| 词条 | Basil |
| 释义 |
|image = Basil-Basilico-Ocimum basilicum-albahaca.jpg |genus = Ocimum |species = basilicum |authority = L. }}{{nutritionalvalue | name=Basil, fresh | kJ=94| water=92.06 g | protein=3.15 g | fat=0.64 g | ash=1.49 g | carbs=2.65 g | fiber=1.6 g | sugar=0.30 g | | calcium_mg=177 | iron_mg=3.17 | magnesium_mg=64 | phosphorus_mg=56 | potassium_mg=295 | sodium_mg=4 | zinc_mg=0.81 | copper_mg=0.385 | manganese_mg=1.148 | selenium_ug=0.3 | vitC_mg=18.0 | thiamin_mg=0.034 | riboflavin_mg=0.076 | niacin_mg=0.902 | pantothenic_mg=0.209 | vitB6_mg=0.155 | folate_ug=68 | choline_mg=11.4 | betaine_mg=0.4 | vitA_ug=264 | betacarotene_ug=3142 | vitE_mg=0.80 | vitK_ug=414.8 | right=1 | source_usda=1 }} Basil ({{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|b|æ|z|əl}},[1] {{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|b|eɪ|z|əl}};[2] Ocimum basilicum), also called great basil or Saint-Joseph's-wort, is a culinary herb of the family Lamiaceae (mints). Basil is native to tropical regions from central Africa to Southeast Asia.[3] It is a tender plant, and is used in cuisines worldwide. Depending on the species and cultivar, the leaves may taste somewhat like anise, with a strong, pungent, often sweet smell. There are many varieties of basil, as well as several related species or hybrids also called basil. The type used commonly as a flavor is typically called sweet basil (or Genovese basil), as opposed to Thai basil (O. basilicum var. thyrsiflora), lemon basil (O. × citriodorum), and holy basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum). While most common varieties of basil are treated as annuals, some are perennial in warm, tropical climates, including holy basil and a cultivar known as "African blue basil". EtymologyThe name "basil" comes from Latin, basilius, and Greek βασιλικόν φυτόν (basilikón phutón), "royal/kingly plant", possibly because the plant was believed to have been used in production of royal perfumes.[4] The Latin name has been confused with basilisk, as it was supposed to be an antidote to the basilisk's venom.[4] Nomenclature and taxonomy{{See|List of basil cultivars}}Most basils are cultivars of sweet basil.
Hybrids
Similar species
Culinary useBasil is most commonly used fresh in recipes. In general, it is added at the last moment, as cooking quickly destroys the flavor. The fresh herb can be kept for a short time in plastic bags in the refrigerator, or for a longer period in the freezer, after being blanched quickly in boiling water. The dried herb also loses most of its flavor, and what little flavor remains tastes very different, with a weak coumarin flavor, like hay.{{Citation needed|date=July 2018}} Basil is one of the main ingredients in pesto—a green Italian oil-and-herb sauce. The most commonly used Mediterranean basil cultivars are "Genovese", "Purple Ruffles", "Mammoth", "Cinnamon", "Lemon", "Globe", and "African Blue". The Chinese also use fresh or dried basils in soups and other foods. In Taiwan, people add fresh basil leaves to thick soups. They also eat fried chicken with deep-fried basil leaves. Basil (most commonly Thai basil) is commonly steeped in cream or milk to create an interesting flavor in ice cream or chocolates (such as truffles). The leaves are not the only part of basil used in culinary applications, the flower buds have a more subtle flavor and they are edible. SeedsWhen soaked in water, the seeds of several basil varieties become gelatinous, and are used in Asian drinks and desserts such as faluda, sharbat-e-rihan, or hột é. Other cultivars{{further|List of basil cultivars}}Several other basils, including some other Ocimum species, are grown in many regions of Asia. Most of the Asian basils have a clove-like flavor that is, in general, stronger than the Mediterranean basils. The most notable is the holy basil or tulsi, a revered home-grown plant in India and Nepal. Lemon basil has a strong lemony smell and flavor very different from those of other varieties because it contains a chemical called citral. It is widely used in Indonesia, where it is called kemangi, served raw together with raw cabbage, green beans, and cucumber as an accompaniment to fried fish or duck. Its flowers, when broken up, are a zesty salad condiment. Chemical componentsThe various basils have such different scents because the herb has a number of different essential oils in different proportions for various cultivars.[3] The essential oil from European basil contains high concentrations of linalool and methyl chavicol (estragole), in a ratio of about 3:1.[3][10] Other constituents include: 1,8-cineole, eugenol, and myrcene, among others.[3][11] The clove scent of sweet basil is derived from eugenol.[12] The aroma profile of basil includes 1,8-cineole[13][14] and methyl eugenol.