“Western Asia”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Western Asia, West Asia, Southwestern Asia or Southwest Asia is the westernmost subregion of Asia. The concept is in limited use, as it significantly overlaps with the Middle East (or the Near East), the main difference usually being the exclusion of the majority of Egypt (which would be counted as part of North Africa) and the inclusion of the Caucasus. The term is sometimes used for the purposes of grouping countries in statistics. The total population of Western Asia is an estimated 300 million as of 2015. Although the term "Western Asia" is mostly used as a convenient division of contemporary sovereign states into a manageable number of world regions for statistical purposes, it is sometimes used instead of the more geopolitical term "Middle East".

In an unrelated context, the term is also used in ancient history and archaeology to divide the Fertile Crescent into the "Asiatic" or "Western Asian" cultures as opposed to ancient Egypt. As a geographic concept, Western Asia includes the Levant, Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Iran, the Armenian Highlands, the South Caucasus, the Arabian peninsula as well as the Sinai Peninsula, making Egypt a transcontinental country.

The term is used pragmatically and has no "correct" or generally agreed-upon definition. The National Geographic Style Manual as well as Maddison's Historical Statistics (2003) by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) only includes Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Palestinian territories (called West Bank and Gaza in the latter), Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, UAE, and Yemen as West Asian countries.^[1]^[2] In contrast to this definition, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) in its 2015 yearbook also includes Armenia and Azerbaijan, and excludes Israel (as Other) and Turkey (as Europe).^[3]

Unlike the UNIDO, the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) excludes Iran from Western Asia and includes Turkey, Georgia, and Cyprus in the region.^[4] In the United Nation's geopolitical Eastern European Group, Armenia and Georgia are included in Eastern Europe, whereas Cyprus and East Thracian Turkey are in Southern Europe. These three nations are listed in the European category of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO).

National members of West Asian sports governing bodies are limited to Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Syria, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.^[5]^[6]^[7] The Olympic Council of Asia's multi-sport event West Asian Games are contested by athletes representing these thirteen countries. Among the region's sports organisations are the West Asia Basketball Association, West Asian Billiards and Snooker Federation, West Asian Football Federation, and the West Asian Tennis Federation.

History

"Western Asia" was in use as a geographical term in the early 19th century, even before "Near East" became current as a geopolitical concept.^[8]

In the context of the history of classical antiquity, "Western Asia" could mean the part of Asia known in classical antiquity, as opposed to the reaches of "interior Asia", i.e. Scythia, and "Eastern Asia" the easternmost reaches of geographical knowledge in classical authors, i.e. Transoxania and India.^[9]^[10]^[11]

In the 20th century, "Western Asia" was used to denote a rough geographical era in the fields of archaeology and ancient history, especially as a shorthand for "the Fertile Crescent excluding Ancient Egypt" for the purposes of comparing the early civilizations of Egypt and the former.^[12]

Use of the term in the context of contemporary geopolitics or world economy appears to date from at least the mid-1960s.^[13]

Geography

Western Asia is located directly south of Eastern Europe. The region is surrounded by seven major seas; the Aegean Sea, the Black Sea, the Caspian Sea, the Persian Gulf, the Arabian Sea, the Red Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea.

To the north, the region is delimited from Europe by the Caucasus Mountains, to the southwest, it is delimited from Africa by the Isthmus of Suez, while to the east, the region adjoins Central Asia and South Asia.

The Dasht-e Kavir and Dasht-e Lut deserts in eastern Iran naturally delimit the region somewhat from Asia itself.

Geology

Plate tectonics

Three major tectonic plates converge on Western Asia, including the African, Eurasian, and Arabian plates. The boundaries between the tectonic plates make up the Azores-Gibraltar Ridge, extending across North Africa, the Red Sea, and into Iran.^[14] The Arabian Plate is moving northward into the Anatolian plate (Turkey) at the East Anatolian Fault,^[15] and the boundary between the Aegean and Anatolian plate in eastern Turkey is also seismically active.^[14]

Water resources

Several major aquifers provide water to large portions of Western Asia. In Saudi Arabia, two large aquifers of Palaeozoic and Triassic origins are located beneath the Jabal Tuwayq mountains and areas west to the Red Sea.^[16] Cretaceous and Eocene-origin aquifers are located beneath large portions of central and eastern Saudi Arabia, including Wasia and Biyadh which contain amounts of both fresh water and saline water.^[16] Flood or furrow irrigation, as well as sprinkler methods, are extensively used for irrigation, covering nearly 90,000 km² across Western Asia for agriculture.^[17]

Climate

Western Asia is primarily arid and semi-arid, and can be subject to drought, but it also contains vast expanses of forest and fertile valleys. The region consists of grasslands, rangelands, deserts, and mountains. Water shortages are a problem in many parts of West Asia, with rapidly growing populations increasing demands for water, while salinization and pollution threaten water supplies.^[18] Major rivers, including the Tigris and Euphrates, provide sources for irrigation water to support agriculture.

