| 词条 | Whiskey Ring |
| 释义 |
In the United States, the Whiskey Ring was a scandal, exposed in 1875. The Whiskey Ring began in St. Louis, Missouri but was also organized in Chicago, Illinois; Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Cincinnati, Ohio; New Orleans, Louisiana and Peoria, Illinois. The Whiskey Ring involved diversion of tax revenues in a conspiracy among government agents, politicians, whiskey distillers, and distributors. HistoryThe scheme involved an extensive network of bribes involving distillers, government officials, rectifiers, gaugers, storekeepers, and internal revenue agents. Essentially, distillers bribed government officials, and those officials helped the distillers evade federal taxes on the whiskey they produced and sold. Due to the increase of liquor taxes after the Civil War, whiskey was supposed to be taxed at 70 cents per gallon, however distillers would instead pay the officials 35 cents per gallon and the illicit whiskey was stamped as having the tax paid. Before they were caught, a group of politicians were able to siphon off millions of dollars in federal taxes. Due to its ties within the government, the Whiskey Ring was thought to be impregnable.{{cn|date=March 2019}} That was until U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Benjamin Bristow, working without the knowledge of the President or the Attorney General, broke the tightly connected and politically powerful ring in May, 1875, using secret agents from outside the Treasury department to conduct a series of raids across the country on May 10, 1875. The trials began at Jefferson City, Missouri in October 1875. Ultimately, 110 convictions were made and over $3 million in taxes were recovered, although 238 people were indicted[1]. President Ulysses S. Grant appointed General John Brooks Henderson (a former U.S. Senator from Missouri) to serve as special prosecutor in charge of the indictments and trials, but Grant eventually fired Gen. Henderson for challenging Grant's interference in the prosecutions. Grant replaced Henderson with attorney James Broadhead. The Whiskey Ring was seen by many as a sign of corruption under the Republican governments that took power across the nation following the American Civil War. General Orville E. Babcock, the private secretary to the President, was indicted as a member of the ring. He was acquitted through the personal intervention and testimony of President Grant [1]. Also, newspapers at the time were known to slant towards a Republican agenda, making light of the trial [2] This led many people to think the Whiskey Ring was a ploy for the Republican party to increase their funds [2] For this reason, President Ulysses S. Grant, although not directly involved in the ring, came to be seen as emblematic of Republican corruption, and later scandals involving his Secretary of War William W. Belknap only confirmed that perception. The Whiskey Ring along with other alleged abuses of power by the Republican party, contributed to national weariness of Reconstruction, which ended Grant's presidency with the Compromise of 1877. References1. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/columbia-electronic-encyclopedia-6th-edition/oclc/746941797|title=Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 2. ^1 2 {{cite journal |last1=Hopper |first1=Jennifer Rose |title=Reexamining the Nineteenth-Century Presidency and Partisan Press: The Case of President Grant and the Whiskey Ring Scandal|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/social-science-history/article/reexamining-the-nineteenthcentury-presidency-and-partisan-press-the-case-of-president-grant-and-the-whiskey-ring-scandal/18F7D0BB708692DBAD1C4120486223A0 |journal=Social Science History |date=21 November 2017 |volume=42 |issue=01 |pages=109–133 |doi=10.1017/ssh.2017.40|access-date=2019-03-26}} Further reading
External links
4 : Political corruption scandals in the United States|1875 in the United States|Grant administration controversies|1776 in the United States |
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