| 词条 | West Coast, New Zealand | |||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = West Coast | native_name = Te Tai Poutini | native_name_lang = mi | settlement_type = Region | image_map = West Coast inset.png | map_alt = Map showing location within New Zealand | map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|-42.6|171.4|region:NZ-WTC|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = New Zealand | subdivision_type1 = Island | subdivision_name1 = South Island | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | established_title = | established_date = | parts_type = Constituent territorial authorities | parts_style = list | p1 = Buller District | p2 = Grey District | p3 = Westland District | government_type = Regional council | governing_body = West Coast Regional Council | leader_party = | leader_title = Chair | leader_name = Andrew Robb | unit_pref = Metric | area_total_km2 = 23276 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = {{NZ population data||||y}} | population_total = {{NZ population data|West Coast Region|y}} | population_as_of = {{NZ population data|||y}} | population_density_km2 = auto | blank_name_sec1 = HDI (2017) | blank_info_sec1 = 0.903[1] {{color|#090|very high}} · 11th | timezone1 = | utc_offset1 = | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | website = {{URL|wcrc.govt.nz}} }} The West Coast ({{lang-mi|Te Tai Poutini}}) is a region of New Zealand on the west coast of the South Island that is administered by the West Coast Regional Council. It comprises the territorial authorities of Buller District, Grey District and Westland District. The principal towns are Westport, Greymouth, and Hokitika. The region is one of the more remote and most sparsely populated areas of the country. NamingThe name Westland is used by some New Zealanders to refer to the whole of the West Coast, including Grey District, Buller District and Fiordland,{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} and can also refer to the short-lived Westland Province of 1873–76. Fiordland is on the west coast, but is in the Southland Region rather than the West Coast Region. Inhabitants of the West Coast are colloquially known as "Coasters".[2][3] Geography{{See also|Geology of the West Coast Region}}The region reaches from Kahurangi Point in the north to Awarua Point in the south, a distance of 600 km. To the west is the Tasman Sea (which like the Southern Ocean can be very rough, with four-metre swells common), and to the east are the Southern Alps. Much of the land is rugged, with a coastal plain where much of the population resides. The land is very scenic, with wild coastlines, mountains and a very high proportion of native bush, much of it native temperate rain forest. It is the only part of New Zealand where significant tracts of lowland forest remain: elsewhere, for instance on the Canterbury Plains and in the Firth of Thames, they have been almost completely destroyed for settlement and agriculture. Scenic areas include the Haast Pass, Fox and Franz Josef Glaciers, Jordale Rocks, the Pancake Rocks at Punakaiki and the Heaphy Track. The region has a very high rainfall due to the prevailing northwesterly wind pattern and the location of the Southern Alps, which give rise to heavy orographic precipitation. The rain shadow effect is responsible for the relatively arid climate of the Canterbury Plains on the other side of the Southern Alps. {{Weather box|location = Hokitika Airport (1936−2015, Humidity 1961−2015, Sunshine 1964−2015) |metric first = Yes |single line = Yes |width = |Jan high C = 19.4 |Feb high C = 19.8 |Mar high C = 18.8 |Apr high C = 16.6 |May high C = 14.3 |Jun high C = 12.3 |Jul high C = 11.9 |Aug high C = 12.6 |Sep high C = 13.8 |Oct high C = 14.9 |Nov high C = 16.4 |Dec high C = 18.2 |year high C = 15.7 |Jan low C = 11.7 |Feb low C = 11.9 |Mar low C = 10.7 |Apr low C = 8.5 |May low C = 6.0 |Jun low C = 3.8 |Jul low C = 2.9 |Aug low C = 4.0 |Sep low C = 5.8 |Oct low C = 7.3 |Nov low C = 8.7 |Dec low C = 10.7 |year low C = 7.7 |rain colour = green |Jan rain mm = 242.3 |Feb rain mm = 178.9 |Mar rain mm = 215.0 |Apr rain mm = 235.8 |May rain mm = 242.1 |Jun rain mm = 249.3 |Jul rain mm = 219.3 |Aug rain mm = 231.9 |Sep rain mm = 256.5 |Oct rain mm = 276.3 |Nov rain mm = 239.6 |Dec rain mm = 268.5 |year rain mm = 2849.7 |Jan rain days = 12.4 |Feb rain days = 10.4 |Mar rain days = 12.6 |Apr rain days = 13.3 |May rain days = 14.7 |Jun rain days = 13.8 |Jul rain days = 13.5 |Aug rain days = 14.8 |Sep rain days = 16.8 |Oct rain days = 17.3 |Nov rain days = 15.0 |Dec rain days = 15.8 |year rain days = 170.5 |unit rain days = 1.0 mm |Jan sun = 209.5 |Feb sun = 186.8 |Mar sun = 171.9 |Apr sun = 139.9 |May sun = 119.2 |Jun sun = 104.0 |Jul sun = 