| 释义 |
- Etymology
- Description Lithologies Stratigraphy and depositional environment
- Outcrops
- See also
- References Bibliography Maps
- External links
{{Infobox rockunit
| name = Bogotá Formation
| period = Eocene
| age = Late Paleocene-Early Eocene (Peligran-Casamayoran)
{{fossil range|61.66|52.5}}
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| type = Geological formation
| prilithology = Mudstone, shale, siltstone
| otherlithology = Sandstone
| unitof =
| subunits =
| underlies = Regadera Formation
| overlies = Cacho Formation
| thickness = {{convert|169|-|1415|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| area =
| map = Blakey 050Ma - COL.jpg
| map_caption = Paleogeography of Northern South America
50 Ma, {{small|by Ron Blakey}}
| location
| coordinates = {{coord|4|29|18.4|N|74|08|08.5|W|display=inline,title}}
| region = Bogotá savanna & Eastern Hills,
Altiplano Cundiboyacense
Eastern Ranges, Andes
| country = {{COL}}
| extent =
| namedfor = Bogotá
| namedby = Hettner
| year_ts = 1892
| location_ts = Ciudad Bolívar, Bogotá
| coordinates_ts = {{coord|4|29|18.4|N|74|08|08.5|W|display=inline}}
| paleocoordinates_ts = {{coord|2.1|N|62.4|W|display=inline}}
| region_ts = Cundinamarca
| country_ts = {{COL}}
| thickness_ts =
}}The Bogotá Formation ({{lang-es|Formación Bogotá}}, E1-2b, Tpb, Pgb) is a geological formation of the Eastern Hills and Bogotá savanna on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The predominantly shale and siltstone formation, with sandstone beds intercalated, dates to the Paleogene period; Upper Paleocene to Lower Eocene epochs, with an age range of 61.66 to 52.5 Ma, spanning the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum. The thickness of the Bogotá Formation ranges from {{convert|169|m|ft}} near Tunja to {{convert|1415|m|ft}} near Bogotá. Fossils of the ungulate Etayoa bacatensis have been found in the Bogotá Formation, as well as numerous reptiles, unnamed as of 2017. Etymology The formation was first described by Hettner in 1892,[1] then by Hubach in 1931, 1945 and 1957, and named in 1963 by Julivert after the Colombian capital Bogotá and its savanna.[2] Description Lithologies The Bogotá Formation consists mainly of grayish-red, locally purplish, commonly greenish-gray, generally poorly stratified mudstone and silty claystone. Lithic arenite sandstone lenses, ranging from fine- to medium-grained, generally friable and variegated, are local constituents. Carbonaceous material is present as thin beds of low-grade argillaceous coal, north of Bogotá.[3][4] Fossil remains of Etaoya bacatensis, named after Colombian geologist Fernando Etayo and the indigenous name for the Bogotá savanna, Bacatá,[5] have been found in Ciudad Bolívar, close to the type locality of the Bogotá Formation.[6][7] Additionally, macroflora of Palaeophytocrene hammenii, named after Dutch botanist Thomas van der Hammen,[8] and pollen of Foveotriletes margaritae, Proxapertites operculatus and Foveotricolpites perforatus have been found, used for dating the formation.[1] Other pollen and flora, as Ulmoideipites krempii, Carpolithus, Anemocardium margaritae, and Hickeycarpum peltatum have been found in the Bogotá Formation.[9] The abundant paleosols of the Bogotá Formation show an increase in chemical weathering across the Paleocene-Eocene (P-E) transition; the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum.[10] Later analysis has found several other species, such as pleuorodire turtles, found at the Doña Juana dump,[11] dyrosaurid mesoeucrocodylians, boid snakes, dipnoan fishes, frogs, lizards, sebecid crocodyliforms and 11 fossils of mammals.[12] The find of a derived snake in the Lower Eocene section of the formation represents the oldest New World record.[13] The finds of iguanians, including the fossil record of hoplocercines, and boine, caenophidian, and ungaliophiine snakes, indicate a tropical forest environment, present just before the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO).[14] The faunal distribution has been correlated to the Carodnia-, Amphidolops-, and Wainka-bearing Peñas Coloradas Formation of the Golfo San Jorge Basin in Patagonia, Argentina.[15] Stratigraphy and depositional environment The Bogotá Formation, with a thickness of {{convert|169|m|ft}} close to Tunja to {{convert|1415|m|ft}} near Bogotá,[16][17] overlies the Cacho Formation and is overlain by the Regadera Formation. The age has been estimated to be Late Paleocene to Early Eocene.[18] The middle part of the succession has been dated using detrital zircons at 56.2 ± 1.6 Ma.[3][19] The spread of ages based on zircons has been reported from 60.96 ± 0.7 to 53.6 ± 1.1 Ma.[20] The Bogotá Formation is laterally equivalent with the shales of the Socha Formation, the San Fernando Formation, the El Limbo Formation,[18] Los Cuervos Formation,[21] and the fossil-rich Cerrejón Formation of La Guajira.[12] Outcrops {{Location map | Bogotá savanna
