| 词条 | Bovina (subtribe) |
| 释义 |
| name = Bovina | fossil_range = Late Miocene - present, {{fossilrange|13.7|0}}[1] | image = Texas Longhorn.jpg | image2 = Trudging through the Snow (23397440346).jpg | image2_caption = Texas Longhorn Cattle (Bos taurus; top image) and a herd of American bison (Bison bison; bottom) | taxon = Bovina (subtribe) | authority = Gray, 1821 | type_species = Bos taurus | type_species_authority = Linnaeus, 1758 | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision =See text{{collapsible list|bullets = true |†Adjiderebos (Dubrovo & Burchak-Abramovich, 1984) |Bison (Hamilton-Smith, 1827) |Bos (Linnaeus, 1758) |†Epileptobos (Hooijer, 1956) |†Ioribos (Vekua, 1972) |†Leptobos (Rütimeyer, 1877) |†Pelorovis (Reck, 1928) |†Platycerabos (Barbour & Schultz, 1942) |†Protobison (Burchak-Abramovich, Gadzhiev & Vekua, 1980) |†Urmiabos (Burchak-Abramovich, 1950) |†Yakopsis (Kretzoi, 1954) }} | synonyms =
}}Bovina is a subtribe of the Bovini tribe that generally includes the two living genera, Bison and Bos.[2] However, this dichotomy has been challenged recently by molecular work that suggests that Bison should be regard as a junior synonym of Bos.[3][4][5][6] Wild bovians can be found naturally in North America and Eurasia (although domestic and feral populations have been introduced in worldwide).[7] SystematicsPlacement within Bovini{{cladogram|align=right|title=|caption=Phylogenetic relationships of the tribe Bovini (Hassanin et al., 2013)[6] |cladogram={{clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:200%;width:300px; |1={{clade |label1=Bovini |1={{Clade |1=Pseudorygina (saola) |label2= |2={{Clade |1=Bubalina (buffalos) |2=Bovina (Bison and Bos) }} }} }} }} }} The majority of phylogenetic work based on ribosomal DNA, chromosomal analysis, autosomal introns and mitochondrial DNA has recovered three distinctive subtribes of Bovini: Pseudorygina (represent solely by the saola), Bubalina (buffalo), and Bovina.[8][9][10][11] The fossil recordThe bovinans have a rich fossil record.[12] According to the fossil record and molecular studies, Bubalina and Bovina diverged from one and another from a common ancestor around 13.7 million years ago in the Late Miocene.[1][6][12] After arriving into Africa there was a rapid radiation of bovinan species in Africa in the Middle Pliocene. Among the diverse genera of African bovinans were two significant genera: Pelorovis and Leptobos. According to anatomical and morphological study on the various species of Pelorovis and Leptobos, it is believed the former genus evolved into Bos while the latter genus evolved into Bison during the Late Pliocene of East Africa.[13][14] Both lineages then left Africa and into Eurasia at the end of the Pliocene. While Bos inhabited much of Eurasia, some species of Bison had colonized North America by crossing over the Bering Land Bridge in two waves, the first being 135,000 to 195,000 years ago and the second being 21,000 to 45,000 years ago.[15][16][12] The exact relationships between fossil and extant bovinans problematic.[17] Below is the list of fossil species that have been described so far (listed alphabetically):[12]
TaxonomyIn 1945 American paleontologist and mammalogist George Gaylord Simpson had considered there to be three genera of bovinans.[18] In addition to recognizing Bos and Bison, he assigned the several Asiatic tropical species such as gaur and banteng into the genus Bibos.[18] The German zoologist Herwart Bohlken also agreed with these conclusions, though he believed that the two bison species should be lumped into Bison bison.[19] It should be noted that the kouprey was not included in Simpson's taxonomy[18], while Bohlken (1958) considered the species to be a hybrid between banteng and cattle.[19] Below is the Simpson (1945) taxonomy:[18]
Subsequent taxonomic studies resulted Bibos to be reduced to as either a subgenus[12] or a junior synonym of Bos.[2] As shown below:
However recent molecular work on mitochondrial DNA and the Y-chromosome has completely revamped the evolutionary relationships among bovinans. These studies support of not only the inclusion of bison species into the genus Bos, but offer two radically different positions for the European bison. According to the mitochondrial DNA, these studies support the American bison being closely related to the yak, while the European bison is more related to the aurochs.[20][5] However phylogenetic studies using the Y-chromosome has found the two bison species being in a clade together with the yak.[21] Another study by Hassanin et al. (2013) using different also different such as autosomal introns also found support in the bison-yak clade.[22] This suggests the mitochondrial genomes is result of incomplete lineage sorting during divergence of Bos and Bison from their common ancestors rather than further post-speciation gene flow (ancient hybridization between Bos and Bison). There is evidence of limited gene flow from Bos primigenius taurus could account for the affiliation between wisent and cattle nuclear genomes (in contrast to mitochondrial ones).[23] This phylogenetic studies lead Groves and Grubb (2011), who conducted large scale taxonomic analysis on the world's ungulate species, to recommend classifying the two bison species as members of the genus Bos.[4] Below is the listing of species recognized by Groves and Grubb (2011)[4] with species names following Castelló (2016) from Bovids of the World:[7]
References1. ^1 {{cite journal | last1 = Hassanin | first1 = A. | last2 = Ropiquet | first2 = A. | year = 2004 | title = Molecular phylogeny of the tribe Bovini (Bovidae, Bovinae) and the taxonomic status of the Kouprey, Bos sauveli Urbain 1937 | url = https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/2031354/MPE-2004-Kouprey.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1509824251&Signature=Yh0gAyK1uUOyJSY%2BSGF6RjKO0L0%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DMolecular_Phylogeny_of_the_Tribe_Bovini.pdf | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 33 | issue = 3 | pages = 896–907| pmid = 15522811 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2004.08.009}} 2. ^1 {{cite book | editor1-last = Wilson | editor1-first = W.E.| editor2-last = Reeder | editor2-first = D.M. | year = 2005 |title = Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference | publisher = The Johns Hopkins University Press | pages =}} 3. ^{{cite book | last1 = Lenstra | first1 = J.A. | last2 = Bradley | first2 = D.G. | year = 1999 | chapter= Systematics and phylogeny of cattle | chapter-url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235913222 | title= The Genetics of Cattle |publisher=CAB International|pages = 1–14}} 4. ^1 2 {{cite book | last1 = Groves | first1 = C. | last2 = Grubb | first2 = P. | year = 2011 | title = Ungulate Taxonomy | url = | publisher = The Johns Hopkins University Press}} 5. ^1 {{cite journal | last1 = Bibi | first1 = F. | year = 2013 | title = Phylogenetic relationships in the subfamily Bovinae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla) based on ribosomal DNA | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 13 | issue = 166 | pages =166| doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-13-166 | pmid = 23927069 | pmc = 3751017 }} 6. ^1 2 {{cite journal | last1 = Hassanin | first1 = A. | last2 = An | first2 = J. | last3 = Ropiquet | first3 = A. | last4 = Nguyen | first4 = T.T. | last5 = Couloux | first5 = A. | year = 2013 | title = Combining multiple autosomal introns for studying shallow phylogeny and taxonomy of Laurasiatherian mammals: Application to the tribe Bovini (Cetartiodactyla, Bovidae). | url = https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/31800564/_21__Hassaninetal-2012.