| 词条 | Bleeding shiner |
| 释义 |
| name = Bleeding shiner | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | image = Bleeding Shiner.jpg | taxon = Luxilus zonatus | authority = (Putnam, 1863) | synonyms = Notropis zonatus }} The bleeding shiner (Luxilus zonatus) is a freshwater ray-finned minnow in the family Cyprinidae, which includes carps and minnows. It occurs in tributaries of Ozark-draining tributaries of the Missouri, and Mississippi rivers in southern Missouri and northeastern Arkansas. Its preferred habitat is rocky and sandy pools and runs of headwaters, creeks and small rivers.[2] Taxonomy{{Empty section|date=November 2018}}DescriptionThe bleeding shiner has an olive brown back with a broad dark stripe along its midline. It has metallic sides and has two black stripes that are separated with a golden stripe. One of these black strips extends to the tip of the snout, while another less obvious black stripe parallels it. The gill opening has a crescent-bar shape and the fish has a silvery white underside. Breeding males have bright red markings on their head, body, and fins, and the rest of their markings appear darker. The bleeding shiner has a average total length of about 4 in (10 cm) and has a maximum total length of 4.75 in (12 cm).[3] Distribution and habitatThe bleeding shiner occurs in many rivers of the Ozark Plateau, including the St. Francis, Black, Little, Meramec, Osage, Big Piney, and Gasconade Rivers.[4] Bleeding shiners prefer clear, gravel-bottomed streams and rivers. They have (very rarely) been found in streams with beds of mud, however.[5] DietThe bleeding shiner feeds upon insects and small invertebrates that can be found upon the water's surface or that are being carried by the current. It is thought that the bleeding shiner searches for food primarily by sight because of its large eyes.[3] BehaviorsReproductionSpawning usually occurs over gravel nests and pits that have been made by other fish, namely those of other minnows. Anywhere from a few to a hundred gather in these locations while spawning.[3][6] Life historyBleeding shiners rarely live through three summers.[3] Human interest{{Empty section|date=November 2018}}ConservationTrends over the last three generations (10 years) of indicates that the population may be slowly declined. This is uncertain, however. It is abundant throughout its range.[7] Bleeding shiners have been known to invade some areas, such as the Clear Creek system.[8] References1. ^NatureServe. 2013. Luxilus zonatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T202140A18232045. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T202140A18232045.en. Downloaded on 26 November 2017. {{Taxonbar|from=Q5573529}}2. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.fishbase.se/summary/Luxilus-zonatus.html | title = Bleeding shiner Luxilus zonatus Putnam, 1863 | accessdate = 19 November 2017 | publisher = Fishbase | editor1 = Rainer Froese | editor2 = Daniel Pauly | year = 2017}} 3. ^1 2 3 {{Cite news|url=https://nature.mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/bleeding-shiner|title=Bleeding Shiner|work=MDC Discover Nature|access-date=2018-11-24|language=en}} 4. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UB0vJ7ssqDUC|title=American Aquarium Fishes|last=Goldstein|first=Robert Jay|last2=Harper|first2=Rodney W.|last3=Edwards|first3=Richard|date=2000|publisher=Texas A&M University Press|isbn=9780890968802|language=en}} 5. ^{{Cite journal|last=Hiland|first=Tim M.|last2=Poly|first2=William J.|date=2000|title=The Bleeding Shiner, Luxilus zonatus, in Illinois (Cyprinidae)|url=https://www.calacademy.org/sites/default/files/assets/ibss/departments/ichthyology/hilandpoly_2000_tisas.pdf|journal=Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science|volume=93|pages=145–146|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124040307/https://www.calacademy.org/sites/default/files/assets/ibss/departments/ichthyology/hilandpoly_2000_tisas.pdf|archive-date=2018-11-24|via=}} 6. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.nanfa.org/articles/acbleedingdusky.shtml|title=Bleeding and Duskystripe Shiners (Notropis zonatus and N. pilsbryi)|last=Hall|first=David L.|date=October 1986|website=North American Native Fishes Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124034014/http://www.nanfa.org/articles/acbleedingdusky.shtml|archive-date=2018-11-24|dead-url=|access-date=2018-11-23}} 7. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/202140/18232045|title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|access-date=2018-11-24}} 8. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.fws.gov/midwest/fisheries/fishlines-2014-10-23/feature5.html|title=Carterville FWCO Leads Field Sampling with Future Biologists|last=Stewart|first=Jeff|date=October 23, 2014|website=U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124035823/https://www.fws.gov/midwest/fisheries/fishlines-2014-10-23/feature5.html|archive-date=2018-11-24|dead-url=|access-date=2018-11-23}} 4 : Luxilus|Freshwater fish of the United States|Fish described in 1863|Freshwater fish of North America |
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