| 词条 | Whidbey Island |
| 释义 |
| name = Whidbey Island | image_name = WhidbeyIsland04.jpg | image_caption = Map of Whidbey Island | image_size = 220 | map = USA Washington | coordinates = {{coord|48.136389|-122.5825|scale:500000_region:US-WA|display=it}} | map_caption = Whidbey Island (Washington) | native_name = | native_name_link = Captain Joseph Whidbey | nickname = "The Rock"[1] | location = Puget Sound | archipelago = | total_islands = | major_islands = | area_sqmi = 168.67 | length_mi = 37| width_mi = 10 | highest_mount = | elevation_ft = | country = United States | country_admin_divisions_title = State | country_admin_divisions = Washington | country_admin_divisions_title_1 = County | country_admin_divisions_1 = Island County | country_largest_city = Oak Harbor | country_largest_city_population = 23,204 [2] | population = 80,022 | population_as_of = | density_km2 = 133.25 | ethnic_groups = | additional_info = }} Whidbey Island (historical spellings Whidby, Whitbey,[3] or Whitby) is the largest of the islands composing Island County, Washington, in the United States. (The other large island is Camano Island, east of Whidbey.) Whidbey is about {{convert|30|mi|km}} north of Seattle, and lies between the Olympic Peninsula and the I-5 corridor of western Washington. The island forms the northern boundary of Puget Sound. It is home to Naval Air Station Whidbey Island. Whidbey Island is home to 80,022 residents (according to the 2000 census).[4] An estimated 29,000 of Whidbey Island residents live in rural locations. Whidbey Island is approximately {{convert|55|mi|km}} long (if measured along roads traveled from the extreme north to extreme south), or about {{convert|37|mi|km}} when measured along a straight line from north to south, and {{convert|1.5|to|10|mi|km}} wide, with a total land area of {{convert|168.67|sqmi|km2}},[5] making it the 40th largest island in the United States. It is ranked as the fourth longest and fourth largest island in the contiguous United States, behind Long Island, New York;[6][7] Padre Island, Texas (the world's longest barrier island);[8] and Isle Royale, Michigan.[9] In the state of Washington, it is the largest island, followed by Orcas Island. HistoryWhidbey Island was inhabited by members of the Lower Skagit, Swinomish, Suquamish, Snohomish and other Native American tribes. The Salishan name for the island was Tscha-kole-chy.[10] These were peaceful groups who lived off the sea and land, with fishing, harvesting nuts, berries and roots, which they preserved over the winter.[11] The first known European sighting of Whidbey Island was during the 1790 Spanish expedition of Manuel Quimper and Gonzalo López de Haro on the Princesa Real.[12] Captain George Vancouver fully explored the island in 1792. In May of that year, Royal Navy officers and members of Vancouver's expedition, Joseph Whidbey (master of H. M. S. Discovery) and Peter Puget (a lieutenant on the ship), began to map and explore the areas of what would later be named Puget Sound. After Whidbey circumnavigated the island in June 1792, Vancouver named the island in his honor. By that time, Vancouver had claimed the area for Britain.[13] [14] On 4 June 1792, the King’s Birthday, near Possession Point at the southern end of Whidbey Island, Vancouver took formal possession of all the coast and hinterland contiguous to the Strait of Juan de Fuca, including Puget Sound, under the name of New Georgia.[15]The first known overnight stay by a non-Native American was made on May 26, 1840 by a Catholic missionary, Father François Norbert Blanchet, during travel across Puget Sound. He had been invited by Chief Tslalakum.[16] Blanchet remained on the island for nearly a year and guided the inhabitants in building a new log church.[17][16] Lieutenant Charles Wilkes, commander of the United States Exploring Expedition of 1838–1842, sailed the USS Vincennes into Penn Cove in 1841. By that time, the log church was already being built by the Native Americans beside a huge wooden cross (24 feet long) that they had erected. Wilkes ordered his men to use no force except in self-defense when dealing with the "savage and treacherous inhabitants". In fact, he encountered few problems with the indigenous people who had already been poorly treated by visitors and suffered from diseases they had introduced.[18] Wilkes named the lower cove Holmes Harbor, after his assistant surgeon, Silas Holmes. During this time he charted Puget Sound.[18] Other sites in the area that were given names by Wilkes included Maury Island (Vashon), Hammersley Inlet, Totten and Budd Inlets, Agate Passage between the Kitsap Peninsula, Hale Passage and Dana Passage.