| 词条 | Westerbork transit camp |
| 释义 |
| name = Westerbork | type = Transit camp | image = Westerbork camp 1940-1945.jpg |caption= Barracks at Westerbork after liberation | location map = Netherlands |map relief=yes | map alt = | map caption = | coordinates = {{coord|52|55|3|N|6|36|26|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | other names = Polizeiliches Durchgangslager Westerbork, Judendurchgangslager Westerbork | known for = | location = Westerbork, the Netherlands | built by = | operated by = SS | original use = Refugee camp | construction = | in operation = 1 July 1942–12 April 1945 | gas chambers = | prisoner type = Jews | inmates = 97,776 deported, mostly to Auschwitz and Sobibór; 876 liberated | killed = | liberated by = Canadian 2nd Infantry Division | notable inmates = Anne Frank, Dora Gerson, Etty Hillesum, Philip Slier, Edith Stein, Selma Wijnberg-Engel, Max Ehrlich, Wilhelm Mautner, Ellen Burka | notable books = The night of the Girondins | website = {{URL|http://www.westerbork.nl}} }}Camp Westerbork ({{lang-nl|Kamp Westerbork}}, {{lang-de|Durchgangslager Westerbork}}) was a transit camp in Drenthe province, northeastern Netherlands, during World War II.[1] Established by the Dutch government in the summer of 1939, Camp Westerbork was meant to serve as a refugee camp for Jews who had illegally entered the Netherlands.[1][2] Purpose of Camp WesterborkCamp Westerbork was utilized as a staging ground for the deportation of Jews.[3] Of only one-half square kilometer (120 acres) in area, the camp was not built for the purpose of industrial murder as were Nazi extermination camps. Indeed, Westerbork was seen as “humane” by Nazi standards.[3]Jewish inmates with families were housed in 200 interconnected cottages that contained two rooms, a toilet, a hot plate for cooking, and a small yard. Single inmates were placed in oblong barracks which contained a bathroom for each sex.[2][3] Transport trains arrived at Westerbork every Tuesday from July 1942 to September 1944, and left with an estimated 97,776 Jews.[1] Jewish inmates were deported in waves to Auschwitz (65 train-loads totaling 60,330 people), Sobibor (19 train-loads; 34,313 people), Theresienstadt ghetto, and Bergen-belsen concentration camp (9 train-loads; 4,894 people).[2][1] Almost all of the 94,643 persons deported to Auschwitz and Sobibor in German-occupied Poland were killed upon arrival.[1] Camp Westerbork also had a school, orchestra, hairdresser, and even restaurants designed by SS officials to give inmates a false sense of hope for survival and to aid in avoiding problems during transportation.[2] Cultural activities provided by the Nazis for designated deportees included metalwork, jobs in health services, and other cultural activities.[2] A special, separate work cadre of 2,000 “permanent” Jewish inmates was used as a camp labor force.[1] Within this group was a sub-group constituting a camp police force which was required to assist with transports and keep order.[1] The SS actually had very little to do with selecting transferees; this job fell to another class of inmates that made up a sort of security service.[2] Most of these 2,000 "permanent" inmates were eventually sent to concentration or death camps themselves.[1] Notable prisonersNotable prisoners in Westerbork included Anne Frank, who was transported to Camp Westerbork on August 4, 1944[4] and Etty Hillesum, each of whom wrote of their experiences in diaries discovered after the war.[5] Anne remained at the camp in a small hut until September 3, when she was deported to Auschwitz.[4] Etty Hillesum was able to avoid the Nazi dragnet that identified Jews until April 1942.[6] Even after being labeled a Jew, Hillesum began to report on antisemitic policies. She took a job with JudenratCamp Westerbork also housed German film actress and cabaret singer Dora Gerson, who was interned there with her family before being sent to Auschwitz, and Professor Sir William Asscher, who survived the camp when his mother secured his family's release by fabricating English ancestry. Jona Oberski wrote of his experience as a small child at Westerbork in his book, Kinderjaren ("Childhood"), published in the Netherlands in 1978 and later made into the film, Jonah Who Lived in the Whale. Leadership within the CampGerman authorities took control of Westerbork from the Dutch government on July 1, 1942.[1] Deportations began under the orders of Gestapo sub-Department IV-B4, which was headed by Adolf Eichmann.[3] Within the confines of the camp, German SS commanders were in charge of inmates, but squads of Jewish police and security were used to keep order and aid in transport, as noted above.[7] LiberationTransports came to a halt at Camp Westerbork in September 1944.[2] Allied troops neared Westerbork in early April, 1945 after German officials abandoned the camp. Westerbork was liberated by Canadian forces on April 12, 1945. A total of 876 inmates were found.[2] Post World War IIFollowing the war, Westerbork was first used as a remand prison for alleged and accused Nazi collaborators, and later housed Dutch nationals who fled the former Dutch East Indies (Indonesia). DemolitionWesterbork was completely disassembled in the 1960s by the Dutch government.