[13][15] CultivationMost culinary and ornamental basils are cultivars of the species Ocimum basilicum, but other species are also grown and there are many hybrids between species. Traditionally a green plant, some varieties, such as 'Purple Delight' have leaves that appear purple. Basil grows between {{convert|30|-|130|cm|in|abbr=on}} tall, with opposite, light green, silky leaves {{convert|3|-|11|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|1|-|6|cm|in|abbr=on}} broad. The flowers are small, white in color and arranged in a terminal spike. Unusual among Lamiaceae, the four stamens and the pistil are not pushed under the upper lip of the corolla, but lie over the inferior lip. After entomophilous pollination, the corolla falls off and four round achenes develop inside the bilabiate calyx. Basil is sensitive to cold, with best growth in hot, dry conditions. It behaves as an annual if there is any chance of a frost. However, due to its popularity, basil is cultivated in many countries around the world. Production areas include countries in the Mediterranean area, those in the temperate zone, and others in subtropical climates.[16] In Northern Europe, Canada, the northern states of the U.S., and the South Island of New Zealand it will grow best if sown under glass in a peat pot, then planted out in late spring/early summer (when there is little chance of a frost). Additionally, it may be sown in soil once chance of frost is past. It fares best in well-drained, sunny exposure. Although basil grows best outdoors, it can be grown indoors in a pot and, like most herbs, will do best on a sun-facing windowsill. It should be kept away from extremely cold drafts, and grows best in strong sunlight, therefore a greenhouse or row cover is ideal if available. It can, however, be grown even in a basement, under fluorescent lights. If its leaves have wilted from lack of water, it will recover if watered thoroughly and placed in a sunny location. Yellow leaves towards the bottom of the plant are an indication that the plant has been stressed; usually this means that it needs less water, or less or more fertilizer. In sunnier climates such as Southern Europe, the southern states of the U.S., the North Island of New Zealand, and Australia, basil will thrive when planted outside. It also thrives over the summertime in the central and northern United States, but dies out when temperatures reach freezing point. It will grow back the next year if allowed to go to seed. It will need regular watering, but not as much attention as is needed in other climates. Basil can also be propagated reliably from cuttings with the stems of short cuttings suspended for two weeks or so in water until roots develop. Once a stem produces flowers, foliage production stops on that stem, the stem becomes woody, and essential oil production declines. To prevent this, a basil-grower may pinch off any flower stems before they are fully mature. Because only the blooming stem is so affected, some stems can be pinched for leaf production, while others are left to bloom for decoration or seeds. Once the plant is allowed to flower, it may produce seed pods containing small black seeds, which can be saved and planted the following year. Picking the leaves off the plant helps promote growth, largely because the plant responds by converting pairs of leaflets next to the topmost leaves into new stems. Companion plantingBasil is popularly recommended as a companion plant to the tomato. Common claims are that basil may deter pests or improve tomato flavor. However, in double-blind taste tests, basil did not significantly affect the taste of tomatoes when planted adjacent to them.[17][18] DiseasesBasil suffers from several plant pathogens that can ruin the crop and reduce yield. Fusarium wilt is a soil-borne fungal disease that will quickly kill younger basil plants. Seedlings may be killed by Pythium damping off. A common foliar disease of basil is gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea; it can cause infections post-harvest and is capable of killing the entire plant. Black spot can be seen on basil foliage and is caused by the fungi genus Colletotrichum. More recently, downy mildew of basil caused by Peronospora belbahrii has been a huge problem for commercial producers and home growers. The disease was first reported in Italy in 2004.[19] It was reported in the U.S. in 2007 and 2008[20][21] and has been steadily increasing in prevalence, distribution, and economic importance since then. Non-pathogenic bacteria found on basil include Novosphingobium species.[22] ResearchStudies of the essential oil showed antifungal and insect-repelling properties,[23] including potential toxicity to mosquitos.