“Whip It (Devo song)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

"Whip It" is a song by American rock band Devo from their third album Freedom of Choice (1980). It is a new wave and synth-pop song that features a synthesizer, electric guitar, bass guitar, and drums in its instrumentation. The apparently nonsensical lyrics have a common theme revolving around the ability to deal with one's problems by "whipping it". Co-written by bassist Gerald Casale and singer Mark Mothersbaugh, Devo recorded "Whip It" with producer Robert Margouleff at the Record Plant in Los Angeles.

Although "Whip It" was released as the second single from Freedom of Choice, Warner Bros. Records did not expect it to be a hit, due to its nonstandard tempo and strange lyrics. The disc jockey Kal Rudman took an interest in the song and it was soon being played on several radio stations in the Southeastern United States. Peaking at number fourteen on the Billboard Hot 100, "Whip It" became a hit single and found chart success in several countries. Mothersbaugh believes the song sold well because some people assumed the lyrics are about masturbation or sadomasochism.

An accompanying music video depicts these sexual themes; it features Mothersbaugh whipping clothing from a woman on a dude ranch. Despite some claims of misogynistic undertones, the video became popular on the fledgling television channel MTV.

Background and recording

Devo's 1979 album Duty Now for the Future was considered a disappointment by critics and band members; critics regarded it as a formulaic repeat of the band's 1978 debut Q: Are We Not Men? A: We Are Devo! and the band members primarily blamed the formulaic sound on the album's producer Ken Scott.^[1]{{sfn|Nagy|2015|pp=19–20}} Warner Bros. Records was also unhappy with Duty Now for the Future and issued to Devo an ultimatum that they needed to produce a successful follow-up album or be dropped from the label.{{sfn|Nagy|2015|pp=20–21}} The band members believed a hit single would bolster the next album's popularity and finally give them radio exposure.{{sfn|Nagy|2015|p=35}} In late 1979, audio engineer Robert Margouleff was brought on to produce "Whip It" and its parent album Freedom of Choice.^[2]

"Whip It" was written by bassist Gerald Casale and singer/keyboardist Mark Mothersbaugh between August and October 1979.^[3] Howard Siegal engineered the song while Margouleff served as the producer. It was recorded at the Record Plant in Los Angeles and mastered by Ken Perry at Capitol Studios.^[4] The song was recorded using API mixing consoles, 3M tape machines, and Minimoog and Prophet-5 synthesizers.^[2]^[3] Throughout the song, there are whipcracking noises that were recorded using an Electrocomp 500 synthesizer and Neumann KM 84 and U 87 microphones.{{sfn|Nagy|2015|p=36}}

The music for "Whip It" was crafted by taking elements from four different demo tapes that Casale had collected. Mothersbaugh composed what became the song's break in his bedroom; the break was originally much slower and had a classical sound. On another tape, Mothersbaugh played what became the main riff with a drum machine. One of Captain Beefheart's drummers created a beat that Mothersbaugh recorded; the last demo was a live recording between Casale and Mothersbaugh. Casale took the four demos and layered them to create a smooth, consistent time signature.^[5] Mothersbaugh created the main riff in "Whip It" by taking the riff used in Roy Orbison's song "Oh, Pretty Woman" and changing the ending slightly.{{sfn|Nagy|2015|p=35}}

Composition

Music and vocals

"Whip It" is a new wave and synth-pop song,^[6] that is built around a consistent 4/4 beat known as a motorik beat.{{sfn|Nagy|2015|p=35}}^[2] It moves at a tempo of 120 beats per minute and is constructed in verse–chorus form. With a chord progression of D-A-E7sus4 in the verses and C-G-D in the choruses, the song is written in the key of E major.^[7] "Whip It"{{'s}} main riff alternates between a five-note ascension and a three-note descension, and is played with a synthesizer, electric guitar, and bass guitar.{{sfn|Nagy|2015|p=35}}^[11] The chorus features two synthesizer notes that are a half step apart, which creates what AllMusic's Steve Huey describes as "a disorienting aural effect".^[11]

