| 释义 |
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{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = Mid Miocene-Early Pliocene (Laventan-Montehermosan)
~{{fossil range|13|5}}
| image = Boreostemma tail - Honda Group - Colombia.jpg
| image_caption = Tail of Boreostemma from the Honda Group
| taxon = Boreostemma
| authority = Carlini et al. 2008
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =- B. acostae {{small|Villarroel 1983}}
- B. gigantea {{small|Carlini et al. 1997}}
- B. pliocena {{small|Carlini et al. 2008}}
- B. venezolensis {{small|Simpson 1947}}
| type_species = Boreostemma pliocena
| type_species_authority = Carlini et al. 2008
}}Boreostemma is an extinct genus of glyptodonts from northern South America. Fossils assigned to the genus were first described as belonging to Asterostemma from southern South America, but have been placed in the new genus Boreostemma by Carlini et al. in 2008. The type species is B. pliocena. Fossils of Boreostemma have been found in the Honda Group of Colombia, in Peru and Venezuela. Etymology The genus name Boreostemma is a combination of stemma, taken from Asterostemma, and boreo is derived from borealis, meaning "northern", to distinguish the northern South American genus from the southern Asterostemma.{{Sfn|Carlini|Zurita|Scillato|Sánchez|Aguilera|2008|p=142}} Species {{Location map+ | South America
| relief = 1
| width = 225
| caption = Locations of Boreostemma and Asterostemma fossil finds in South America
Asterostemma
B. acostae & B. gigantea
B. pliocena (type)
B. venezolensis
Boreostemma sp.
| places =
| lat_deg = -50.4
| lon_deg = -69.1
| mark = Brown pog.svg
| marksize = 10
| link = Santa Cruz Formation, Argentina
| lat_deg = -10.1
| lon_deg = -66.9
| mark = Brown pog.svg
| marksize = 10
| link = Solimões Formation
| lat_deg = 5.191944
| lon_deg = -74.7225
| mark = Orange pog.svg
| marksize = 10
| link = Honda Group, Colombia
| lat_deg = 11.3
| lon_deg = -70.3
| mark = Yellow pog.svg
| marksize = 12
| link = Codore Formation }} {{Location map~ | South America
| lat_deg = 9.0
| lon_deg = -64.8
| mark = Gold pog.svg
| marksize = 10
| link = Santa Inés Formation
| lat_deg = -10.6
| lon_deg = -73.9
| mark = Yellow ffff80 pog.svg
| marksize = 10
| link = Ipururo Formation
}}Four species have been described in the genus Boreostemma.[1] Unspecified Boreostemma fossils were found in the Ipururo Formation of the department of Ucayali, Amazonian Peru.[2][3][4] Asterostemma contains the type species A. depressa and several nomina dubia. The genus has been found in the Early Miocene (Santacrucian in the SALMA classification) Santa Cruz Formation of the province of Santa Cruz, Argentina and in the Solimões Formation in the state of Acre, Amazonian Brazil.[5][6] - B. pliocena
The type species B. pliocena was described in 2008 by Carlini et al. based on 30 osteoderms palate fragment with M6-7 alveoli.[7] Fossils have been described from the type locality along the road to Tío Gregorio in the Codore Formation at the Lagerstätte of Urumaco.[8] - B. gigantea
B. gigantea was described as Asterostemma gigantea in 1997 by Carlini et al. based on a partial skeleton.[9] Fossils have been recovered at the Duke Localities 32, 108, 113, 114 and 121W in the La Victoria Formation of the Honda Group at the Konzentrat-Lagerstätte La Venta.[10][11][12][13][14]- B. acostae
B. acostae was described as Asterostemma acostae in 1983 by Carlos Villarroel based on a carapace fragment with 44 plates.[15] Fossils have been found in the Cerbatana Member, and the Chunchullo Sandstone of the La Victoria Formation, of the Honda Group at the Konzentrat-Lagerstätte La Venta.[16][17]- B. venezolensis
B. venezolensis was described as Asterostemma venezolensis in 1947 by George Gaylord Simpson,[18] based on most of the carapace and the anterior end of the lower jaw, including teeth.[19] Fossils have been uncovered from the Santa Inés Formation along the banks of the Güere River in the state of Anzoátegui in Venezuela.[20] Gallery {{left|}}{{clearboth}} See also {{portal|Neogene|Paleontology|Prehistoric mammals|Prehistory of South America}}- List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Colombia
- South American land mammal ages
- Glyptodon
{{clearboth}} References 1. ^Boreostemma at Fossilworks.org
2. ^IN-DTC-28 at Fossilworks.org
3. ^IN-DTC-32 at Fossilworks.org
4. ^IN007 at Fossilworks.org
5. ^Cañadón Jack, Yak-Harvey at Fossilworks.org
6. ^Rio Acre at Fossilworks.org