| width = 250
| lat_deg = 4.488459
| lon_deg = -74.135694
| label =
| float = left
| position = right
| mark = Orange pog.svg
| marksize = 12
| caption = Type locality of the Bogotá Formation in the south of the Bogotá savanna
}}The Bogotá Formation is apart from its type locality, found in the synclinals of the Río Frío, Checua-Lenguazaque, Sesquilé, Sisga, Subachoque,[22] around Lake Suesca, in the Tenza Valley, and in the synclinals of Teusacá and Usme.[2][23][24] In the Usme Synclinal, the formation has a thickness of {{convert|436.5|m|ft}}.[25] The campus of the Universidad La Javeriana has the Bogotá Formation as solid basement rock.[26] The Bogotá Formation forms the footwall of the eastward compressional Chicamocha Fault,[22] and the footwall of the westward thrusting Bogotá Fault.[23] {{clearboth}} See also {{portal|Colombia|Geology|Paleogene|Prehistory of South America}}{{icon|FAC}} Geology of the Eastern Hills {{icon|B}} Geology of the Ocetá Páramo {{icon|C}} Geology of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense {{clearboth}} References 1. ^1 Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.59
2. ^1 Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.57
3. ^1 Bayona et al., 2010, p.5
4. ^McLaughlin, 1970, p.15
5. ^Villarroel, 1987, p.242
6. ^Etayoa bacatensis at fossilworks.org
7. ^{{Paleodb|taxon|263002|Etayoa bacatensis}}
8. ^Stull et al., 2012
9. ^Herrera et al., 2014, pp.204-209
10. ^Morón et al., 2013
11. ^Cadena, 2014, p.334
12. ^1 Bloch et al., 2008
13. ^Head et al., 2011
14. ^Head et al., 2012
15. ^Woodburne et al., 2014, p.60
16. ^Bayona et al., 2013, p.8
17. ^Guerrero Uscátegui, 1992, p.5
18. ^1 Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.60
19. ^Bayona et al., 2012, p.104
20. ^Bayona et al., 2012, p.103
21. ^[https://www.geosociety.org/datarepository/2008/2008078.pdf Figures Bayona et al.]
22. ^1 Plancha 227, 1998
23. ^1 Plancha 246, 1998
24. ^Geological Map Bogotá, 1997
25. ^Bayona et al., 2010, p.10
26. ^García & Alfaro, 2001, p.5
Bibliography - {{cite LSA |last=Acosta Garay |first=Jorge E. |last2=Ulloa Melo |first2=Carlos E. |year=2002 |title=Mapa Geológico del Departamento de Cundinamarca - 1:250,000 - Memoria explicativa |url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/ca3411dab87400d504f8461f0256772a?AccessKeyId=75F883B260454DDA3D4B&disposition=0&alloworigin=1 |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1-108 |accessdate=2017-03-29}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Bayona |first=Germán |last2=Montenegro |first2=Omar |last3=Cardona |first3=Agustín |last4=Jaramillo |first4=Carlos |last5=Lamus |first5=Felipe |last6=Morón |first6=Sara |last7=Quiroz |first7=Luiz |last8=Ruíz |first8=María C. |last9=Valencia & Mauricio Parra |first9=Victor |year=2010 |title=Estratigrafía, procedencia, subsidencia y exhumación de las unidades paleógenas en el Sinclinal de Usme, sur de la zona axial de la Cordillera Oriental - Stratigraphy, provenance, subsidence and exhumation of the Paleogene succession in the Usme Syncline, southern axial zone of the Eastern Cordillera |url=http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/24001/1/21100-118170-1-PB.pdf |journal=Geología Colombiana |volume=35 |pages=5-35 |accessdate=2017-03-29}}
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- {{cite LSA |last=Bayona |first=Germán |last2=Cardona |first2=Agustín |last3=Jaramillo |first3=Carlos |last4=Mora |first4=Andrés |last5=Montes |first5=Camilo |last6=Valencia |first6=Victor |last7=Ayala |first7=Carolina |last8=Montenegro |first8=Omar |last9=Ibañez Mejía |first9=Mauricio |year=2012 |title=Early Paleogene magmatism in the northern Andes: Insights on the effects of Oceanic Plateau–continent convergence |url=http://wwwprof.uniandes.edu.co/~cmontes/CamiloMontes/Publications_files/Bayona_etal_2012_Paleocene_magmatic_arc.pdf |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=331-332 |pages=97-111 |accessdate=2017-03-29}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Bloch |first=Jonathan Ivan |last2=Cadena |first2=Edwin |last3=Hastings |first3=Alexander |last4=Rincón |first4=Aldo F. |last5=Jaramillo |first5=Carlos |year=2008 |title=Vertebrate faunas from the Paleocene Bogotá Formation of northern Colombia (Abstract) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267637673_VERTEBRATE_FAUNAS_FROM_THE_PALEOCENE_BOGOTA_FORMATION_OF_NORTHERN_COLOMBIA |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, 68th Annual Meeting |pages=_ |accessdate=2017-03-29}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Cadena |first=Edwin A |year=2014 |title=The fossil record of turtles in Colombia; a review of the discoveries, research and future challenges |url=http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/abc/v19n3/v19n3a01.pdf |journal=Acta Biológica Colombiana, Universidad Nacional de Colombia |volume=19 |pages=333-339 |accessdate=2017-03-29}}
