| 词条 | Whitechapel | ||||||||||||
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|country=England |region=London |static_image_name=File:Tayyabs, Whitechapel, E1 (2876414915).jpg |static_image_caption=The Tayya Punjabi restaurant on Fieldgate Street |population={{london ward populations|00BGGN|population}} |population_ref=({{london ward populations|00BGGN|ward}} ward {{london ward populations|year}}){{london ward populations|reference}} |official_name=Whitechapel |coordinates = {{coord|51.5165|-0.0750|display=inline,title}} |constituency_westminster= |post_town=LONDON |postcode_area=E |postcode_district=E1, E1W |london_borough=Tower Hamlets |dial_code=020 |os_grid_reference=TQ335815 }} Whitechapel is a district in London, England. It is within Central and East London and in the East End. It is located in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets and is {{convert|3.4|mi|km|1}} east of Charing Cross and roughly bounded by Mansell Street to the west, the East London Line and Buxton Street to the north, Cambridge Heath Road and Sidney Street to the east and The Highway to the south. Because the area is close to the London Docklands and east of the City of London, it has been a popular place for immigrants and the working class. The area was the centre of the London Jewish community in the 19th and early 20th century, and the location of the infamous Whitechapel Murders of Jack the Ripper in the late 1880s. In the latter half of the 20th century, Whitechapel became a significant settlement for the British Bangladeshi community and today Brick Lane is an ethnic enclave known as Banglatown.[1] It is famous for its many curry houses. HistoryBefore the 19th centuryWhitechapel's heart is Whitechapel High Street, extending further east as Whitechapel Road, named after a small chapel of ease dedicated to St Mary. The church's earliest known rector was Hugh de Fulbourne in 1329. Around 1338, it became the parish church of Whitechapel, called, for unknown reasons, St Mary Matfelon. The church was severely damaged during the Blitz and demolished in 1952, and its location and graveyard is now a public garden on the south side of the road.[2][3] Whitechapel High Street and Whitechapel Road are now part of the A11 road, anciently the initial part of the Roman road between the City of London and Colchester, exiting the city at Aldgate.[4] In later times, travellers to and from London on this route were accommodated at the many coaching inns which lined Whitechapel High Street.[2] By the late 16th century, the suburb of Whitechapel and the surrounding area had started becoming 'the other half' of London. Located east of Aldgate, outside the City Walls and beyond official controls, it attracted the less fragrant activities of the city, particularly tanneries, breweries, foundries (including the Whitechapel Bell Foundry, which later cast Philadelphia's Liberty Bell and London's Big Ben) and slaughterhouses. In 1680, the Rector of Whitechapel, the Rev. Ralph Davenant, of the parish of St. Mary Matfellon, bequeathed a legacy for the education of forty boys and thirty girls of the parish – the Davenant Centre is still in existence although the Davenant Foundation School moved from Whitechapel to Loughton in 1966. Population shifts from rural areas to London from the 17th century to the mid-19th century resulted in great numbers of more or less destitute people taking up residence amidst the industries and mercantile interests that had attracted them. In 1797, the body of the sailor Richard Parker, hanged for his leading role in the Nore mutiny, was given a Christian burial at Whitechapel after his wife exhumed it from the unconsecrated burial ground to which it was originally consigned. Crowds gathered to see the body before it was buried. 19th centuryBy the 1840s, Whitechapel, along with the enclaves of Wapping, Aldgate, Bethnal Green, Mile End, Limehouse, Bow, Bromley-by-Bow, Poplar, Shadwell and Stepney (collectively known today as "the East End"), had evolved, or devolved, into classic "Dickensian" London, with problems of poverty and overcrowding. Whitechapel Road itself was not particularly squalid through most of this period—it was the warrens of small dark streets branching from it that contained the greatest suffering, filth and danger, such as Dorset Street (now a private alley but once described as "the worst street in London"[5]), Thrawl Street, Berners Street (renamed Henriques Street), Wentworth Street, and others. William Booth began his Christian Revival Society, preaching the gospel in a tent, erected in the Friends Burial Ground, Thomas Street, Whitechapel, in 1865. Others joined his Christian Mission, and on 7 August 1878 the Salvation Army was formed at a meeting held at 272 Whitechapel Road.[6] A statue commemorates both his mission and his work in helping the poor. In the Victorian era the basal population of poor English country stock was swelled by immigrants from all over, particularly Irish and Jewish. Writing of the period 1883–1884, Yiddish theatre actor Jacob Adler wrote, "The further we penetrated into this Whitechapel, the more our hearts sank. Was this London? Never in Russia, never later in the worst slums of New York, were we to see such poverty as in the London of the 1880s."