[2] Later, the Dutch built large radio telescopes on the site. Only the former camp commander’s houses were preserved, in glass containers.[2] Historian InfluenceIn 1950, the Dutch government appointed Jewish historian Jacques Presser to investigate the events connected with the mass deportation of Dutch Jewry and the extent of the collaboration by the non-Jewish Dutch population. The results were published fifteen years later in The Catastrophe (De Ondergang). Presser also published a novel, The Night of the Girondins, which was set in Westerbork. Holding Place for Moluccan RefugeesIn 1949, when the Dutch left their over 300 year occupation of Indonesia, native Indonesians were left in political unrest. Some people who had collaborated with French, Algerian, and Dutch militaries were evacuated, because they were the subject of anger by the other indigenous people who had resisted colonization and felt betrayed at the Moluccan peoples siding with their colonizers. The peoples were promised a quick return to their homeland. However, from 1951 to 1971, former indigenous Moluccan KNIL soldiers and their families were made to stay in the camp. During this time, the camp was renamed Kamp Schattenberg.[8] MemorialsA museum was created two miles from Westerbork to keep the memories of those imprisoned in the camp alive.[2] As a tribute to those inmates who had died after deportation, a memorial was commissioned;[2] it consists of 102,000 stones, representing each person who was deported from Westerbork and never returned. The National Westerbork Memorial was unveiled at the site by Queen Juliana of the Netherlands on 4 May 1970.[9][10] Also, a monument of a broken railroad track torn from the ground is displayed near the camp to symbolize the destruction the camp, as well as others, wrought on the European Jewish population, and the determination that the tracks would never again carry people to their deaths.[10] In 2017, films commissioned by the German camp commander Albert Gemmeker from a Jewish prisoner, Rudolf Breslauer, to document everyday life in the Westerbork transit camp, were submitted by the Netherlands and included in UNESCO's Memory of the World Register.[11] References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{Cite web|url=https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005217|title=Westerbork|last=Holocaust Encycopedia|first=|date=|website=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 {{Cite web|url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/history-and-overview-of-westerbork|title=Westerbork Transit Camp|last=Project Aice|first=|date=|website=Jewish Virtual Library|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=28 February 2018}} 3. ^1 2 3 {{Cite book|title=Boulevard Des Miseres The Story of Transit Camp Westerbork|last=Boas|first=Jacob|publisher=Archon Books|year=1985|isbn=0208019774|location=Hamden, Connecticut|pages=3-32}} 4. ^1 {{Cite book|title=Anne Frank: The Book, The Life, The Aftermath|last=Prose|first=Francine|publisher=Harper Collins|year=2009|isbn=|location=New York, New York|pages=53-59}} 5. ^1 {{Cite book|title=Anne Frank and Etty Hillesum Inscribing Spirituality and Sexuality|last=De Costa|first=Denise|publisher=Rutgers University Press|year=1998|isbn=0813525500|location=New Brunswick, New Jersey|pages=167-191}} 6. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/hillesum-etty|title=Etty Hillesum|last=Hanan|first=Frenk|date=|website=Jewish Women's Archive|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=20 April 2018}} 7. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.kamparchieven.nl/en/camps-in-the-netherlands/camp-westerbork|title=Camp Westerbork|last=|first=|date=|website=Kamparchieven|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=20 March 2018}} 8. ^{{Cite book|title=Go Back to Where You Came From: The Backlash Against Immigration and the Fate of Western Democracy|last=Polakow-Suransky|first=Sasha|publisher=Nation Books|year=2017|isbn=1568585926|location=|pages=19}} 9. ^{{cite web | title=Jodenvervolging: Nationaal Monument Westerbork| website=Drenthe in de oorlog | url=http://www.drentheindeoorlog.nl/index.php?aid=346 | language=nl |quote=Het Nationaal Monument Westerbork wordt op 4 mei 1970 officieel door Koningin Juliana onthuld| access-date=2019-02-08}} 10. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.kampwesterbork.nl/en/museum/camp-grounds/the-national-westerbork-memorial/index.html#/index|title=The National Westerbork Memorial|last=|first=|date=|website=Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=1 May 2018}} 11. ^{{cite web|title=Westerbork films|website=Memory of the World|publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/memory-of-the-world/register/full-list-of-registered-heritage/registered-heritage-page-9/westerbork-films/|access-date=2018-10-09}}
Further reading
External links{{Commons category|Kamp Westerbork}}
7 : 1939 establishments in the Netherlands|Buildings and structures in Drenthe|History of Drenthe|Midden-Drenthe|Museums in Drenthe|Nazi concentration camps in the Netherlands|World War II museums in the Netherlands |
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