As the song progresses, a guitar lick in the main riff becomes more prominent.^[11] During the instrumental break, the riff temporarily recofigures to a nonstandard 6/4 beat before returning to the original 4/4 beat.^[2]^[11] Casale and Mothersbaugh sing the vocals of "Whip It" with a vocal range of A4-F#5.^[7] The singers take alternate turns on vocals; Casale uses a nasal drawl while Mothersbaugh sings in a more powerful "cartoonish" voice.^[11] The use of two vocalists is a call and response that Casale said is "kind of like white boys rapping".{{sfn|Nagy|2015|p=36}}

Lyrics

The lyrics of "Whip It" are disjointed and nonsensical.^[8] For example, its central theme revolves around the ability to solve one's problems by "whipping it"; other lines include motivational statements like "go forward, move ahead" and "it's not too late".^[8] Casale wrote the lyrics, which were intended to satirize American optimism. He took inspiration from communist propaganda posters and Gravity's Rainbow by Thomas Pynchon, a 1973 novel that contains satirical limericks about capitalist can-do clichés.{{sfnm|1a1=Majewski|1a2=Bernstein|1y=2014|1p=77|2a1=Nagy|2y=2015|2p=33}} Casale incorporated lyrics that would sound like motivational clichés if taken out of context.^[9]

Mothersbaugh offered a different interpretation of the lyrics, saying they were written in the form of a subtle pep talk for United States President Jimmy Carter during the 1980 presidential election. The members of Devo supported Carter and feared the Republican candidate Ronald Reagan would win the election.{{sfn|Nagy|2015|p=34}} Mothersbaugh jokingly once said in an interview: "Come on Jimmy, get your shit together".^[10] Huey notes that despite the song's novelty, there are violent undertones in the lyrics. He describes the process of whipping it to solve one's problems as "a sardonic portrait of a general, problematic aspect of the American psyche: the predilection for using force and violence to solve problems, vent frustration, and prove oneself to others".^[8]

Release

"Whip It" is one of four songs from Freedom of Choice to be released as a single. Warner Bros. heavily favored the commercial viability of the first single "Girl U Want" because its music and lyrics were more radio-friendly and akin to "My Sharona" by the Knack.^[11] "Girl U Want" failed to reach any record chart and was considered a failure.{{sfn|Nagy|2015|p=36}} Despite this initial failure, Devo decided to tour in support of the album without a hit single. Shortly into the tour, disc jockey Kal Rudman began playing "Whip It", and the song was soon being played on several radio stations in the Southeastern U.S. Within a week, "Whip It" had become so popular that Devo was forced to temporarily stop its tour to book larger venues because the concerts were selling out too quickly.{{sfn|Nagy|2015|p=37}}

"Whip It" debuted at number eighty-five on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 on August 30, 1980.^[12] It spent twenty-five weeks on the chart, peaked at number fourteen on November 15, 1980, and finished the year at number ninety-four on the Billboard Year-End singles chart for 1981.^[26] In the U.S., the song also reached number thirteen on the Cash Box Top 100,^[27] number fourteen on the Hot Dance Club Play chart,^[28]{{efn|name=HD|group=upper-alpha}} and number seventeen on the Record World Singles chart.^[29] "Whip It" found international success, peaking at number seventy-seven on the Australian Kent Music Report,^[30] number eleven on the Canadian RPM Top Singles chart, number eleven on the Official New Zealand Music Chart, and number fifty-one on the UK Singles Chart.^[33] The song was certified gold in the U.S. and Canada, denoting shipments of 1,000,000 and 75,000 copies respectively.

In a retrospective review, Huey said the song has "an irresistibly odd novelty appeal" and that it was "one of the best arguments that punk ideology didn't necessarily lose its bite when placed in the more pop-oriented musical context of new wave".^[8] PopMatters{{'}} Chris Gerard noted the song's originality and described it as "a bold and provocative recording that still sounds fantastic blasted out of a good set of speakers".^[13] The website subsequently ranked "Whip It" as the fifty-first best alternative song of the 1980s.^[13]

When "Whip It" was released, some listeners assumed the lyrics were double entendres for masturbation or sadomasochism.{{sfn|Nagy|2015|p=33}} Devo's previous material often included sexual innuendos or blatant references to sex in the lyrics, which made "Whip It" appear consistent with this style of songwriting.{{sfn|Nagy|2015|p=33}} Mothersbaugh said many disc jockeys would make masturbation jokes to him before interviews.{{sfn|Nagy|2015|p=34}} At first, the band members attempted to dissuade them of this assumption but they eventually gave in and helped reinforce these misinterpretations.{{sfn|Majewski|Bernstein|2014|p=77}} Mothersbaugh believed a song about taboo subjects would receive more radio airplay and sell more copies.^[14]