There are two wind phenomena in Western Asia: the sharqi and the shamal. The sharqi (or sharki) is a wind that comes from the south and southeast. It is seasonal, lasting from April to early June, and comes again between late September and November. The winds are dry and dusty, with occasional gusts up to 80 kilometres per hour (50 miles per hour) and often kick up violent sand and dust storms that can carry sand a few thousand meters high, and can close down airports for short periods of time. These winds can last for a full day at the beginning and end of the season, and for several days during the middle of the season. The shamal is a summer northwesterly wind blowing over Iraq and the Persian Gulf states (including Saudi Arabia and Kuwait), often strong during the day, but decreasing at night. This weather effect occurs anywhere from once to several times a year.^[19]

Topography

Western Asia contains large areas of mountainous terrain. The Anatolian Plateau is sandwiched between the Pontus Mountains and Taurus Mountains in Turkey. Mount Ararat in Turkey rises to 5,137 meters. The Zagros Mountains are located in Iran, in areas along its border with Iraq. The Central Plateau of Iran is divided into two drainage basins. The northern basin is Dasht-e Kavir (Great Salt Desert), and Dasht-e-Lut is the southern basin.

In Yemen, elevations exceed 3,700 meters in many areas, and highland areas extend north along the Red Sea coast and north into Lebanon. A fault-zone also exists along the Red Sea, with continental rifting creating trough-like topography with areas located well-below sea level.^[20] The Dead Sea, located on the border between the West Bank, Israel, and Jordan, is situated at 418 m (1371 ft) below sea level, making it the lowest point on the surface of the Earth.^[21]

Rub' al Khali, one of the world's largest sand deserts, spans the southern third of the Arabian Peninsula in Saudi Arabia, parts of Oman, the United Arab Emirates and Yemen. Jebel al Akhdar is a small range of mountains located in northeastern Oman, bordering the Gulf of Oman.

Demographics

The population of Western Asia was estimated at 272 million as of 2008, projected to reach 370 million by 2030 by Maddison (2007; the estimate excludes the Caucasus and Cyprus).

This corresponds to an annual growth rate of 1.4% (or a doubling time of 50 years), well above the world average of 0.9% (doubling time 75 years).

The population of Western Asia is estimated at about 4% of world population, up from about 39 million at the beginning of the 20th century, or about 2% of world population at the time.^[22]

The most populous countries in the region are Turkey and Iran and, each with around 79 million people, followed by Iraq and Saudi Arabia with around 33 million people each.

Numerically, Western Asia is predominantly Arab, Persian, Turkish, and the dominating languages are correspondingly Arabic, Persian and Turkish, each with of the order of 70 million speakers, followed by smaller communities of Kurdish, Azerbaijani, Hebrew, Armenian and Eastern Aramaic. The dominance of Arabic and Turkish is the result of the medieval Arab and Turkic invasions beginning with the Islamic conquests of the 7th century AD, which displaced the formerly dominant Aramaic and Hebrew in the Levant, and Greek in Anatolia, although Hebrew is once again the dominant language in Israel, and Aramaic (spoken largely by Assyrians) and Greek both remain present in their respective territories as minority languages.

Other significant native minorities include Assyrians, Druze, Jews, Mandeans, Maronites, Shabaks, Syriac Arameans, Lurs and Yezidis.

Economy

The economy of Western Asia is diverse and the region experiences high economic growth. Turkey has the largest economy in the region, followed by Saudi Arabia and Iran. Petroleum is the major industry in the regional economy, as more than half of the world's oil reserves and around 40 percent of the world's natural gas reserves are located in the region.

