| 词条 | Black radish |
| 释义 |
| name = Black radish | image = Rettichschwarzrund.jpg | image_upright = | image_caption = Black radish, round variety | regnum = Plantae | unranked_divisio = Angiosperms | unranked_classis = Eudicots | unranked_ordo = Rosids | ordo = Brassicales | familia = Brassicaceae | genus = Raphanus | species = R. raphanistrum | binomial = Raphanus sativus var. niger (L.) J. Kern | subspecies = R. raphanistrum subsp. sativus }} The black radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. niger J. Kern) [1] is a root vegetable of the Brassicaceae family and is a variety of winter radish. It is also called Black Spanish radish or Erfurter radish. The edible root has a tough black skin and white flesh. There are round and elongated varieties. Like other radishes, black radish has a sharp flavor due to various chemical compounds that the plant primarily uses as pest defense. Some of these phytochemicals are produced in high concentrations. HistoryThe domestication and early history of radishes is not completely solved. Black radish likely originated from Raphanus maritimus while spring radish varieties originated from Raphanus landra.[2] Cultivation can be traced back to Ancient Egypt, where illustrations in tombs show extensive use of a long variety of radish.[3] The region of today’s Syria is likely the geographical origin of black radish.[2] It was first mentioned in Europe in 1548.[4] At that time, it was one of the most common radish varieties. It lost its importance with the introduction of new radish-varieties but was still widely cultivated until the early 20th century.[2] In the second half of the 20th century it had to give way to spring radish varieties and got "forgotten" in European cuisine.[5] It is now considered an “old variety” and enjoys renewed popularity as health-food through mentions in lifestyle and food blogs and magazines.[6][7] DescriptionBlack radish is an annual plant whose root is encased in a black or dull brown skin and with a white flesh.[8] Generally, black radish is bigger than spring radish varieties and grows around seven to ten centimeters in diameter or length. The plants can grow up to a height of {{convert|0.5|m|in|abbr=on}}.[9] Depending on the variety, the radishes are round, cylindrical or elongated.[10] CultivationBlack radish takes 35 days to 55 days or longer to mature.[11] It can be sown in mid summer to autumn, depending on the climate and be harvested in autumn or winter.[11][12] Too high temperatures during growth should be avoided because the radishes get woody and spongy at such a climate.[13] Sowing can happen directly in the field or indoors and the plants can later be transferred to the field. The plants should be spaced {{convert|5-10|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} to each other or even more, if bigger radishes are desired. The seeds should be sown in a depth of {{convert|0.6-1.2|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}}.[11] Black radish requires a well-drained, loamy, soil with a pH of 5.9 to 6.8. The plants should get around six to eight hours of sun.[14] Harvest should take place once the top portion is poking above the soil.[14] Known pests are cabbage root maggots, cutworms and flea beetles.[13] For storage the mature plants can be kept in the ground if temperatures are low.[13] The radish can also be kept for months in a root cellar[11] or be stored the fridge for up to three weeks at {{convert|0-5|C|F}}.[14] UsesUse as foodBlack radish can be eaten raw as salad or cooked in soups or stews. As long as the black skin seems fresh and does not smell moldy, it can be consumed as well. The strong taste of the root can be reduced by adding salt to the raw root.[15] Traditional medicinal useIn folk medicine black radish juice has many different uses. It has been used since antiquity for its purported stimulation of bile function.[16] Black radish has been used for many centuries in some regions of Asia, Africa, and Mexico.[17] Black radish juice contains glucosinolates.[17] Glucoraphasatin and glucorapanin are the most abundant. Consequently, black radish has been studied for its potential use in the prevention of cholesterol gallstones.