: Communications and Commerce A.D. 300-900|last=McCormick|first=Michael|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2001|isbn=0-521-66102-1|location=Cambridge|pages=137}} 6. ^{{Cite book|title=Carolingian Civilization: A Reader, Second Edition|last=Bernard the Pilgrim|first=in Paul Edward Dutton ed.|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2009|isbn=978-1-55111-492-7|location=Toronto|pages=478}} 7. ^{{Cite journal|last=Halevi|first=Leor|date=January 1998|title=Bernard, Explorer of the Muslim Lake: a Pilgrimage From Rome to Jerusalem, 867|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/me/4/1/article-p24_2.xml?crawler=true|journal=Medieval Encounters|volume=4.1|pages=40|via=Brill Journals Archive}} 8. ^{{Cite book|title=Carolingian Civilization: A Reader, Second Edition|last=Bernard the Pilgrim|first=in Paul Edward Dutton ed.|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2009|isbn=978-1-55111-492-7|location=Toronto|pages=475}} 9. ^Friedman, John Block et al., eds. [https://books.google.com/books?id=-OmCfNI_SxAC&pg=PA60#v=onepage&q&f=false Trade, Travel, and Exploration in the Middle Ages: An Encyclopedia], p. 60 (Routledge 2000) 10. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=wNZEAQAAMAAJ&pg=438#v=onepage&q&f=false The History of the Kings of England and the Modern History of William of Malmesbury], pp. 438-39 (Translated by Rev. John Sharpe, London, 1815) 11. ^Clarke, Edward Daniel. [https://books.google.com/books?id=rvA-AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA635&lpg=PA635#v=onepage&q&f=false Travels in Various Countries of Europe, Asia and Africa, Volume 2, Part 1], p. 635 (1813) Further reading
External links
4 : 9th-century French people|Frankish people|Holy Land travellers|Pilgrimage accounts |
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