Music video

Although "Whip It" was not about masturbation or sadomasochism as some listeners believed, Devo used these sexual themes for an accompanying music video.{{sfn|Nagy|2015|p=37}} The video is set on a dude ranch where cowboys and cowgirls are watching Mothersbaugh whip the clothing from a cigarette-smoking woman. A cross-eyed woman and a middle-aged woman making whipped cream watch from a ranch house while the other members of Devo perform the song in a cattle pen. The band members are wearing sleeveless black turtlenecks and red flowerpot-shaped hats called energy domes.^[10]{{sfn|Nagy|2015|p=38}}

Devo was heavily committed to adding film aspects to its act; the band asked Warner Bros. to provide non-recoupable promotional money to make videos for "Girl U Want" and "Freedom of Choice". This was before the making of music videos had become standard industry practice, which confused label executives. When "Whip It" started to receive radio airplay, the record company embraced the concept and asked the band to produce a video for "Whip It" with a $15,000 budget.{{sfn|Nagy|2015|p=37}} The idea for the video came from an article in a 1962 issue of The Dude magazine, which revolved around a former stuntman who marries a stripper and moves to a dude ranch in Arizona. For entertainment, the man would use a whip to remove the clothes from his wife, who would remain unhurt. Mothersbaugh stated; "That's the kind of stuff that fed us creatively. It was just so stupid and so low, and yet so great."{{sfnm|1a1=Majewski|1a2=Bernstein|1y=2014|1p=77|2a1=Nagy|2y=2015|2p=38}}

The video was partially a reaction to Reagan's previous career as a Hollywood actor; Devo wanted to make a video that satirized both the cowboy mythos and "right-wing racist values".^[10]{{sfn|Majewski|Bernstein|2014|p=78}} In the video, the whip does not strike the woman's clothes; they were tied to a fishing line and pulled away after each whip crack. The whip did, however, strike the cigarette holder to knock it out of her mouth.{{sfn|Nagy|2015|p=39}} For the first few months after its release, the video was seen by a limited audience, primarily on late-night talk shows. The American television channel MTV, which was launched in 1981, gave the video so much exposure that it temporarily revived the song's popularity, shortly before the release of Devo's next album New Traditionalists (1981).{{sfn|Nagy|2015|p=39}}

The video attracted some controversy, particularly for its perceived misogynistic undertones. Casale said the band members intended the video to appear tasteless and demeaning but also funny.^[9] The claims of misogyny increased when Devo was cut from a live performance on an episode of The Midnight Special hosted by Lily Tomlin. After watching the video, Tomlin refused to host the show unless Devo was cut.^[5] There were also claims that MTV banned the video but these claims were ultimately proven false.^[1]

Legacy

Several journalists view "Whip It" as a cornerstone of the development of new wave music in the early 1980s.{{sfn|Nagy|2015|p=34}}^[11]^[15] In his book Pop Goes the Decade: The Eighties, Thomas Harrison wrote that the song introduced heavily synthesized music to a mainstream audience while music critic Evie Nagy called it a "defining anthem of new wave's rise".{{sfn|Nagy|2015|p=34}}^[15] The majority of new wave music in the early 1980s was produced by British bands. Following the success of "Whip It", Devo joined the B-52's as the face of the emergent American new wave music movement.^[33]

The song's popularity can be largely attributed to its distinct originality. Gerard noted, "there's been nothing quite like 'Whip It' in the top 40, before or since".^[13] Nagy said the song's drum beat, guitar chords, and keyboard lines are distinct and easily recognizable, even when isolated from the song.{{sfn|Nagy|2015|p=34}} In his book 99 Red Balloons: And 100 All-time One-hit Wonders, Brent Mann wrote; "It's hard to find anyone between the ages of 30 and 50 who does not have a vivid recollection of 'Whip It'{{nbsp}}... the kind of unusual track that made listeners want to bop their heads and break into a herky-jerky dance".^[16]