[24] Folk medicineIn folk medicine practices, such as those of Ayurveda or traditional Chinese medicine, basil is thought to have therapeutic properties.[25][26] Cultural aspectsThere are many rituals and beliefs associated with basil. The French sometimes call basil "l'herbe royale" ("royal herb"),[27] while Jewish folklore suggests it adds strength while fasting.[28] In Portugal, dwarf bush basil is traditionally presented in a pot, together with a poem and a paper carnation, to a sweetheart, on the religious holidays of Saint John and Saint Anthony. However, basil represented hatred in ancient Greece, and European lore sometimes claims that basil is a symbol of Satan.[29] Holy basil, also called tulsi, is highly revered in Hinduism. Basil has religious significance in the Greek Orthodox Church, where it is used to sprinkle holy water.[30] The Bulgarian Orthodox Church, Serbian Orthodox Church, Macedonian Orthodox Church and Romanian Orthodox Church use basil (Bulgarian and Macedonian: босилек; {{lang-ro|busuioc}}, {{lang-sr|босиљак}}) to prepare holy water and pots of basil are often placed below church altars.[31] In Europe, basil is placed in the hands of the dead to ensure a safe journey.[32] In India, they place it in the mouth of the dying to ensure they reach God.[33] The ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks believed it would open the gates of heaven for a person passing on.[34] List of the cultivars and their nomenclature
See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/american/basil?showCookiePolicy=true|title=British: Basil|accessdate=25 September 2014|publisher=Collins Dictionary|date=n.d.|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129090005/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/american/basil?showCookiePolicy=true|archivedate=29 November 2014|df=dmy-all}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/american/basil?showCookiePolicy=true|title=American: Basil|accessdate=25 September 2014|publisher=Collins Dictionary|date=n.d.|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129090005/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/american/basil?showCookiePolicy=true|archivedate=29 November 2014|df=dmy-all}} 3. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|last1=Simon|first1=James E|title=Basil|url=https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/CropFactSheets/basil.html|publisher=Center for New Crops & Plant Products, Department of Horticulture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN|accessdate=22 January 2018|date=23 February 1998|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502080706/https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/CropFactSheets/basil.html|archivedate=2 May 2017|df=dmy-all}} 4. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Basil|title=Basil|publisher=Etymology Online, Douglas Harper|date=2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025133900/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=basil|archivedate=25 October 2012|df=dmy-all}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/~sbmljw/cgi-bin/taxon.pl?70463|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924161135/http://www.ars-grin.gov/~sbmljw/cgi-bin/taxon.pl?70463|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2015-09-24|title=Ocimum minimum information from NPGS/GRIN|work=ars-grin.gov}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=463843|title=Ocimum africanum Lour. taxonomy detail from NPGS/GRIN|work=ars-grin.gov|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913143509/https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=463843|archivedate=13 September 2016|df=dmy-all}} 7. ^{{citation|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-136798|title=Ocimum × africanum Lour. in 'The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species'|accessdate=3 December 2016}} 8. ^{{cite journal | last = Fandohan | first = P. | authorlink = | title = Toxicity and gastric tolerance of essential oils from Cymbopogon citratus, Ocimum gratissimum and Ocimum basilicum in Wistar rats | journal = Food and Chemical Toxicology | volume = 46 | issue = 7 | pages = 2493–2497 | publisher = | location = | year = 2008 | url = | issn = | doi = 10.1016/j.fct.2008.04.006 | pmid = 18511170 | last2 = Gnonlonfin | first2 = B | last3 = Laleye | first3 = A | last4 = Gbenou | first4 = JD | last5 = Darboux | first5 = R | last6 = Moudachirou | first6 = M|display-authors=etal}} 9. ^{{cite journal | last = Pessoa | first = L. M. | last2 = Morais | first2 = SM | last3 = Bevilaqua | first3 = CM | last4 = Luciano | first4 = JH| title = Anthelmintic activity of essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum Linn. and eugenol against Haemonchus contortus | journal = Veterinary Parasitology | volume = 109 