[18] Thomas W. Glasgow filed the first land claim on Whidbey Island in 1848, attempting to become the first settler. He built a small cabin near Penn Cove, planted some crops and married a local lady, Julia Pat-Ke-Nim.[22] Glasgow left in August of that year however, having been forced out by the local inhabitants.[10] Colonel Isaac N. Ebey arrived from Columbus, Ohio, in 1850 and became the first permanent white settler, claiming a square mile (2.6 km²) of prairie with a southern shoreline on Admiralty Inlet. He took advantage of the 640 acres offered free of charge to each married couple, the first to do so, on October 15, 1850. In the fall of 1851, his children, his wife, three of her brothers and the Samuel Crockett family arrived to join Ebey.[19] In addition to farming potatoes and wheat, Eby was also the postmaster for Port Townsend, Washington and rowed a boat daily across the inlet in order to work at the post office there. Colonel Ebey also served as a representative in the Oregon Territory Legislative Assembly, as Island County's first Justice of the Peace, as a probate judge and as Collector of Customs for the Puget Sound District.[10] On August 11, 1857, at age 39, Colonel Ebey was murdered and beheaded by Native Americans, said to be Haida who had traveled to this area from the Queen Charlotte Islands. Some sources however, refer to his killers as "Russian Indians called Kakes or Kikans, [from] Kufrinoff Island, near the head of Prince Frederick's Sound.[19] Ebey was slain in proxy-retaliation for the killing of a Haida chief or Tyee and 27 other indigenous people at Port Gamble. Fort Ebey, named for the Colonel, was established in 1942 on the west side of the central part of the island, just northwest of Coupeville.[10] Admiralty Head Lighthouse is located in this area, on the grounds of Fort Casey State Park. The area around Coupeville is the federally protected Ebey's Landing National Historical Reserve, named in honor of Isaac Ebey. In December 1984, the island was the site of a violent encounter between law enforcement and white nationalist and organized crime leader Robert Jay Mathews of the group The Order. A large shootout occurred between Mathews and FBI agents in which Mathews was killed during a house fire. Mathews' followers have since gathered on the island at the location where he was killed by FBI agents on the anniversary of his death to commemorate it.[20] GovernmentWhidbey Island, along with Camano Island, Ben Ure Island and six uninhabited islands, comprises Island County, Washington. The county seat is located in the town of Coupeville on Whidbey Island. Population centers of Whidbey Island include the City of Oak Harbor, the Town of Coupeville, the City of Langley, the Village of Freeland, the Community of Greenbank, the Village of Clinton and the Community of Bayview. Only Oak Harbor, Coupeville and Langley are incorporated, the others (with the exception of Greenbank and Bayview) are all Census-designated places, and all but Bayview have their own post offices and ZIP codes. EconomyWhidbey Island is divided economically into two different regions: the northern end of the island (encompassing Oak Harbor and Whidbey Island Naval Air Station), and the remainder of the island (encompassing Coupeville, Greenbank, Freeland, Langley, Clinton and the smaller communities in-between). The economy of the northern end of Whidbey Island is strongly influenced by the presence of Whidbey Island Naval Air Station near Oak Harbor (N.A.S. Whidbey). N.A.S. Whidbey is Oak Harbor's largest employer; thus, Oak Harbor has a predominantly service-based economy and several national chain stores have been attracted to the Oak Harbor area. The economy of Whidbey Island south of Oak Harbor relies heavily on tourism, small-scale agriculture, and the arts. Tourism is especially important for both Whidbey and Camano Islands. On Whidbey, tourists find a wide range of amenities in the towns of Oak Harbor, Coupeville, Freeland and Langley. Coupeville's Penn Cove Mussel Farm exports large quantities of its highly renowned Penn Cove Mussels. This aquaculture facility, along with a number of small farms, reflects the rural agricultural nature of most of central Whidbey Island. Many of these small farms host farm stands onsite, where customers may buy produce, flowers, meat, eggs and other locally raised products directly from the farmers.