The accompanying music video is also remembered for its bizarre and controversial content.^[2]^[8] According to Huey, "the song has remained in the public consciousness thanks in part to MTV's extensive airplay for the video".^[8] With the popularity of the video, MTV began pursuing Devo and promised them a new platform to showcase their visual works. Devo, however, eventually developed a troubled relationship with the channel. Most of the band's subsequent videos were censored for controversial content or were rejected because the song was not a hit single. According to Casale; "As soon as MTV went national, they came up with this new Taliban set of rules{{nbsp}}... we were stunned and felt jilted".{{sfn|Nagy|2015|p=88}}

In the band's forty-year history, "Whip It" remains their only song to chart within the top forty on the Billboard Hot 100. As a result, some journalists have labeled Devo as a one-hit wonder.^[16]{{sfn|Nagy|=2015|p=94}}^[17] Mann noted that the band's strange philosophy on devolution offset its accessibility, and wrote; "Devo's songs were, quite simply, too far out and counter-culture for mainstream radio".^[16] Devo's members have never tried to distance themselves from "Whip It" and {{as of|2018|alt=as of 2018}} still play it live.^[17] Casale said; "I'm glad it was 'Whip It', because it was certainly twisted and original{{nbsp}}... it came from a pure, creative, open collaboration, and that's to me when all the best stuff comes".{{sfn|Nagy|2015|p=36}}

Covers and media use

Since 1980, "Whip It" has been covered by several bands, including Pearl Jam, Love and Death, and Does It Offend You, Yeah?.^[18]^[19]^[20] One of the most unusual covers was recorded by the American teen pop band Devo 2.0 and featured on its album DEV2.0 (2006).^[21] Devo 2.0, which was created by Walt Disney Records in an attempt to emulate the popularity of the Swedish pop group the A-Teens, covered Devo songs for a teenage audience.^[21] Label executives asked Casale to serve as the band's manager; he agreed, reasoning that Devo 2.0 furthered Devo's belief that everything humanity creates— including Devo's own songs—will devolve {{sfn|Majewski|Bernstein|2014|p=80}} Casale had to rewrite several lyrics to remove sexual innuendos and references to drugs and suicide, although "Whip It" was not subject to revisions.^[21]

According to David Chiu of PopMatters, "Whip It" had transcended popular culture because it has been featured in several television episodes of The Simpsons,^[11] Family Guy,^[22] and Stranger Things.^[23] It has also been featured in television advertisements for brands including Bonds, Gateway, and Swiffer.^[24] In the Swiffer commercial, a middle-aged woman performs robotic dance moves while cleaning her house. The commercial uses a slightly altered version of the song, replacing the lyrics "whip it good" with "swiffer's good". Devo agreed to perform the song for the commercial because they found it to be absurd. Mothersbaugh stated that performing in the commercial "is coming full circle, to be commenting on a conspicuous, consumptive culture{{nbsp}}... and to be fed into the hopper and spit back out the other side".^[25] Several other companies have altered the phrase "whip it" for their commercials to lyrics such as "flip it", "chip it", and "dip it".{{sfn|Majewski|Bernstein|2014|p=80}}

