| 词条 | Biafran Armed Forces | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| unit_name = Biafran Armed Forces | image = Flag of Biafra.svg | image_size = 180px | caption = | dates = 1967-1970 | country = Biafra | allegiance = | type = Armed forces | role = Defence | size = | command_structure = | garrison = none | garrison_label = | nickname = | patron = | motto = | colors = | colors_label = | march = | mascot = | equipment = | equipment_label = | battles = Nigerian Civil War | anniversaries = | commander1 = Jan Zumbach | commander1_label = Air Force Commander | commander2 = Rolf Steiner | commander2_label = Army Commander | commander3 = William A. Anuku | commander3_label = Navy Commander | commander4 = | commander4_label = | identification_symbol = | identification_symbol_label = | identification_symbol_2 = | identification_symbol_2_label = Roundel | aircraft_attack = | aircraft_bomber = | aircraft_electronic = | aircraft_fighter = | aircraft_helicopter = | aircraft_helicopter_cargo = | aircraft_helicopter_multirole = | aircraft_helicopter_observation = | aircraft_helicopter_utility = | aircraft_interceptor = | aircraft_patrol = | aircraft_recon = | aircraft_trainer = | aircraft_transport = | aircraft_helicopter_transport = }} The Biafran Armed Forces (BAF) were the military of the secessionist state of Biafra which existed from 1967 until 1970.{{sfn|Jowett|2016}} HistoryAt the beginning of the Nigerian Civil War, Biafra had 3,000 soldiers. This number grew as the war progressed, ultimately reaching 30,000.[1] No official support for the Biafran Army came from any other nation, although arms were clandestinely acquired. Because of this, the Biafrans manufactured many of their weapons locally. Some Europeans served the Biafran cause: German born Rolf Steiner was a lieutenant colonel assigned to the 4th Commando Brigade, and Welshman Taffy Williams served as a Major throughout the conflict.[2] A special guerrilla unit, the Biafran Organization of Freedom Fighters, was established: designed to emulate the Viet Cong, they targeted Nigerian supply lines, forcing them to shift resources to internal security efforts.{{sfn|Jowett|2016|p=16}} ArmyAt the peak of Biafran military power, the Biafran Army was made of 5 divisions; numbered 11th, 12th, 13th (later renumbered 15th), 14th and 101st. It also had 2 separate brigades, the S Brigade, a Pretorian guard for General Ojukwu{{sfn|Jowett|2016|p=13}}, and the 4th Commando Brigade (trained and commanded by mercenaries){{sfn|Jowett|2016|p=15}}. Air wingThe Biafrans set up a small, yet effective air force. Biafran Air Force commanders were Chude Sokey and later Godwin Ezeilo, who had trained with the Royal Canadian Air Force.[3] Its early inventory included two B-25 Mitchells, two B-26 Invaders, (one piloted by Polish World War II ace Jan Zumbach, known also as John Brown)[4], a converted DC-3 and one Dove. In 1968, Swedish pilot Carl Gustaf von Rosen suggested the MiniCOIN project to General Ojukwu. By early 1969, Biafra had assembled five MFI-9Bs in Gabon, calling them "Biafra Babies". They were coloured green, were able to carry six 68 mm anti-armour rockets under each wing using simple sights. The six planes were flown by three Swedish pilots and three Biafran pilots. In September 1969, Biafra acquired four ex-Armee de l'Air North American T-6Gs, which were flown to Biafra the following month, with another T-6 lost on the ferry flight. These aircraft flew missions until January 1970 manned by Portuguese ex-military pilots. During the war, Biafra tried to acquire jets. Two Fouga Magister and several Gloster Meteor were bought but never arrived to Biafra, being abandoned on foreign African airbases.{{sfn|Jowett|2016|p=19}}
NavyBiafra had a small improvised navy, but it never gained the success of the air force. It was headquartered in Kidney Island, Port Harcourt, and was commanded by Winifred Anuku. The Biafran Navy was made up of captured craft, converted tugs, and armored civilian vessels armed with machine guns, or captured 6-pounder guns. It mainly operated in the Niger Delta and along the Niger River.{{sfn|Jowett|2016|p=17}}
Weapons and equipment used by Army and militias
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.canit.se/~griffon/aviation/text/biafra.htm|title=Operation Biafra Babies|accessdate=19 August 2008}} 2. ^"The Last Adventurer" by Steiner, Rolf (Boston:, Little, Brown 1978) 3. ^Air Enthusiast No. 65 September–October 1996 pp 40–47 article by Vidal, Joao M. Texans in Biafra T-6Gs in use in the Nigerian Civil War 4. ^{{cite web|title=The Douglas A/B-26 Invader - Biafran Invaders|url=http://vectaris.net/id307.html|author=Michael Robson|publisher=Vectaris.net|accessdate=2013-02-15|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509094109/http://vectaris.net/id307.html|archivedate=9 May 2013|df=dmy-all}} 5. ^{{Colledge|p=219}} 6. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite web|url=http://www.marinavasca.eu/en/ficha-otras-marinas-auxiliares.php?id=49&o=|title= Biafra Navy, 1967-70|website=www.marinavasca.eu|language=en|access-date=2018-05-13}} 7. ^{{cite magazine|title=The military rifle cartridges of Nigeria.|last=Scarlata|first= Paul|magazine=Shotgun News|date=October 2012|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+military+rifle+cartridges+of+Nigeria.-a0305084139}} 8. ^Chinese-made weapons may have come from Zambia or Tanzania {{harv|Jowett|2016|p=23}} Bibliography
2 : Disbanded armed forces|Biafra |
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