[21] Often referred to as Puget Sound's Largest Artist's Colony, Whidbey is home to numerous working artists, writers, and performers. These include many well-known painters, sculptors, glass artists, wood workers, metal workers, mixed media artists, photographers, authors, poets, actors, and musicians. In addition to being a haven for artists, the southern end of Whidbey Island also serves as a minor bedroom community for the nearby cities of Everett, where the Boeing Everett Factory is located, and Seattle. Commuters to and from those areas use the Washington State Ferries system's run between Clinton and Mukilteo. GeographyWhidbey Island is often claimed to be the longest island in the continental United States (or another similar claim), but according to the Seattle Times it cannot be correctly considered so.[22] Whidbey Island has four lakes that are part of its interior hydrology: Cranberry Lake (inside Deception Pass State Park), Deer Lake, Goss Lake and Lone Lake (both near the town of Langley).[23] Parks and reserve areasWhidbey Island contains Ebey's Landing National Historical Reserve, the first national historic reserve in the US created by the National Park Service to preserve the rural history and culture of the island and to protect the area's rare and sensitive plants. Washington State Parks located on the island include Deception Pass State Park (the most visited state park in Washington), Joseph Whidbey State Park, Fort Ebey State Park, Fort Casey State Park, Possession Point State Park, and South Whidbey Island State Park. There is also a series of county operated parks throughout the Island. Earth Sanctuary is a nature reserve, sculpture garden and retreat center on Whidbey Island. The ponds and bog fen complex have been designated as a "habitat of local importance" by the Whidbey Audubon Society and Island County Critical Areas program.[24][25]FestivalsWhidbey Island hosts many festivals and celebrations throughout the year.
ClimateWhidbey Island lies partially in the rain shadow of the Olympic Mountain Range to the west, and has a variety of climate zones. This can be observed by rainfall amounts – wettest in the south with average rainfall of {{convert|36|in|mm}}, driest in the central district of Coupeville with average rainfall of {{convert|20|to|22|in|mm}}, and turning moister again farther north with average rainfall of {{convert|32|in|mm}}. Microclimates abound, determined by proximity to water, elevation and prevailing winds. {{Weather box|location = Whidbey Island NAS (1981−2010 normals) |single line = Y |Jan high F = 46.8 |Feb high F = 48.9 |Mar high F = 52.2 |Apr high F = 55.6 |May high F = 59.5 |Jun high F = 63.6 |Jul high F = 66.5 |Aug high F = 67.3 |Sep high F = 64.0 |Oct high F = 57.2 |Nov high F = 50.3 |Dec high F = 45.5 |year high F= 56.5 |Jan low F = 36.2 |Feb low F = 35.4 |Mar low F = 38.4 |Apr low F = 41.5 |May low F = 46.1 |Jun low F = 50.0 |Jul low F = 52.1 |Aug low F = 51.8 |Sep low F = 48.0 |Oct low F = 43.2 |Nov low F = 39.2 |Dec low F = 35.1 |year low F= 43.1 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation inch = 2.23 |Feb precipitation inch = 1.47 |Mar precipitation inch = 1.67 |Apr precipitation inch = 1.65 |May precipitation inch = 1.56 |Jun precipitation inch = 1.28 |Jul precipitation inch = 0.74 |Aug precipitation inch = 0.96 |Sep precipitation inch = 1.15 |Oct precipitation inch = 2.07 |Nov precipitation inch = 3.40 |Dec precipitation inch = 2.11 |year precipitation inch=20.29 |snow colour = green |Jan snow inch = 0.9 |Feb snow inch = 1.5 |Mar snow inch = 0.1 |Apr snow inch = 0.1 |May snow inch = 0.0 |Jun snow inch = 0.0 |Jul snow inch = 0.0 |Aug snow inch = 0.0 |Sep snow inch = 0.0 |Oct snow inch = 0.0 |Nov snow inch = 0.9 |Dec snow inch = 1.7 |year snow inch =5.2 |unit precipitation days = 0.01 in |Jan precipitation days = 16.4 |Feb precipitation days = 10.7 |Mar precipitation days = 11.5 |Apr precipitation days = 11.9 |May precipitation days = 10.0 |Jun precipitation days = 5.9 |Jul precipitation days = 3.7 |Aug precipitation days = 3.8 |Sep precipitation days = 4.1 |Oct precipitation days = 12.6 |Nov precipitation days = 20.7 |Dec precipitation days = 17.3 |year precipitation days=144.7 |unit snow days = 0.1 in |Jan snow days = 1.0 |Feb snow days = 0.5 |Mar snow days = 0.1 |Apr snow days = 0.0 |May snow days = 0.0 |Jun snow days = 0.0 |Jul snow days = 0.0 |Aug snow days = 0.0 |Sep snow days = 0.0 |Oct snow days = 0.0 |Nov snow days = 0.4 |Dec snow days = 0.9 |year snow days =2.9 |source 1 = NOAA[29] |date=May 2014 }} EcologyFloraVegetation varies greatly from one end of the island to the other. Vegetation in the south is more similar to that of mainland Washington. The principal trees are Douglas fir, red alder, bigleaf maple, western red cedar, and western hemlock.[30] Compared to the rest of western Washington state, vine maple is notably absent, except where they have been planted. Other under-story plants include the evergreen huckleberry, lower longleaf Oregon grape, elderberry, salal, oceanspray, and varieties of nettle. Non-native introduced plants such as foxglove, ivy and holly are also evident.