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 59–63 | publisher = | location = | year = 2002 | url = | issn = | doi = 10.1016/S0304-4017(02)00253-4 | pmid=12383625}} 10. ^{{cite web|authors=J. Janick (ed.), James E. Simon, Mario R. Morales, Winthrop B. Phippen, Roberto Fontes Vieira, and Zhigang Hao|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1999/pdf/v4-499.pdf|title=Basil: A Source of Aroma Compounds and a Popular Culinary and Ornamental Herb. In: Perspectives on new crops and new uses|date=1999|publisher=ASHS Press, Alexandria, VA|isbn=978-0-9615027-0-6|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409050604/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1999/pdf/v4-499.pdf|archivedate=9 April 2008|df=dmy-all}} 11. ^{{cite book|author=Eberhard Breitmaier|title=Terpenes: Flavors, Fragrances, Pharmaca, Pheromones|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9yrbR2WZ8bwC&pg=PA11|accessdate=2 August 2013|date=22 September 2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-3-527-31786-8|pages=11–|quote=Acyclic monoterpenoid trienes such as p-myrcene and configurational isomers of p- ocimene are found in the oils of basil (leaves of Ocimum basilicum, Labiatae), bay (leaves of Fimenta acris, Myrtaceae), hops (strobiles of Humulus lupulus, ...|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012210605/http://books.google.com/books?id=9yrbR2WZ8bwC&pg=PA11|archivedate=12 October 2013|df=dmy-all}} 12. ^{{cite book|author=Md Shahidul Islam|title=Transient Receptor Potential Channels|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TCMnYLLb758C&pg=PA50|accessdate=2 August 2013|date=4 February 2011|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-94-007-0265-3|pages=50–|quote=Eugenol is a vanilloid contained in relatively high amounts in clove oil from Eugenia caryophyllata, as well as cinnamon leaf oil (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) and oil from the clove basil Ocimum gratissimum. While eugenol is often referred to as ...|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012221020/http://books.google.com/books?id=TCMnYLLb758C&pg=PA50|archivedate=12 October 2013|df=dmy-all}} 13. ^1 {{cite journal | last = Johnson | first = B. Christopher | title = Substantial UV-B-mediated induction of essential oils in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) | journal = Phytochemistry | volume = 51 | issue = 4 | pages = 507–510 | year = 1999 | doi = 10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00767-5|display-authors=etal}} 14. ^{{cite journal | last = Baritaux | first = O. | title = Effects of drying and storage of herbs and spices on the essential oil. Part I. Basil, Ocimum basilicum L. | journal = Flavour and Fragrance Journal | volume = 7 | issue = 5 | pages = 267–271 | year = 1992 | doi = 10.1002/ffj.2730070507 | last2 = Richard | first2 = H. | last3 = Touche | first3 = J. | last4 = Derbesy | first4 = M.|display-authors=etal}} 15. ^1 {{cite journal | last = Miele | first = Mariangela | title = Methyleugenol in Ocimum basilicum L. Cv. 'Genovese Gigante' | journal = Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry | volume = 49 | issue = 1 | pages = 517–521 | publisher = | location = | year = 2001 | issn = | doi = 10.1021/jf000865w | pmid = 11170620 | last2 = Dondero | first2 = R | last3 = Ciarallo | first3 = G | last4 = Mazzei | first4 = M|display-authors=etal}} 16. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fLxiMFPvAfUC&pg=PA56&dq=basil+medicinal+uses&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjZ16mPkq3TAhUl6YMKHZbTBsoQ6AEIJDAA#v=onepage&q=basil%20medicinal%20uses&f=false|title=Basil: The Genus Ocimum|last=Hiltunen|first=Raimo|last2=Holm|first2=Yvonne|date=2003-09-02|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9780203303771|language=en|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418170831/https://books.google.com/books?id=fLxiMFPvAfUC&pg=PA56&dq=basil+medicinal+uses&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjZ16mPkq3TAhUl6YMKHZbTBsoQ6AEIJDAA#v=onepage&q=basil%20medicinal%20uses&f=false|archivedate=18 April 2017|df=dmy-all}} 17. ^{{cite journal|journal= Journal of Sustainable Agriculture|last= Bomford|first= Michael|date= May 2009|title= Do Tomatoes Love Basil but Hate Brussels Sprouts? Competition and Land-Use Efficiency of Popularly Recommended and Discouraged Crop Mixtures in Biointensive Agriculture Systems|url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242533588_Do_Tomatoes_Love_Basil_but_Hate_Brussels_Sprouts_Competition_and_Land-Use_Efficiency_of_Popularly_Recommended_and_Discouraged_Crop_Mixtures_in_Biointensive_Agriculture_Systems|volume= 33|issue= 4|pages= 396–417|doi= 10.1080/10440040902835001|access-date= September 17, 