1. Volcanology

2. History

3. Important bird area

4. Access

5. See also

6. Notes

7. References

8. External links

Whakaari / White Island is an active andesite stratovolcano, situated {{convert|48|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the east coast of the North Island of New Zealand, in the Bay of Plenty. It is New Zealand's most active cone volcano, and has been built up by continuous volcanic activity over the past 150,000 years.^[1] The nearest mainland towns are Whakatane and Tauranga. White Island has been in a nearly continuous stage of releasing volcanic gas at least since it was discovered by James Cook in 1769.

The island is roughly circular, about {{convert|2|km|mi|abbr=on}} in diameter, and rises to a height of {{convert|321|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} above sea level. It covers an area of approximately {{Cvt|325|ha|}}.^[2] The exposed island is only the peak of a much larger submarine mountain, which rises up to {{convert|1600|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} above the nearby seafloor. Sulphur mining was attempted but was abandoned in 1914 after a lahar killed all of the site's workers.^[2] The main activities on the island now are guided tours and scientific research.

Volcanology

Whakaari is part of the Taupo Volcanic Zone. Itss eruptions have produced both lava flows and explosive eruptions of ash. Its frequent activity and easy access attract scientists and volcanologists as well as many tourists.

Volcanologists from the GeoNet Project continually monitor the volcano's activity via surveillance cameras. Survey pegs, magnetometers and seismograph equipment for early earthquake warnings via radio have also been installed on the crater walls. The island is usually on an alert level rating of 1 or 2 on a scale of 0 to 5. This volcano is monitored by the Deep Earth Carbon Degassing Project. At most times the volcanic activity is limited to steaming fumaroles and boiling mud.

In March 2000, three small vents appeared in the main crater and began belching ash which covered the island in fine grey powder. An eruption on 27 July 2000 blanketed the island with mud and scoria and a new crater appeared. Major eruptions in 1981–83 altered much of the island's landscape and destroyed the extensive pōhutukawa forest. The large crater created at that time now contains a lake, whose level varies substantially.

Between July and August 2012 White Island showed signs of increased activity with lake and gas levels rising from inside the crater. On 5 August 2012 a minor eruption occurred,^[3] sending ash into the air. More eruptions have followed since.^[4]

Continued volcanic activity and tremors on 25 January 2013 suggested another eruption was imminent.^[5] A small eruption occurred on 20 August 2013 at 10.23am, lasting for 10 minutes and producing mostly steam. According to The New Zealand Herald newspaper, "Civil Defence will monitor White Island (Whakari) following a small eruption which could be part of a sequence leading to a bigger event."^[6]

History

The full Māori name for the island is 'Te Puia o Whakaari', meaning 'The Dramatic Volcano.' It was named 'White Island' by Captain Cook on 1 October 1769, possibly due to the white steam emanating from it; alternatively he may have been referencing the guano deposits that once covered the island.^[2] Although Cook went close to the island he did not record that it was a volcano.{{Citation needed|date=October 2017}}

Attempts were made in the mid-1880s, 1898–1901 and 1913–1914 to mine sulphur from White Island, with the island at first being owned by John Wilson.^[7] The mining came to a halt in September 1914, when part of the western crater rim collapsed, creating a lahar which killed all 10 workers.^[8] They disappeared without trace, and only a camp cat survived. It was found some days afterwards by the resupply ship, and dubbed "Peter the Great".^[9][10]

Some years later in 1923, mining was again attempted, but learning from the 1914 disaster, the miners built their huts on a flat part of the island near a gannet colony. Each day they would lower their boat into the sea from a gantry, and row around to the mining factory wharf in Crater Bay. If the sea was rough they had to clamber around the rocks on a very narrow track on the crater's edge.

Before the days of antibiotics, sulphur was used in medicines as an antibacterial agent, in the making of match-heads, and for sterilising wine corks. The miner's diggings were handled in small rail trucks to the crushing and bagging process in the factory built on the island. Unfortunately, there was not enough sulphur at Whakaari and so the ground-up rock was used as a component of agricultural fertiliser. Eventually the mining ended in the 1930s because of the poor mineral content in the fertiliser. The remains of the buildings can still be seen, much corroded by the sulphuric gases.

Important bird area

The island has been identified as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International because of its breeding colony of about 3000 pairs of Australasian gannets.^[11]

Access

White Island is privately owned. It was declared a private scenic reserve,^[12] in 1953,^[13][14] and is subject to the provision of the Reserves Act 1977.^[15] Visitors cannot land without permission. However, it is easily accessible by authorised tourist operators.^[12]

The waters surrounding White Island are well known for their fishing. Yellowtail kingfish abound all year round, and there is deep water fishing for hapuka and bluenose (a type of warehou) in the winter and blue, black and striped marlin and yellowfin tuna in the summer. A small charter fleet offering day trips and overnight or longer trips operates from the nearby port at Whakatane.

See also

• List of islands of New Zealand
• List of volcanoes in New Zealand
• Volcanology of New Zealand

Notes

References

• {{cite gvp

• Volcanic Hazards at White Island
• Volcano World: White Island

External links

• [https://www.geonet.org.nz/volcano/cameras White Island crater volcano camera]
• Whakaari Trust

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