Statistical data

Sports

Map of Western Asia

See also

Notes

1. ^{{cite web |url=http://stylemanual.natgeo.com/home/M/middle-east-west-asia/West%20Asia%20Map.png |title=West Asia Map |last=Miller |first=David |work=National Geographic Style Manual |publisher=National Geographic Society}}
2. ^{{cite book |last=Maddison |first=Angus |authorlink=Angus Maddison |authormask= |year=2004 |chapter= |url= |editorlink= |title=The World Economy: Historical Statistics |type= |series=Development Centre Studies |volume= |issue= |others= |edition= |location=Paris, France |publisher=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) |publicationdate=2003 |page= |pages= |at= |nopp= |bibcode= |doi= |isbn=978-92-64-10412-9 |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn=2004371607 |mr= |oclc=53465560 |ol= |osti= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |laysummary= |laysource= |laydate= |quote= |mode= |ref=|title-link=The World Economy: Historical Statistics }}
3. ^{{cite book |author=United Nations Industrial Development Organization Vienna (UNIDO) |authorlink=United Nations Industrial Development Organization |authormask= |year=2005 |chapter= |chapterurl= |editorlink= |title=International Yearbook of Industrial Statistics 2015 |url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=FAKMBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14&dq |format= |type= |series= |volume= |issue= |others= |edition= |location=Cheltenham, UK |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |publicationdate= |page=14 |nopp= |bibcode= |doi= |isbn= 9781784715502|issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc=|ol= |osti= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |via= |registration= |subscription= |laysummary= |laysource= |laydate= |quote= |mode= |ref=}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm |title=Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use |publisher=Millenniumindicators.un.org |quote=The UNSD notes that the "assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is merely for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories."|accessdate=2012-08-25}}
5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.wabsf.net/en/information.php |title=WABSF Member Countries}}
6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/games/asian-games/west-asian/index.htm |title=The West Asian Games |publisher=Topend Sports}}
7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.the-waff.com/en/championships/29.html |title=WAFF Member Associations |website=The-Waff.com}}
8. ^e.g. James Rennell, A treatise on the comparative geography of western Asia, 1831.
9. ^James Rennell, The Geographical System of Herodotus Examined and Explained, 1800, [https://books.google.ch/books?id=POVWAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA210#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 210].
10. ^Hugh Murray, Historical Account of Discoveries and Travels in Asia (1820).
11. ^Samuel Whelpley, A compend of history, from the earliest times, 1808, [https://books.google.ch/books?id=6jkNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 9].
12. ^e.g. Petrus Van Der Meer, The Chronology of Ancient Western Asia and Egypt, 1955.Karl W. Butzer, Physical Conditions in Eastern Europe, Western Asia and Egypt Before the Period of Agricultural and Urban Settlement, 1965.
13. ^The Tobacco Industry of Western Asia, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 1964.
14. ^¹Beaumont (1988), p. 22
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |title=The Arabian Plate |author=Muehlberger, Bill |publisher=NASA, Johnson Space Center |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706103125/http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm |archivedate=2007-07-06 |df= }}
16. ^¹Beaumont (1988), p. 86
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/AG/agl/AGLW/aquastat/regions/neast/index6.stm|title=Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=/climate/ipcc/regional/index.htm|title=Chapter 7: Middle East and Arid Asia|work=IPCC Special Report on The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|year=2001|access-date=2016-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201222/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc%2Fregional%2Findex.htm|archive-date=2016-03-03|dead-url=yes|df=}}
19. ^{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Muslim World|editor=Taru Bahl| editor2=M H Syed| publisher=Anmol Publications|location=New Delhi|year=2003|page=20|isbn=978-81-261-1419-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2x4jq4bXrq0C&pg=PA20&dq=%22Sharqi%22+wind|accessdate=1 February 2009}}
20. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf|title=Region #4 — Red Sea Continental Rift Zone|work=Preliminary Definition of Geophysical Regions for the Middle East and North Africa|author=Sweeney, Jerry J.|author2=William R. Walter |publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|date=December 1, 1998|page=8}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea|title=ASTER Image Gallery: The Dead Sea|publisher=NASA}}
22. ^Data for "15 West Asian countries", from Maddison (2003, 2007).Angus Maddison, 2003, The World Economy: Historical Statistics, Vol. 2, OECD, Paris, {{ISBN|92-64-10412-7}}. Statistical Appendix (2007, ggdc.net) "The historical data were originally developed in three books: Monitoring the World Economy 1820-1992, OECD, Paris 1995; The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2001; The World Economy: Historical Statistics, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2003. All these contain detailed source notes."Estimates for 2008 by country (in millions):Turkey (71.9),Iran (70.2),Iraq (28.2),Saudi Arabia (28.1),Yemen (23.0),Syria (19.7),Israel (6.5),Jordan (6.2),Palestine (4.1),Lebanon (4.0),Oman (3.3),United Arab Emirates (2.7),Kuwait (2.6),Qatar (0.9),Bahrain (0.7).
23. ^{{cite web|title=GDP|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=93&pr.y=3&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDP_R&grp=0&a=|publisher=IMF|accessdate=2014-04-16}}
24. ^{{cite web|title=GDP per capita|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=28&pr.y=10&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|publisher=IMF|accessdate=2014-04-16}}