2016|deadurl= no|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160918082117/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242533588_Do_Tomatoes_Love_Basil_but_Hate_Brussels_Sprouts_Competition_and_Land-Use_Efficiency_of_Popularly_Recommended_and_Discouraged_Crop_Mixtures_in_Biointensive_Agriculture_Systems|archivedate= 18 September 2016|df= dmy-all}} 18. ^{{citation|title=Yield, Pest Density, and Tomato Flavor Effects of Companion Planting in Garden-scale Studies Incorporating Tomato, Basil, and Brussels Sprout|last=Bomford|first=Michael|publisher=West Virginia University Libraries|date=May 2004}} 19. ^Garibaldi, A., Minuto, A., Minuto, G., Gullino, M.L., 2004. First Report of Downy Mildew on Basil (Ocimum basilicum) in Italy. Plant Disease 88, 312–312 20. ^Roberts, P.D., Raid, R.N., Harmon, P.F., Jordan, S.A., Palmateer, A.J., 2009. First Report of Downy Mildew Caused by a Peronospora sp. on Basil in Florida and the United States. Plant Disease 93, 199–199. 21. ^Wick, R.L., Brazee, N.J., 2009. First Report of Downy Mildew Caused by a Peronospora Species on Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum) in Massachusetts. Plant Disease 93, 318–318. 22. ^ Ceuppens, S., Delbeke, S., De Coninck, D., Boussemaere, J., Boon, N., & Uyttendaele, M. (2015). Characterization of the Bacterial Community Naturally Present on Commercially Grown Basil Leaves: Evaluation of Sample Preparation Prior to Culture-Independent Techniques. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(8), 10171–10197. http://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120810171 23. ^{{cite journal | last = | first = | authors = Dube S, Upadhhyay PD, Tripath SC | title = Antifungal, physicochemical, and insect-repelling activity of the essential oil of Ocimum basilicum | journal = Canadian Journal of Botany | year = 1989 | url = http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/pdf/10.1139/b89-264 | volume=67|pages=2085–2087}} 24. ^1 {{cite journal | last = Maurya | first = Prejwltta | authorlink = | title = Evaluation of the toxicity of different phytoextracts of Ocimum basilicum against Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus | journal = Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology | volume = 12 | issue = 2 | pages = 113–115 | publisher = | location = | year = 2009 | url = | issn = | doi = 10.1016/j.aspen.2009.02.004 | last2 = Sharma | first2 = Preeti | last3 = Mohan | first3 = Lalit | last4 = Batabyal | first4 = Lata | last5 = Srivastava | first5 = C.N.|display-authors=etal}} 25. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?redir_esc=y&id=fLxiMFPvAfUC&q=ayurveda#v=snippet&q=ayurveda&f=false|title=Basil: The Genus Ocimum|publisher=CRC Press|year=2003|isbn=9780203303771|pages=120–1|author=Hiltunen R, Holm Y|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012051750/https://books.google.ca/books?redir_esc=y&id=fLxiMFPvAfUC&q=ayurveda#v=snippet&q=ayurveda&f=false|archivedate=12 October 2016|df=dmy-all}} 26. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=wwLpDAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA27&dq=basil+medicinal+encyclopedia&ots=9O5jZItWJy&sig=ct1NYfHVakWIsSvEML3axf2sHTM#v=onepage&q=basil%20medicinal%20encyclopedia&f=false|title=Leafy Medicinal Herbs: Botany, Chemistry, Postharvest Technology and Uses|last=Ambrose|first=Dawn C. P.|last2=Manickavasagan|first2=Annamalai|last3=Naik|first3=Ravindra|date=2016-07-25|publisher=CABI|isbn=9781780645599|language=en|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421195720/https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=wwLpDAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA27&dq=basil+medicinal+encyclopedia&ots=9O5jZItWJy&sig=ct1NYfHVakWIsSvEML3axf2sHTM#v=onepage&q=basil%20medicinal%20encyclopedia&f=false|archivedate=21 April 2017|df=dmy-all}} 27. ^{{cite book|author1=Anstice Carroll|author2=Embree De Persiis Vona|author3=Gianna De Persiis Vona|title=The Dictionary of Wholesome Foods: A Passionate A-to-Z Guide to the Earth's Healthy Offerings, with More Than 140 Delicious, Nutritious Recipes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RNZGgvsspMUC&pg=PA16|accessdate=2 August 2013|year=2006|publisher=Da Capo Press|isbn=978-1-56924-395-4|pages=16–|quote=The name "basil" comes from the Greek word for "king" — so greatly did the Greeks esteem this king of herbs. Herbe royale, the French respectfully call it. In Italy basil serves the goddess Love; a sprig of it worn by a suitor bespeaks his loving ...