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1509826882&Signature=R2U4h6RibZJ7%2FHKc6qspKRiRs4c%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DCombining_multiple_autosomal_introns_for.pdf | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 63 | issue = 3 | pages = 766–775}} 7. ^1 {{cite book | last1 = Castelló | first1 = J.R. | year = 2016 | title = Bovids of the Word. | url = | publisher = Princeton University Press}} 8. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Tanaka | first1 = K. | last2 = Solis | first2 = C.D. | last3 = Masangkay | first3 = J.S. | last4 = Maeda | first4 = K.L. | last5 = Kawamoto | first5 = Y. | last6 = Namikawa | first6 = T. | year = 1996 | title = Phylogenetic relationship among all living species of the genus Bubalus based on DNA sequences of the cytochrome b gene | journal = Biochemical Genetics | volume = 34 | issue = 11 | pages = 443–452| doi = 10.1007/BF00570125}} 9. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1098/rspb.1999.0720 |title=Evolutionary affinities of the enigmatic saola (Pseudoryx nghetinhensis) in the context of the molecular phylogeny of Bovidae |year=1999 |last1=Hassanin |first1=A. |last2=Douzery |first2=E. J. P. |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=266 |issue=1422 |pages=893–900 |pmid=10380679 |pmc=1689916}} 10. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Bibi | first1 = F. | year = 2013 | title = Phylogenetic relationships in the subfamily Bovinae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla) based on ribosomal DNA | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 13 | issue = 166 | pages =166| doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-13-166 | pmid = 23927069 | pmc = 3751017 }} 11. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Hassanin | first1 = A. | last2 = An | first2 = J. | last3 = Ropiquet | first3 = A. | last4 = Nguyen | first4 = T.T. | last5 = Couloux | first5 = A. | year = 2013 | title = Combining multiple autosomal introns for studying shallow phylogeny and taxonomy of Laurasiatherian mammals: Application to the tribe Bovini (Cetartiodactyla, Bovidae). | url = https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/31800564/_21__Hassaninetal-2012.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1509826882&Signature=R2U4h6RibZJ7%2FHKc6qspKRiRs4c%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DCombining_multiple_autosomal_introns_for.pdf | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 63 | issue = 3 | pages = 766–775}} 12. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book | last1 = Hassanin | first1 = A. | year = 2014 | chapter = Systematic and evolution of Bovini | editor1-last = Melletti | editor1-first = D.R.| editor2-last = Burton | editor2-first = J. | title = Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour of Wild Cattle: Implications for Conservation. | publisher = Cambridge University Press. | pages = 7–20}} 13. ^{{cite journal|last1=Martínez-Navarro|first1=Bienvenido|last2=Antonio Pérez-Claros|first2=Juan|last3=Palombo|first3=Maria Rita|last4=Rook|first4=Lorenzo|last5=Palmqvist|first5=Paul|title=The Olduvai buffalo Pelorovis and the origin of Bos|journal=Quaternary Research|date=2017|volume=68|issue=2|pages=220–226|doi=10.1016/j.yqres.2007.06.002}} 14. ^{{cite book|first1=Yohannes |last1=Haile-Selassie|first2=Elizabeth S.|last2= Vrba|first3= Faysal|last3= Bibi|chapter=Bovidae|editor-first1=Yohannes |editor-last1=Haile-Selassie|editor-first2=Giday| editor-last2=WoldeGabriel|title=Ardipithecus Kadabba: Late Miocene Evidence from the Middle Awash, Ethiopia|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cgf82zR6GXsC&pg=PA295|year=2009|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-25440-4|pages=295–}} 15. ^[https://www.adn.com/alaska-news/science/2017/03/27/timing-of-bison-arrival-in-north-america-now-known-thanks-to-dna-and-an-alaska-volcano/ An Alaska volcano and DNA reveal the timing of bison's arrival in North America], Alaska Dispatch News, Yereth Rosen, March 27, 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2017. 16. ^{{cite journal|last1=Froese|first1=Duane|last2=Stiller|first2=Mathias|last3=Heintzman|first3=Peter D.