[31] Farther up the island, however, the shorter Oregon-Grape and the blue Evergreen Huckleberry is seen less, while tall Oregon-grape and Red Huckleberry predominate. The native Pacific rhododendron is much more visible. Amongst the deciduous varieties, Garry oak (from which Oak Harbor takes its name) are seen more frequently in the northern portion of the island and Pacific madrone is also notably present.[32] In the conifer classification, grand fir is found more in the northern part of Whidbey Island along with Sitka spruce and shore pine. There are three open prairie areas on Whidbey Island – Smith Prairie, Crockett Prairie and Ebey Prairie.[33] Some patches of prickly pear cactus are found along the slopes near Partridge Point.[34] FaunaGray whales migrate between Whidbey and Camano Islands during March and April and can be seen from both ship and shore.[35] Orca also make use of the waters surrounding Whidbey Island. Clams and oysters are abundant locally and may be harvested from some public beaches.[36] The Washington State Department of Health provides an online guide to assist in identifying shellfish varieties as well as providing guidance about where to find specific varieties.[37]According to the Whidbey Audubon Society, Approximately 230 bird species are reported to take advantage of the diverse habitats on the island. [38] EducationPublic school districtsWhidbey Island is served by three public school districts. Oak Harbor School District operates in Oak Harbor. Within the district, there is one high school, one alternative high school, two middle schools, and five elementary schools. Within the Washington Interscholastic Activities Association, Oak Harbor High is listed as a 3-A school. Coupeville School District operates in Coupeville, Washington and Greenbank, Washington. Within the district, there is one high school, one middle school, and one elementary school. Within the Washington Interscholastic Activities Association, Coupeville High is listed as a 1-A school. South Whidbey School District serves the southern end of the island, including Freeland, Langley, and Clinton. Within the district, there is one high school (grades 9–12), one alternative school (grades K–12), one middle school (grades 5-8) split between 2 campuses, and one elementary school (grades K–4). Within the Washington Interscholastic Activities Association, South Whidbey High is listed as a 1-A school. CollegesSkagit Valley College has a campus located in Oak Harbor, and a limited service campus in South Whidbey. Seattle Pacific University owns Camp Casey, a retreat center near Coupeville, which was once the barracks for the adjacent Fort Casey. Notable peopleActors
Politicians
Writers and artists
Other
InfrastructureTransportationTravel on the island involves use of an extensive county road system, or city infrastructure depending on location, all of which act as feeders to the two state highways State Route 525 and State Route 20. Whidbey Island's State Routes 525/20 is the only nationally designated Scenic Byway on an island. It is appropriately named the "Whidbey Island Scenic Isle Way." Public transportation is provided by Island Transit, which provides a zero-fare bus service paid for by a 6/10th of 1% sales tax within the county. There are currently 11 bus routes serving Whidbey Island. No service is available on Sundays or major holidays. Two public airports provide service to Whidbey Island. Whidbey Air Park is located {{convert|2|mi|km}} southwest of Langley with a {{convert|2470|ft|m}} long runway. Wes Lupien Airport is located {{convert|3|mi|km}} southwest of Oak Harbor with a {{convert|3265|ft|m|abbr=on}} long runway. In addition, there are approximately half dozen private dirt strips on the island{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}. Kenmore Air Express ran a scheduled airline service to Whidbey Island serving the Oak Harbor airport from 2006 to 2009.[42] The United States Navy operates two airports on Whidbey Island. The largest is a two-runway airport located at Whidbey Island Naval Air Station north of Oak Harbor. In addition, the Navy also operates a flight training facility named Coupeville Outlying Landing Field (Coupeville OLF) located just southeast of Coupeville. The Navy named USS Whidbey Island (LSD-41) in honor of the island. Health systemsWhidbey Health is the regional, county-run hospital. Located in Coupeville, the hospital has an extension clinic in Oak Harbor. The Naval Air Station in Oak Harbor has a limited service hospital for military personnel, veteran retirees, and their dependents. CommunitiesNorth to south:
See also
References1. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.whidbeynewstimes.com/news/22086709.html | title=Whidbey Island has a terrain that's set in stone | newspaper=Whidbey News-Times | date=July 3, 2008 | accessdate=February 10, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919193429/http://www.whidbeynewstimes.com/news/22086709.html | archive-date=September 19, 2015 | dead-url=yes | df=mdy-all }} 2. ^United States Census Bureau 3. ^{{cite gnis|id=1509451|name=Whidbey Island}} 4. ^Island County, Washington and its subdivisions United States Census Bureau 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.islandcounty.net/Assessor/|title=Island County Assessor|work=Island County Assessor|accessdate=February 16, 2015}} 6. ^{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A07E3DB133FF932A15752C1A9629C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all |title= Long Island at its Best; Who's the Longest of Them All? |accessdate=2008-10-16 |author= John Burbidge|date=November 21, 2004 |work=The New York Times}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.peakbagger.com/PBGeog/longisl.aspx|title=The Longest Islands in the United States - Peakbagger.com|website=www.peakbagger.com}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/pais/index.htm|title=Padre Island National Seashore (U.S. National Park Service)|website=www.nps.gov}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/national-parks/isle-royale-national-park/|title=Isle Royale National Park - National Geographic|date=November 5, 2009|website=nationalgeographic.com}} 10. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.historylink.org/File/7523|title=Island County -- Thumbnail History|website=historylink.org}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://whidbeyhistory.historywiz.org/tschakolecy.htm|title=Tschakolecy - Whidbey Island History: Tschakolecy|website=whidbeyhistory.historywiz.org}} 12. ^{{cite book |last= Hayes |first= Derek |title= Historical Atlas of the Pacific Northwest: Maps of exploration and Discovery |year= 1999 |publisher= Sasquatch Books |isbn= 1-57061-215-3 |pages= 70–71}} 13. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.visitwhidbey.com/information/History-Images.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=August 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818030053/http://www.visitwhidbey.com/information/History-Images.html |archive-date=August 18, 2017 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.historylink.org/File/5060|title=Joseph Whidbey circumnavigates Whidbey Island in June 1792. - HistoryLink.org|website=www.historylink.org}} 15. ^W. Kaye Lamb (ed.), The Voyage of George Vancouver, 1791-1795, London, Hakluyt Society, 1984, Vol.1, p.569; also Freeman M. Tovell, ‘The Other Side of the Coin: the Viceroy, Bodega y Quadra, Vancouver, and the Nootka Crisis’, BC Studies, no.93, 1992, p.19. 16. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.historylink.org/File/5258|title=Father Francis (or Francois) N. Blanchet visits Whidbey Island on May 26, 1840. - HistoryLink.org|website=www.historylink.org}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.sos.wa.gov/legacy/timeline/detail.aspx|title=Legacy Washington - WA Secretary of State|first1=Contact Us Washington Secretary of StateLegacy WashingtonLegislative Building · PO Box|last1=40220Olympia|first2=WA 98504-0220Phone Numbers Privacy|last2=Policy|website=wa.gov}} 18. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.historylink.org/File/5226|title=Wilkes, Charles (1798-1877)|website=historylink.org}} 19. ^1 2 {{Cite web |url=https://hometownchronicles.com/wa/island/cohist.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=August 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425233906/http://hometownchronicles.com/wa/island/cohist.html |archive-date=April 25, 2017 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }} 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.historylink.org/File/7921|title=Robert Jay Mathews, founder of the white-supremacist group The Order, is killed during an FBI siege on Whidbey Island on December 8, 1984.|website=historylink.org}} 21. ^{{Cite web |url=http://goosefoot.org/pdf/farmstands.