|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012212928/http://books.google.com/books?id=RNZGgvsspMUC&pg=PA16|archivedate=12 October 2013|df=dmy-all}} 28. ^{{cite book|author=Tova Navarra|title=The Encyclopedia of Vitamins, Minerals, and Supplements|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=upI55jwytpQC&pg=PA25|accessdate=2 August 2013|date=1 January 2004|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-2103-1|pages=25–|quote=There is varied folklore pertaining to basil. To the French, basil is the herbe royale (royal herb); Jewish lore holds that basil offers strength during fasting. To the Italians, basil symbolizes love, and to the Greeks, hate, although the Greek word ...|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012221303/http://books.google.com/books?id=upI55jwytpQC&pg=PA25|archivedate=12 October 2013|df=dmy-all}} 29. ^{{cite book|author=Nancy Arrowsmith|title=Essential Herbal Wisdom: A Complete Exploration of 50 Remarkable Herbs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V4TjKPRhY90C&pg=PT105|accessdate=2 August 2013|year=2009|publisher=Llewellyn Worldwide|isbn=978-0-7387-1488-2|pages=105–|quote=During one of their talks, Satan told God to pick a bunch of basil flowers, lay them under his pillow, and sleep on them overnight. In the morning, God should take them to a virgin, have her smell them, and she would conceive. This one time ...|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012210507/http://books.google.com/books?id=V4TjKPRhY90C&pg=PT105|archivedate=12 October 2013|df=dmy-all}} 30. ^{{cite web| authorlink =| contribution =| year =| title =Blessing of the Waters known as Agiasmos conducted by a Greek Orthodox priest| volume =| pages =| location =| publisher =| id =| url =http://www.completely-crete.com/blessing-of-the-waters.html| accessdate =2012-09-10| deadurl =no| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20120307021718/http://www.completely-crete.com/blessing-of-the-waters.html| archivedate =7 March 2012| df =dmy-all}} 31. ^{{cite book|author=Mercia MacDermott|title=Bulgarian Folk Customs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gh4IE6toGJMC&pg=PA114|accessdate=2 August 2013|year=1998|publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers|isbn=978-1-85302-485-6|pages=114–|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012213012/http://books.google.com/books?id=gh4IE6toGJMC&pg=PA114|archivedate=12 October 2013|df=dmy-all}} 32. ^{{cite book|author=Amy Felder, CEPC|title=Savory Sweets: From Ingredients to Plated Desserts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_kl2UTnyN5kC&pg=PA92|accessdate=2 August 2013|date=7 March 2007|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-07968-3|pages=92–|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012210916/http://books.google.com/books?id=_kl2UTnyN5kC&pg=PA92|archivedate=12 October 2013|df=dmy-all}} 33. ^{{cite book|author=Lucy Bregman|title=Religion, Death, and Dying|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IvS11snZnQ0C&pg=PA136|accessdate=2 August 2013|year=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-35180-8|pages=136–|quote=A basil-like tulsi leaf, which is considered to be a holy plant, may be placed in the mouth as well.|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012213301/http://books.google.com/books?id=IvS11snZnQ0C&pg=PA136|archivedate=12 October 2013|df=dmy-all}} 34. ^{{cite book|author=Robin Nelson-Shellenbarger|title=Family Herbal Wellness|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kS1kIC1IhcC&pg=PT38|accessdate=2 August 2013|date=25 February 2013|publisher=Booktango|isbn=978-1-4689-2481-7|pages=38–|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012221317/http://books.google.com/books?id=8kS1kIC1IhcC&pg=PT38|archivedate=12 October 2013|df=dmy-all}} 35. ^{{cite journal | last = Copetta | first = Andrea | authorlink = | title = Effects of three AM fungi on growth, distribution of glandular hairs, and essential oil production in Ocimum basilicum L. var. Genovese | journal = Mycorrhiza | volume = 16 | issue = 7 | pages = 485–494 | publisher = | location = | year = 2006 | url = | issn = | doi = 10.1007/s00572-006-0065-6 | id = | pmid = 16896796 | last2 = Lingua | first2 = G | last3 = Berta | first3 = G|display-authors=etal}} 36. ^{{cite web | authorlink = | title = Three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi differently affect growth, distribution of glandular trichomes and essential oil composition in Ocimum basilicum var. genovese | work = | publisher = | date = | url = http://www.actahort.org/books/723/723_16.htm | doi = | accessdate = 3 July 2009 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090601193820/http://www.actahort.org/books/723/723_16.htm| archivedate= 1 June 2009 | deadurl= no|display-authors=etal}} External links{{Commons|Ocimum basilicum|Basil}}
9 : Articles containing video clips|Flora of Asia|Flora of New Guinea|Herbs|Indian spices|Insect repellents|Medicinal plants of Asia|Ocimum|Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus |
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