|last4=Reyes|first4=Alberto V.|last5=Zazula|first5=Grant D.|last6=Soares|first6=André E. R.|last7=Meyer|first7=Matthias|last8=Hall|first8=Elizabeth|last9=Jensen|first9=Britta J. L.|last10=Arnold|first10=Lee J.|last11=MacPhee|first11=Ross D. E.|last12=Shapiro|first12=Beth|title=Fossil and genomic evidence constrains the timing of bison arrival in North America|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=2017|volume=114|issue=13|pages=3457–3462|doi=10.1073/pnas.1620754114|pmid=28289222|pmc=5380047}} 17. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Bibi | first1 = F. | year = 2009 | title = The fossil record and evolution of Bovidae. | url = http://doc.rero.ch/record/210266/files/PAL_E4341.pdf | journal = Palaeontologia Electronica | volume = 12 | issue = 3 | pages = 1–11}} 18. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal | last1 = Simpson | first1 = G.G. | year = 1945 | title = The principles of classification and a classification of mammals | url = http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/1104 | journal = Bulletin of the AMNH | volume = 85 | issue = | pages = 1–350}} 19. ^1 {{cite journal | last1 = Bohlken | first1 = H. | year = 1958 | title = Vergleichende Untersuchungen an Wildrindern (Tribus Bovini Simpson 1945). | url = | journal = Zoologische Jahrbücher | volume = 68 | issue = | pages = 113–220}} 20. ^{{cite journal | author1 = Guo, S. | author2 = Liu, J. | author3 = Qi, D. | author4 = Yang, J. | author5 = Zhao, X. | year = 2006 | title = Taxonomic placement and origin of yaks: implications from analyses of mtDNA D-loop fragment sequences | journal = Acta Theriologica Sinica | volume = 26 | issue = 4 | url = http://english.mammal.cn/Magazine/show.aspx?id=2079 | pages = 325–330 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120308221242/http://english.mammal.cn/Magazine/show.aspx?id=2079 | archivedate = 2012-03-08 | df = }} 21. ^{{cite journal | author1 = Nijman, I.J. | author2 = Van Boxtel, D. C. | author3 = Van Cann, L. M. | author4 = Marnoch, Y. | author5 = Cuppen, E. | author6 = Lenstra, J. A | year = 2008 | title = Phylogeny of Y chromosomes from bovine species. | journal = Cladistics | volume = 24 | issue = 5 | url = http://www.vs.mahidol.ac.th/livestock/images/Phylogeny.pdf | pages = 723–726}} 22. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Hassanin | first1 = A. | last2 = An | first2 = J. | last3 = Ropiquet | first3 = A. | last4 = Nguyen | first4 = T.T. | last5 = Couloux | first5 = A. | year = 2013 | title = Combining multiple autosomal introns for studying shallow phylogeny and taxonomy of Laurasiatherian mammals: Application to the tribe Bovini (Cetartiodactyla, Bovidae). | url = https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/31800564/_21__Hassaninetal-2012.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1509826882&Signature=R2U4h6RibZJ7%2FHKc6qspKRiRs4c%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DCombining_multiple_autosomal_introns_for.pdf | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 63 | issue = 3 | pages = 766–775}} 23. ^{{cite journal |last1=Massilani |first1=Diyendo |last2=Guimaraes |first2=Silvia |last3=Brugal |first3=Jean-Philip |last4=Bennett |first4=E. Andrew |last5=Tokarska |first5=Malgorzata |last6=Arbogast |first6=Rose-Marie |last7=Baryshnikov |first7=Gennady |last8=Boeskorov |first8=Gennady |last9=Castel |first9=Jean-Christophe |last10=Davydov |first10=Sergey |last11=Madelaine |first11=Stéphane |last12=Putelat |first12=Olivier |last13=Spasskaya |first13=Natalia N. |last14=Uerpmann |first14=Hans-Peter |last15=Grange |first15=Thierry |last16=Geigl |first16=Eva-Maria |title=Past climate changes, population dynamics and the origin of Bison in Europe |journal=BMC Biology |volume=14 |issue=93 |date=21 October 2016 |doi=10.1186/s12915-016-0317-7 |pmid=27769298 }} 3 : Bovines|Extant Miocene first appearances|Animal subtribes |
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