Credits and personnel

Charts and certifications

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Sales and certifications

References

Notes

Footnotes

1. ^¹{{cite book|first= David V. |last= Moskowitz |year= 2015 |title= The 100 Greatest Bands of All Time: A Guide to the Legends Who Rocked the World |publisher= ABC-CLIO |isbn= 978-1-4408-0340-6 |page= 215}}
2. ^¹²³⁴{{cite magazine|first= Richard |last= Buskin |title= Devo 'Whip It' – Classic Tracks |magazine= Sound on Sound |date= July 2008 |accessdate= August 31, 2017 |url= https://www.soundonsound.com/people/devo-whip-it-classic-tracks}}
3. ^¹{{cite magazine|first= Stephen |last= Fortner |title= Devo: The Masters of Subversive Synth Rock Return |magazine= Keyboard |page= 40 |volume= 36 |issue= 9 |date= September 2010 |accessdate= December 28, 2017 |url= https://www.keyboardmag.com/article/devo---masters/September-2010/119085 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101216014357/https://www.keyboardmag.com/article/devo---masters/September-2010/119085 |archivedate= December 16, 2010}}
4. ^¹{{cite AV media notes|title= Freedom of Choice |others= Devo |type= liner notes |publisher= Warner Bros. Records |year= 1980}}
5. ^¹{{cite web|first= Will |last= Harris |title= Interview: Gerald Casale of Devo |publisher= Rhino Entertainment |date= June 18, 2015 |accessdate= September 5, 2017 |url= http://www.rhino.com/article/interview-gerald-casale-of-devo/}}
6. ^*Source that describes "Whip It" as a new wave song: {{cite magazine|first= Larry |last= Flick |title= Moby Rocks Out On Elektra's 'Animal Rights' |date= February 1, 1997 |magazine= Billboard |volume= 109 |issue= 5 |page= 9 |issn= 0006-2510 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zA4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA9&dq=%22whip+it%22}}*Source that described "Whip It" as a synth-pop song: {{cite news|first= Pierre |last= Perrone |title= Alan Myers: Drummer with art-rockers DEVO |url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/alan-myers-drummer-with-artrockers-devo-8691116.html |newspaper= The Independent |date= July 6, 2013 |accessdate= July 22, 2013}}
7. ^¹{{cite web|title= Whip It by Devo – Digital Sheet Music |website= Music Notes |accessdate= September 5, 2017 |url= http://www.musicnotes.com/sheetmusic/mtd.asp?ppn=MN0075265}}
8. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰{{cite web|first= Steve |last= Huey |title= Devo – Whip It – Song Review |website= AllMusic |accessdate= September 7, 2017 |url= http://www.allmusic.com/song/whip-it-mt0008523888}}
9. ^¹{{cite web|first= Sara Jayne |last= Crow |title= Exclusive: Devo's Jerry Casale on De-evolution and the Meaning of 'Whip It' |website= Flavorwire |date= March 18, 2009 |accessdate= September 5, 2017 |url= http://flavorwire.com/14378/exclusive-devos-jerry-casale-on-de-evolution-and-the-meaning-of-whip-it}}
10. ^¹²{{cite book|first= Simon |last= Reynolds |authorlink= Simon Reynolds |year= 2005 |title= Rip It Up and Start Again |publisher= Penguin Books |isbn= 978-1-1012-0105-3 |page= 84}}
11. ^¹²³{{cite web|first= David |last= Chiu |title= 'Freedom of Choice' Is What You Got: A New Look at Devo's 1980 Hit Album |website= PopMatters |date= May 21, 2015 |accessdate= September 11, 2017 |url= https://www.popmatters.com/193489-freedom-of-choice-is-what-you-got-new-book-looks-at-devos-1980-hit-a-2495529894.html}}
12. ^{{cite web|title= The Hot 100 |magazine= Billboard |date= August 30, 1980 |accessdate= September 7, 2017 |url= http://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/1980-08-30}}
13. ^¹²{{cite web|first= Chris |last= Gerard |title= The 100 Greatest Alternative Singles of the '80s: Part 3: 60 – 41 |website= PopMatters |date= September 30, 2015 |accessdate= September 11, 2017 |url= https://www.popmatters.com/the-100-greatest-alternative-singles-of-the-80s-part-3-60-41-2495485637.html?rebelltitem=1#rebelltitem1}}
14. ^{{cite book|first= Deanna R. |last= Adams |year= 2002 |title= Rock 'n' Roll and the Cleveland Connection |publisher= Kent State University Press |isbn= 978-0-8733-8691-3 |page= 386}}
15. ^¹{{cite book|first= Thomas |last= Harrison |year= 2017 |title= Pop Goes the Decade: The Eighties |publisher= ABC-CLIO |isbn= 978-1-4408-3667-1 |page= 87}}