124.3 |Aug sun = 138.9 |Sep sun = 142.8 |Oct sun = 164.1 |Nov sun = 181.1 |Dec sun = 194.6 |year sun = 1877.0 |source 1 = CliFlo[4] }} The region's area is 23,276 km2. It is divided into the three districts of Buller, Grey and Westland. HistoryThe region is home to Māori, who valued it for the greenstone (pounamu) found there in abundance. The region was only occasionally visited by Europeans until the discovery of gold near the Taramakau River in 1864 by two Māori, Ihaia Tainui and Haimona Taukau. By the end of the year there were an estimated 1800 prospectors, many of them around the Hokitika area, which in 1866 was briefly the most populous settlement in New Zealand. The region was divided between Nelson Province and Canterbury Province from 1853: in 1873 the Canterbury portion of the region formed its own province, the Westland Province, until the abolition of the provincial system in 1876. The West Coast Gold Rush between 1864 and 1867 created numerous gold rush towns such as Okarito, which at one time was the largest town on the West Coast but quickly almost vanished as miners moved on. After that time, the population dwindled, but the main towns that still exist had become established. Following greenstone and gold, the next valuable mineral was coal. Discovered near the Buller River in the mid-1840s, mining began in earnest during the 1860s. By the 1880s coal had become the region’s main industry, with mines throughout the northern half of the region, especially around Westport. Many of these continued in operation until the mid-20th century, and several survive. Timber has also long been a major industry, although in recent years there has been an uneasy balance between forestry for wood and forestry for conservation. Much of the region is public land administered by the Department of Conservation and the region has some of the best remaining stands of native forest, along with a wealth of rare wildlife. Ecotourism is now an important industry, and this goes hand in hand with the conservation efforts. EconomyIndustries include mining for coal and alluvial gold, forestry and wood processing, fishing (including whitebaiting), tourism and farming. Dairy farming has grown strongly – the local dairy co-operative Westland Milk Products remained independent when most others merged to form Fonterra in 2001. Other industries are the manufacturing and sales of greenstone jewellery, sphagnum moss gathering and stone-collection for garden landscaping. Monteith's brewery is in Greymouth. The region had one of the strongest growing regional economies of New Zealand in 2007,[5] though from a rather small base. The sub-national GDP of the region was estimated at US$779 million in 2003, 1% of national GDP.[6] The region has been included in the "Top 10 Coastal Drives of the World" by Lonely Planet.[7] PopulationThe region is sparsely populated, especially in the south, with the 2006 census recording 31,326 inhabitants, up from 30,303 in 2001, lower than the 1996 figure. The {{NZ population data|||y|||d}} population is {{NZ population data|West Coast Region|y}}. There are only four towns with a population over 1,000: Greymouth, Westport, Hokitika and Reefton. During the gold rush days, Hokitika had a population of more than 25,000 with more than 100 pubs. A recreation of an early New Zealand settlement is at Shantytown.
Flora and faunaThe region has the only New Zealand nesting place of the kotuku (white heron), near Okarito Lagoon, visited by tours from the small farming township of Whataroa. This rare bird appears on the $2 coin.[8] See also
References1. ^{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-13}} 2. ^West Coast – Regional Information (from 'New Zealand Tourism Online' website) 3. ^The West Coast New Zealand (from 'A New Zealand Travel Guide' website) 4. ^ {{cite web |url = http://cliflo.niwa.co.nz |title = CliFlo - National Climate Database |publisher = NIWA |accessdate = 13 December 2015}} 5. ^History (from the Buller District Council website) 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/reports/analytical-reports/regional-gross-domestic-product.aspx|title=Regional Gross Domestic Product|publisher=Statistics New Zealand|year=2007|accessdate=18 February 2010}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.westcoastnz.com |title=West Coast, New Zealand official site: Find activities, accommodation, events |publisher=Westcoastnz.com |date= |accessdate=2012-10-16}} 8. ^New Zealand Coinage Specifications (from the Reserve Bank of New Zealand website. Accessed 2008-03-26.) External links{{Wikivoyage|West Coast (New Zealand)}}{{Commons category|West Coast Region}}
2 : West Coast, New Zealand|Irish-New Zealand culture |
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