- {{cite LSA |last=García Borrero |first=D. |last2=Alfaro Castillo |first2=A. |year=2001 |title=La prevención sísmica empieza por casa, estudios de microzonificación sísmica en el campus de la Universidad Javeriana - Bogotá - Colombia |url=http://www.ciees.org/doc_estudios/2001_garcia_alfaro.pdf |publisher=Congreso Nacional de Ingeniería Física, Guadalajara, Mexico |pages=1-13 |accessdate=2017-03-29}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Guerrero Uscátegui |first=Alberto Lobo |year=1992 |title=Geología e Hidrogeología de Santafé de Bogotá y su Sabana |publisher=Sociedad Colombiana de Ingenieros |pages=1–20}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Head |first=Jason J. |last2=Bloch |first2=Jonathan Ivan |last3=Rincón |first3=Aldo F. |last4=Moreno Bernal |first4=Jorge W. |year=2012 |title=Paleogene Squamates from the Northern neotropics: Ecological Implications and Biogeographic Histories (Abstract) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280610923_Paleogene_Squamates_from_the_Northern_neotropics_Ecological_Implications_and_Biogeographic_Histories |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=72nd Annual Meeting of the Society of vertebrate Paleontology, At Raleigh, North Carolina |pages=_ |accessdate=2017-03-29}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Head |first=Jason J. |last2=Bloch |first2=Jonathan Ivan |last3=Rincón |first3=Aldo F. |last4=Bourque |first4=Jason R. |last5=Jaramillo |first5=Carlos |year=2011 |title=An enigmatic derived snake from the earliest Eocene of equatorial South America (Abstract) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285591333_AN_ENIGMATIC_DERIVED_SNAKE_FROM_THE_EARLIEST_EOCENE_OF_EQUATORIAL_SOUTH_AMERICA |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, 71st Annual Meeting, Las Vegas, NV |pages=_ |accessdate=2017-03-29}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Herrera |first=Fabiany |last2=Manchester |first2=Steven R. |last3=Carvalho |first3=Mónica R. |last4=Jaramillo |first4=Carlos |last5=Wings |first5=Scott L. |year=2014 |title=Paleocene wind-dispersed fruits and seeds from Colombia and their implications for early Neotropical rainforests |url=https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/acpa.2014.54.issue-2/acpa-2014-0008/acpa-2014-0008.pdf |journal=Acta Paleobotanica |volume=54 |pages=197-229 |accessdate=2017-03-29}}
- {{cite LSA |last=McLaughlin |first=Donald H |year=1970 |title=Economic geology of the Zipaquirá quadrangle and adjoining area, Department of Cundinamarca, Colombia |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0208/report.pdf |publisher=USGS |pages=1-126 |accessdate=2017-03-29}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Montoya Arenas |first=Diana María |last2=Reyes Torres |first2=Germán Alfonso |year=2005 |title=Geología de la Sabana de Bogotá |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1–104}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Morón |first=Sara |last2=Fox |first2=David L. |last3=Feinberg |first3=Joshua M. |last4=Jaramillo |first4=Carlos |last5=Bayona |first5=Germán |last6=Montes |first6=Camilo |last7=Bloch |first7=Jonathan Ivan |year=2013 |title=Climate change during the Early Paleogene in the Bogotá Basin (Colombia) inferred from paleosol carbon isotope stratigraphy, major oxides, and environmental magnetism (Abstract) |url=https://experts.umn.edu/en/publications/climate-change-during-the-early-paleogene-in-the-bogot%C3%A1-basin-col |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=388 |pages=115-127 |accessdate=2017-03-29}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Stull |first=Gregory W. |last2=Herrera |first2=Fabiany |last3=Manchester |first3=Steven R. |last4=Jaramillo |first4=Carlos |last5=Tiffney |first5=Bruce H. |year=2012 |title=Fruits of an “Old World” tribe (Phytocreneae; Icacinaceae) from the Paleogene of North and South America |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261982646_Fruits_of_an_Old_World_tribe_Phytocreneae_Icacinaceae_from_the_Paleogene_of_North_and_South_America |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=784–794 |accessdate=2019-02-04}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Villarroel A. |first=Carlos |year=1987 |title=Características y afinadas de Etayoa n. gen., tipo de una nueva familia de Xenungulata (Mammalia) del Paleoceno Medio (?) de Colombia |url=http://www.mnhn.gub.uy/innovaportal/file/10917/1/cp19.pdf |journal=Comunicaciones Paleontológicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo |volume=19 |pages=241-254 |accessdate=2017-03-29}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Woodburne |first=Michael O. |last2=Goin |first2=Francisco J. |last3=Bond |first3=Mariano |last4=Carlini |first4=Alfredo A. |last5=Gelfo |first5=Javier N. |last6=López |first6=Guillermo M. |last7=Iglesias |first7=A. |last8=Zimicz |first8=Ana N. |year=2014 |title=Paleogene Land Mammal Faunas of South America; a Response to Global Climatic Changes and Indigenous Floral Diversity |url=http://naturalis.fcnym.unlp.edu.ar/repositorio/_documentos/sipcyt/bfa004269.pdf |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=21 |pages=1-73 |accessdate=2017-03-29}}
Maps - {{cite LSA |last=Renzoni |first=Giancarlo |last2=Rosas |first2=Humberto |year=2009 |title=Plancha 171 - Duitama - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QVU40dC0wUzhzTkk |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Fuquen M. |first=Jaime A |last2=Osorno M |first2=José F. |year=2009 |title=Plancha 190 - Chiquinquirá - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QVEYzMnV1ekNxTDQ |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Renzoni |first=Giancarlo |last2=Rosas |first2=Humberto |last3=Etayo Serna |first3=Fernando |year=1998 |title=Plancha 191 - Tunja - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QQzhBTXNwUWJuUDg |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Ulloa |first=Carlos |last2=Acosta |first2=Jorge |year=1998 |title=Plancha 208 - Villeta - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QMjhLeWJ0aU1Za1U |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Montoya |first=Diana María |last2=Reyes |first2=Germán |year=2009 |title=Plancha 209 - Zipaquirá - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QYUdHRWFiN1JrVms |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Terraza |first=Roberto |last2=Moreno |first2=Giovanni |last3=Buitrago |first3=José A. |last4=Pérez |first4=Adrián |last5=Montoya |first5=Diana María |year=2010 |title=Plancha 210 - Guateque - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QS1VHUTg1MEpNcHM |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Ulloa |first=Carlos E |last2=Rodríguez |first2=Erasmo |last3=Acosta |first3=Jorge E. |year=1998 |title=Plancha 227 - La Mesa - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QR0k3cWk2aTlwbEk |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Buitrago |first=José Alberto |last2=Terraza M. |first2=Roberto |last3=Etayo |first3=Fernando |year=1998 |title=Plancha 228 - Santafé de Bogotá Noreste - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QTlNraVVZZ2ZCY0E |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Acosta |first=Jorge E. |last2=Ulloa |first2=Carlos E. |year=1998 |title=Plancha 246 - Fusagasugá - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QNkY5UEloZU9pdEk |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Acosta |first=Jorge |last2=Calcedo |first2=Juan Carlos |last3=Ulloa |first3=Carlos |year=1999 |title=Plancha 265 - Icononzo - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QUVIxRzhsZ2RyTk0 |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Various |first=Authors |year=1997 |title=Mapa geológico de Santa Fe de Bogotá – Geological Map Bogotá – 1:50,000 |url=http://seisan.sgc.gov.co/RSNC/Mapa_Geo.pdf |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-03-16}}
External links - {{cite LSA |last=Gómez |first=J. |last2=Montes |first2=N.E. |last3=Nivia |first3=Á. |last4=Diederix |first4=H. |year=2015 |title=Plancha 5-09 del Atlas Geológico de Colombia 2015 – escala 1:500,000 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309533589_Plancha_5-09_del_Atlas_Geologico_de_Colombia_2015 |publisher=Servicio Geológico Colombiano |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-03-16}}
{{Paleontology in Colombia|state=expanded}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Bogota Formation}} 17 : Geologic formations of Colombia|Paleogene Colombia|Paleocene Series of South America|Eocene Series of South America|Casamayoran|Riochican|Itaboraian|Peligran|Fossiliferous stratigraphic units of South America|Paleontology in Colombia|Mudstone formations|Siltstone formations|Sandstone formations|Shale formations|Altiplano Cundiboyacense|Geography of Cundinamarca Department|Geography of Bogotá |