16. ^¹²{{cite book|first= Brent |last= Mann |year= 2003 |title= 99 Red Balloons: And 100 All-time One-hit Wonders |publisher= Citadel Press |isbn= 978-0-8065-2516-7 |pages= 77-78}}
17. ^¹{{cite web|first= Claire |last= Suddath |title= Nada Surf: Life After the One-Hit Wonder |magazine= Time |date= January 27, 2012 |accessdate= September 12, 2017 |url= http://entertainment.time.com/2012/01/27/nada-surf-life-after-the-one-hit-wonder/}}
18. ^{{cite web|first= Matt |last= Soniak |title= The Late Movies: "Whip It" Covers |website= Mental Floss |date= February 1, 2011 |accessdate= March 5, 2018 |url= http://mentalfloss.com/article/27021/late-movies-whip-it-covers}}
19. ^{{cite magazine|first= Christa |last= Titus |title= Love and Death Album Premiere: 'Between Here & Lost' Exclusive First Listen |magazine= Billboard |date= January 15, 2013 |accessdate= March 5, 2018 |url= https://www.billboard.com/articles/photos/features/1490777/love-and-death-album-premiere-between-here-lost-exclusive-first}}
20. ^{{cite magazine|title= Does It Offend You Yeah? cover Devo at Carling Weekend: Leeds Festival |magazine= NME |date= August 26, 2007 |accessdate= March 5, 2018 |url= https://www.nme.com/news/music/kaiser-chiefs-179-1351113}}
21. ^¹²{{cite web|first= Witney |last= Seibold |title= The Strange Saga of Disney's Preteen Devo Cover Band |website= Nerdist |date= August 25, 2017 |accessdate= March 5, 2018 |url= https://nerdist.com/the-strange-saga-of-dev2-0-disney-devo-cover-band/}}
22. ^{{cite web|first= Eric |last= Thurm |title= Family Guy: 'Herpe The Love Sore' |website= The A.V. Club |date= April 6, 2014 |accessdate= March 12, 2018 |url= https://tv.avclub.com/family-guy-herpe-the-love-sore-1798180059}}
23. ^{{cite magazine|first= Josh |last= Wigler |title= 'Stranger Things': All the Pop Culture References in Season 2 |magazine = The Hollywood Reporter |date= October 30, 2017 |accessdate= March 12, 2018 |url= https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/stranger-things-all-pop-culture-references-season-2-1052964}}
24. ^{{cite web|first= Kat |last= Trofimova |title= Check it! Commercials inspired by Devo's 'Whip It' |website= SheKnows Media |date= February 19, 2014 |accessdate= March 8, 2018 |url= http://www.sheknows.com/entertainment/articles/1064914/commercials-inspired-by-devo-whip-it}}
25. ^{{cite magazine|first= Lisa |last= Sanders |title= Former Anti-Business Band Does P&G Commercial |magazine= Advertising Age |date= August 13, 2003 |accessdate= March 8, 2018 |url= http://adage.com/article/news/advertising-devo-s-whip-p-g-swiffer-commercial/38166/}}
26. ^¹{{cite book|first= David |last= Kent |authorlink= David Kent (historian) |year= 1993 |title= Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 |publisher= Australian Chart Book |isbn= 978-0-6461-1917-5 |page= 88}}
27. ^¹²{{cite book|first= Dave |last= Thompson |year= 2000 |title= Alternative Rock |publisher= Hal Leonard Corporation |isbn= 978-0-8793-0607-6 |page= 327}}
28. ^¹²{{cite web|title= Freedom of Choice – Awards |website= AllMusic |accessdate= May 29, 2013 |url= http://www.allmusic.com:80/album/freedom-of-choice-mw0000189668/awards |archivedate= December 2, 2014 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20141202235030/http://www.allmusic.com/album/freedom-of-choice-mw0000189668/awards |deadurl= yes}}
29. ^¹{{cite magazine|title= Cash Box Top 100 Singles – Week Ending November 22, 1980 |magazine= Cash Box |accessdate= September 8, 2017 |archivedate= September 13, 2012 |url= http://cashboxmagazine.com/archives/80s_files/19801122.html |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120913113526/http://cashboxmagazine.com/archives/80s_files/19801122.html}}
30. ^¹{{cite magazine|title= Record World Singles |magazine= Record World |volume= 37 |number= 1742 |page= 27 |date= December 13, 1980 |accessdate= September 9, 2017 |id= See last week peak position |url= http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Record-World/80s/80/RW-1980-12-13.pdf}}
31. ^¹{{cite magazine|title= Singles |magazine= Billboard |date= December 26, 1981 |page= YE-9 |issn= 0006-2510 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=BCQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT60}}