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=January 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701204046/http://www.goosefoot.org/pdf/farmstands.pdf |archive-date=July 1, 2015 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }} 22. ^{{cite news|title=Whidbey is long, but let's not stretch it|url=http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20000105&slug=A20000106010141|date=January 5, 2000|accessdate=August 25, 2011|first1=Steve|last1=Johnston|work=The Seattle Times}} 23. ^{{cite web|title=Lakes Monitored by Ecology's Lake Water Quality Monitoring Program From 1989 through 1997|url=http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/eap/lakes/wq/lake_assessments.html|accessdate=August 25, 2011|publisher=Department of Ecology, State of Washington}} 24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.southwhidbeyrecord.com/lifestyle/35014484.html|title=ISLAND BIRDING - Islanders should speak up now to protect important bird habitat areas|work=South Whidbey Record|accessdate=February 16, 2015}} 25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.southwhidbeyrecord.com/news/21571814.html|title=Newman Ponds to become 'Earth Sanctuary'|work=South Whidbey Record|accessdate=February 16, 2015}} 26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.southwhidbeyrecord.com/news/149304495.html|title=Welcome to the new Whidbey Island Fair - South Whidbey Record|date=April 27, 2012|website=southwhidbeyrecord.com}} 27. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.whidbeyislandmarathon.com/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=February 25, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021123192533/http://www.whidbeyislandmarathon.com/ |archive-date=November 23, 2002 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }} 28. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.djangofestnw.com/|title=Welcome|website=DjangofestNW.com}} 29. ^{{cite web | url = ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/1981-2010/products/station/USW00024255.normals.txt| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | title = WA Whidbey Island NAS| accessdate = 28 May 2014}} 30. ^{{cite book|author=Fred R. McCreary|title=Soil Survey of Jefferson County Area, Washington|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EC5xchy3HEMC&pg=PA4|year=1975|publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service|pages=4–}} 31. ^{{cite web |title=All About Whidbey Island |url=https://whidbeyisland.us/all-about-whidbey-island/ |website=Whidbey Island |accessdate=14 January 2019}} 32. ^{{cite web |title=Preservation |url=https://ohgarryoaksociety.org/preservation/ |website=Oak Harbor Garry Oak Society |accessdate=14 January 2019}} 33. ^{{cite book|title=Ebey's Landing National Historical Reserve, General Management Plan: Environmental Impact Statement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5TM3AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA89|year=2006|pages=89–90}} 34. ^{{cite book|author=Clifford Mass|title=The Weather of the Pacific Northwest|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xPiACgAAQBAJ&pg=PA194|date=1 September 2015|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-99836-7|pages=194–}} 35. ^{{Cite news|url=https://whidbeycamanoislands.com/things-to-do/beaches-and-waterways/whale-watching/|title=Whale Watching around Whidbey and Camano Islands.|work=Whidbey and Camano Islands|access-date=2018-03-08|language=en-US}} 36. ^{{cite web |url=http://wdfw.wa.gov/fishing/shellfish/beaches/MapArea/08/ |title=Map data|website=wdfw.wa.gov}} 37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.doh.wa.gov/Portals/1/Documents/4400/332-087-Shellfish-ID.pdf|title=Shellfish Identification :: Washington State Department of Health|website=www.doh.wa.gov}} 38. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.whidbeyaudubon.org/birdlist/birdlist.htm |title=Birds of Whidbey Island|website=www.whidbeyaudubon.org}} 39. ^Jack Metcalf obituary {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070319204602/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2003620723_metcalf16m.html |date=March 19, 2007 }}, Seattle Times, March 16, 2007 40. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/allstar/30690_bochte09.shtml|title=Bochte has moved a long way from baseball|website=seattlepi.com}} 41. ^Brown, Andrea (January 15, 2019), [https://www.heraldnet.com/news/hes-semi-famous-for-being-flat-out-wrong-about-earth/ "He’s semi-famous for being flat-out wrong about Earth"], HeraldNet. Retrieved March 14, 2019. 42. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.kenmoreair.com/content.php?content_id=261 |title=Archived copy |access-date=August 4, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007031605/http://www.kenmoreair.com/content.php?content_id=261 |archive-date=October 7, 2008 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }} External links{{commons category}}{{wikivoyage|Whidbey Island}}
3 : Landforms of Island County, Washington|Islands of Washington (state)|Islands of Puget Sound |
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