| 词条 | Bosnia (early medieval polity) |
| 释义 |
Bosnia in the Early Middle Ages ({{lang-el|Βοσωνα}}/Bosona, {{lang-sh|Bosna}}) was an entity (called a "small country"), originally situated in the upper regions of the river Bosna valley. The western Balkans had been reconquered from "barbarians" by Byzantine Emperor Justinian (r. 527–565). Sclaveni (Slavs) raided the western Balkans, including Bosnia, in the 6th century.{{sfn|Fine|1991|p=32}} The De Administrando Imperio (DAI; 949-960) mentions Bosnia ({{lang|el|Βοσωνα}}/Bosona) as a "small/little land" (or "small country",{{sfn|Kaimakamova|Salamon|2007|p=244}} {{lang|el|χοριον Βοσωνα}}/horion Bosona),[1] settled by what are most likely the ancestors of modern-day Bosnians, also known as Bošnjani.[2] {{Quote|As for the question of whether the inhabitants of Bosnia were really Croat or really Serb in 1180, it cannot be answered, for two reasons: first, because we lack evidence, and secondly, because the question lacks meaning. We can say that the majority of the Bosnian territory was probably occupied by Croats – or at least, by Slavs under Croat rule – in the seventh century; but that is a tribal label which has little or no meaning five centuries later. The Bosnians were generally closer to the Croats in their religious and political history; but to apply the modern notion of Croat identity (something constructed in recent centuries out of religion, history, and language) to anyone in this period would be an anachronism. All that one can sensibly say about the ethnic identity of the Bosnians is this: they were the Slavs who lived in Bosnia.[3][4]}}Also, Serbs settled in Zahumlje and Travunija (both with territory in modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina);{{sfn|Fine|1991|p=53}} it was referred to only once, at the end of the 32nd chapter on the Serbs (a chapter overall drawn from older writings).{{sfn|Kaimakamova|Salamon|2007|p=244}} This is the first mention of a Bosnian entity; at the time it was a geographic, not a national, entity.{{sfn|Kaimakamova|Salamon|2007|p=244}} In the Early Middle Ages, Fine, Jr. believes that what is today western Bosnia and Herzegovina was part of Croatia, while the east was Serbian,{{sfn|Fine|1991|p=53}} although, the harsh and usually inaccessible terrain of Upper Bosnia was most likely never under direct control of either of the two Slavic states, but more under its own political rule. This claim is reinforced by the Byzantine writer Cinnamus, who wrote: {{Quote|..the river Drina which has its source somewhere in the upper lands, separates Bosnia from Serbia, Bosnia, isn't subordinated to the Serb ruler, instead the people in it have a special way of life and governance.[5]}} Historical and archaeological information on early medieval Bosnia is inadequate.{{sfn|Bulić|2013|p=155}} Bosnia included two inhabited towns{{sfn|Bulić|2013|p=156}} according to DAI, Katera and Desnik.{{sfn|Moravcsik|1967}} Katera has been identified as Kotorac near Sarajevo, however, according to {{harvnb|Bulić|2013}} archaeology refutes this; it may have been Kotor Varoš (the site of Bobac or Bobos), although it only includes late medieval findings to date.{{sfn|Bulić|2013|p=156}} Desnik remains unidentified, but was thought to be near Dešanj.{{sfn|Bulić|2013|p=156}} If DAI's kastra oikoumena does not designate inhabited towns, but ecclesiastical centres (as theorized by Tibor Živković), the towns might be Bistua (Zenica or Vitez) and Martar (Mostar or Konjic).{{sfn|Bulić|2013|p=156}} Expert historians have established that the medieval Bosnian polity stretched from the Sarajevo field in the south to the Zenica field in the north, the eastern boundary being the Prača valley towards the Drina, the western along the Lepenica and Lašva valleys.{{sfn|Kaimakamova|Salamon|2007|p=244}} After the death of Serbian ruler that conquered Bosnia Časlav (r. ca. 927–960), Bosnia seems to have detached from the Serbian state and became politically independent.{{sfn|Bulić|2013|p=157}} Bulgaria briefly subjugated Bosnia at the turn of the 10th century, after which it became part of the Byzantine Empire.{{sfn|Bulić|2013|p=157}} In the 11th century, Bosnia was briefly partly part of the Serbian state of Duklja.{{sfn|Bulić|2013|p=157}} After that, the Banate of Bosnia formed. See also{{colbegin}}
References1. ^{{cite book |last1=Imamović |first1=Mustafa |title=Historija Bošnjaka |date=1996 |publisher=Preporod |isbn=978-9958-815-00-3 |page=25 |language=Bosnian}} 2. ^{{cite journal | url = http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=76456&lang=en | language = Croatian | author = Pejo Ćošković | title = Pogledi o povijesti Bosne i crkvi bosanskoj | journal = Journal - Institute of Croatian History | volume = 32-33 | number = 1 |date=July 2000 | issn = 0353-295X | publisher = Faculty of Philosophy, Zagreb, FF press | page = | quote = Razlikovanje Bosne od ostalih kasnije stečenih dijelova ostalo je prisutno u titulaturi bosanskih vladara tijekom čitavog srednjeg vijeka. Uvažavanje te složenosti bosanskog državnog prostora može pružiti podlogu i pomoći pri razmišljanju o etničkoj i narodnosnoj pripadnosti srednjovjekovnog bosanskog stanovništva. U tijesnoj vezi s tim je postanak i funkcioniranje naziva Bošnjani kojim su u domaćoj izvornoj građi nazivani politički podanici bosanskih vladara od vremena Stjepana II. Kotromanića. Rjeđe su taj naziv Dubrovčani talijanizirali i pisali kao Bosignani. | accessdate = 15 February 2013}} 3. ^{{cite book|title=Bosnia: A Short History|author=Malcolm, N.|date=1996|publisher=New York University Press|isbn=9780814755617|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cvk6oMf9R7AC|accessdate=2014-12-11}} 4. ^{{harvnb|Kaimakamova|Salamon|2007|p=244}} 5. ^{{cite book |last1=Imamović |first1=Mustafa |title=Historija Bošnjaka |date=1996 |publisher=Preporod |isbn=9958-815-00-1 |page=31 |language=Bosnian}} Sources{{refbegin|2}}
3 : Medieval Bosnia and Herzegovina|Principality of Serbia (medieval)|Former Slavic countries |
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