7. ^Boreostemma pliocena at Fossilworks.org
8. ^Road to Tio Gregorio Locality at Fossilworks.org
9. ^Boreostemma gigantea at Fossilworks.org
10. ^Duke Locality 32 at Fossilworks.org
11. ^Duke Locality 108 at Fossilworks.org
12. ^Duke Locality 113 at Fossilworks.org
13. ^Duke Locality 114 at Fossilworks.org
14. ^Duke Locality 121W at Fossilworks.org
15. ^Boreostemma acostae at Fossilworks.org
16. ^Arcillas San Nicolas at Fossilworks.org
17. ^Chunchullo Sandstone at Fossilworks.org
18. ^Simpson, 1947, p.2
19. ^Boreostemma venezolensis at Fossilworks.org
20. ^Banks of the Güere River at Fossilworks.org
Bibliography {{commonscat|Boreostemma}}- {{cite LSA |last=Carlini |first=Alfredo A. |last2=Zurita |first2=Alfredo E. |last3=Scillato Yané |first3=Gustavo J. |last4=Sánchez |first4=Rodolfo |last5=Aguilera |first5=Orangel A. |year=2008 |title=New Glyptodont from the Codore Formation (Pliocene), Falcón State, Venezuela, its relationship with the Asterostemma problem and the paleobiogeography of the Glyptodontinae |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alfredo_Zurita/publication/226272164_New_Glyptodont_from_the_Codore_Formation_Pliocene_Falcn_State_Venezuela_its_relationship_with_the_Asterostemma_problem_and_the_paleobiogeography_of_the_Glyptodontinae/links/552ea7a60cf2d495071a8cdd/New-Glyptodont-from-the-Codore-Formation-Pliocene-Falcn-State-Venezuela-its-relationship-with-the-Asterostemma-problem-and-the-paleobiogeography-of-the-Glyptodontinae.pdf?origin=publication_list |journal=Paläontologische Zeitschrift |volume=82 |pages=139–152 |ref=harv |accessdate=2017-09-26}}
- {{cite LSA |last=González Ruiz |first=Laureano R. |last2=Ciancio |first2=Martin R. |last3=Martin |first3=Gabriel M. |last4=Zurita |first4=Alfredo E. |year=2014 |title=First record of supernumerary teeth in Glyptodontidae (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Cingulata) |url=http://naturalis.fcnym.unlp.edu.ar/repositorio/_documentos/sipcyt/bfa004906.pdf |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=e885033 |pages=1–6 |ref=harv |accessdate=2017-09-26}}
- {{cite LSA |last=González |first=Laureano Raul |year=2010 |title=Los Cingulata (Mammalia, Xenarthra) del Mioceno Temprano y Medio de Patagonia (edades Santacrucense y "Friasense") revisión sistemática y consideraciones bioestratigráficas (PhD thesis) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Laureano_Gonzalez-Ruiz/publication/271910514_1_Los_Cingulata_Mammalia_Xenarthra_del_Mioceno_temprano_y_medio_de_Patagonia_edades_Santacrucense_y_Friasense_Revision_sistematica_y_consideraciones_bioestratigraficas/links/54d6997a0cf246475810fd00/1-Los-Cingulata-Mammalia-Xenarthra-del-Mioceno-temprano-y-medio-de-Patagonia-edades-Santacrucense-y-Friasense-Revision-sistematica-y-consideraciones-bioestratigraficas.pdf |publisher=Universidad Nacional de La Plata |pages=1–468 |ref=harv |accessdate=2017-09-26}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Simpson |first=George Gaylord |year=1947 |title=A Miocene glyptodont from Venezuela |url=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.866.6506&rep=rep1&type=pdf |journal=American Museum Novitates |volume=1368 |pages=1–10 |accessdate=2018-10-01}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Zurita |first=Alfredo E. |last2=González Ruiz |first2=Laureano R. |last3=Gómez Cruz |first3=Arley J. |last4=Arenas Mosquera |first4=José E. |year=2013 |title=The most complete known Neogene Glyptodontidae (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Cingulata) from northern South America: taxonomic, paleobiogeographic, and phylogenetic implications |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Laureano_Gonzalez-Ruiz/publication/263555527_The_Most_Complete_Known_Neogene_Glyptodontidae_Mammalia_Xenarthra_Cingulata_from_Northern_South_America_Taxonomic_Paleobiogeographic_and_Phylogenetic_Implications/links/54d694520cf25013d0347afb/The-Most-Complete-Known-Neogene-Glyptodontidae-Mammalia-Xenarthra-Cingulata-from-Northern-South-America-Taxonomic-Paleobiogeographic-and-Phylogenetic-Implications.pdf |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=33 |pages=696–708 |ref=harv |accessdate=2017-09-26}}
{{Paleontology in Colombia|state=collapsed}} 13 : Prehistoric cingulates|Miocene xenarthrans|Miocene mammals of South America|Laventan|Montehermosan|Neogene Colombia|Fossils of Colombia|Honda Group, Colombia|Neogene Peru|Fossils of Peru|Neogene Venezuela|Fossils of Venezuela|Fossil taxa described in 2008 |