[17] References1. ^{{cite web |title=Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN-Taxonomy), USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?319665 |website=npgsweb.ars-grin.gov |accessdate=18 November 2018 |location=National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland |date=2018}} 2. ^1 2 {{cite journal |last1=Wein |first1=Kurt |title=Die Geschichte des Rettichs und des Radieschens |journal=Die Kulturpflanze |volume=12 |date=1964 |pages=31–74 |language=de|doi=10.1007/BF02095781 }} 3. ^{{cite book |last1=Alcock |first1=Joan P. |title=Food in the Ancient World |date=2006 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=9780313330032 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=5eZOITEqDkQC&pg=PR9&dq=Food+in+the+ancient+world#v=onepage&q=Food%20in%20the%20ancient%20world&f=false |language=en}} 4. ^{{cite book |last1=Aiton |first1=William Townsend |title=Hortus Kewensis; Or, A Catalogue of the Plants Cultivated in the Royal Botanic Garden at Kew |date=1814 |publisher=Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown |url=https://books.google.com/?id=CxcAAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA3&dq=Hortus+Kewensis%3B+Or,+A+Catalogue+of+the+Plants+Cultivated+in+the+Royal#v=onepage&q=Hortus%20Kewensis%3B%20Or%2C%20A%20Catalogue%20of%20the%20Plants%20Cultivated%20in%20the%20Royal&f=false |language=en}} 5. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.relaischateaux.com/us/magazine/taste-of/savour/forgotten-vegetables-the-black-radish?_locale=de|title=Forgotten vegetables : the black radish - Le magazine de Relais & Châteaux|access-date=2018-11-26|language=en-US}} 6. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.srf.ch/sendungen/puls/lifestyle/schwarzer-rettich-scharf-und-gesund|title=Lifestyle - Schwarzer Rettich – Scharf und gesund|date=2015-01-13|website=Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen (SRF)|language=de|access-date=2018-11-26}} 7. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.fromthegrapevine.com/israeli-kitchen/there-are-many-ways-slice-and-enjoy-black-radish|title=What is a black radish? A primer on how to eat this tasty root vegetable|website=From the Grapevine|language=en|access-date=2018-11-26}} 8. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.nature-and-garden.com/gardening/black-radish.html|title=Black radish, the winter radish|last=|first=|date=2018-07-23|website=Nature & Garden|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-11-18}} 9. ^{{Cite web|url=https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Raphanus+sativus+niger|title=Raphanus sativus niger - J.Kern.|last=|first=|date=|website=Plants For A Future|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-11-18}} 10. ^Bundessortenamt, Beschreibende Sortenliste, 2001, S. 46, https://www.bundessortenamt.de/internet30/fileadmin/Files/PDF/bsl_wurzelgemuese_2001.pdf 11. ^1 2 3 {{Cite web|url=https://www.diynetwork.com/how-to/outdoors/gardening/growing-black-radishes|title=Growing Black Radishes|last=|first=|date=|website=DIY Network|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-11-18}} 12. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/radish/gowing-black-radish-plants.htm|title=Black Radish Info: Learn How To Grow Black Radish Plants|last=|first=|date=|website=Gardening know how|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-11-18}} 13. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=https://www.quickcrop.ie/learning/plant/radish-winter-black-spanish|title=How to Grow Radish Black Spanish|last=|first=|date=|website=Quickcrop|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-11-18}} 14. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=https://mantis.com/black-radish/|title=Black Radish: Tips on Growing & Harvesting|last=|first=|date=2016-08-31|website=Mantis|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-11-18}} 15. ^{{Cite book|title=Edible medicinal and non medicinal plants. Volume 9, Modified stems, roots, bulbs|last=Kwee|first=Lim, Tong|isbn=9789401795111|location=Dordrecht|oclc=897810272|date = 2014-12-03}} 16. ^{{Cite journal|last=Lugasi|first=Andrea|last2=Blázovics|first2=Anna|last3=Hagymási|first3=Krisztina|last4=Kocsis|first4=Ibolya|last5=Kéry|first5=Ágnes|date=2005|title=Antioxidant effect of squeezed juice from black radish (Raphanus sativus L.var niger) in alimentary hyperlipidaemia in rats|journal=Phytotherapy Research|language=en|volume=19|issue=7|pages=587–591|doi=10.1002/ptr.1655|pmid=16161062|issn=0951-418X}} 17. ^1 2 {{Cite journal|last=Castro-Torres|first=Ibrahim Guillermo|last2=De la O-Arciniega|first2=Minarda|last3=Gallegos-Estudillo|first3=Janeth|last4=Naranjo-Rodríguez|first4=Elia Brosla|last5=Domínguez-Ortíz|first5=Miguel Ángel|date=2013-03-15|title=Raphanus sativusL.var nigeras a source of Phytochemicals for the Prevention of Cholesterol Gallstones|journal=Phytotherapy Research|language=en|volume=28|issue=2|pages=167–171|doi=10.1002/ptr.4964|pmid=23495001|issn=0951-418X}} 2 : Radishes|Food plant cultivars |
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