[7] This endemic poverty drove many women to prostitution. In October 1888 the Metropolitan Police estimated that there were 1,200 prostitutes "of very low class" resident in Whitechapel and about 62 brothels.[8] Reference is specifically made to them in Charles Booth's Life and Labour of the People in London, specially to dwellings called Blackwall Buildings belonging to Blackwall Railway. Such prostitutes were numbered amongst the 11 Whitechapel murders (1888–91), some of which were committed by the legendary serial killer known as 'Jack the Ripper'. These attacks caused widespread terror in the district and throughout the country and drew the attention of social reformers to the squalor and vice of the area, even though these crimes remain unsolved today.[9] The "Elephant Man" Joseph Merrick (1862–1890) became well known in Whitechapel — he was exhibited in a shop on the Whitechapel Road before being helped by Dr Frederick Treves (1853–1923) at the Royal London Hospital, opposite the actual shop. There is a museum in the hospital about his life. 20th centuryIn 1902, American author Jack London, looking to write a counterpart to Jacob Riis's seminal book How the Other Half Lives, donned ragged clothes and boarded in Whitechapel, detailing his experiences in The People of the Abyss. Riis had recently documented the astoundingly bad conditions in large swaths of the leading city of the United States. The Siege of Sidney Street in January 1911 was a gunfight between police and military forces and Latvian revolutionaries. Then Home Secretary Winston Churchill took over the operation where his presence caused a political row over the level of his involvement during the time. His biographers disagreed and said he gave no operational commands to the police,{{sfn|Addison|2014}}{{sfn|Jenkins|2012|p=195}} but a Metropolitan Police account states that the events of Sidney Street were "a very rare case of a Home Secretary taking police operational command decisions".{{efn|Subsequent stories that a bullet passed through Churchill's top hat are apocryphal, and no reference to such an occurrence appears in either the official records, or Churchill's accounts of the siege.{{sfn|Waldren|2013|p=11}}}} The Freedom Press, a socialist publishing house, thought it worthwhile to explore conditions in the leading city of the nation that had invented modern capitalism. He concluded that English poverty was far rougher than the American variety. The juxtaposition of the poverty, homelessness, exploitive work conditions, prostitution, and infant mortality of Whitechapel and other East End locales with some of the greatest personal wealth the world has ever seen made it a focal point for leftist reformers and revolutionaries of all kinds, from George Bernard Shaw, whose Fabian Society met regularly in Whitechapel, to Vladimir Lenin, led rallies in Whitechapel during his exile from Russia.[10] The area is still home to Freedom Press, the anarchist publishing house founded by Charlotte Wilson. In Sunday 4 October 1936, the British Union of Fascists led by Oswald Mosley clashed in the East End including a part of southern Whitechapel on Cable Street with various anti-fascist demonstrators, including local Jewish, Irish, socialist, anarchist and communist groups during the Battle of Cable Street where Mosley planned to send thousands of marchers dressed in uniforms styled on those of Blackshirts through the East End, which then had a large Jewish population.[11] Whitechapel remained poor (and colourful) through the first half of the 20th century, though somewhat less desperately so. It suffered great damage in the Blitz and from the German V-weapon attacks of World War II. Since then, Whitechapel has lost most of its notoriety. Altab Ali was murdered by three teenagers on 4 May 1978 in a racist attack as he walked home after work. His murder took place at St. Mary's Gardens by St Mary's Churchyard, the reaction provoked the mass mobilisation of the Bengali community locally and came to represent the self-organisation of the community. The churchyard he was murdered in was later renamed Altab Ali Park in his memory. 21st centuryCrossrail will call at Whitechapel Station from December 2018[12] on the Elizabeth Line. Eastbound services will be split into two branches after leaving the station which is undergoing a massive redevelopment that started from 2010 of the historic station due to be completed by 2019.[13]In order to prepare for Crossrail, in January 2016, the old Whitechapel Station was closed for refurbishment and modernisation work in order to improve services and increase capacity in the station.[14] The Royal London Hospital was closed and re-opened behind the original site in 2012 in a brand new building costing, £650m.[15] The old site was then repurchased by the local council to open a new town hall,[16] replacing the existing Town Hall at Mulberry Place. Governance{{Main|London Borough of Tower Hamlets}}Local council facilities will be grouped within the old Royal London Hospital building as a civic center. The local library, now called an Idea Store is located on Whitechapel Road. CultureWhitechapel Road was the location of two 19th-century theatres: 'The Effingham' (1834–1897) and The Pavilion Theatre (1828–1935; building demolished in 1962). Charles Dickens, Jr. (eldest child of Charles Dickens), in his 1879 book Dickens's Dictionary of London, described the Pavilion this way: "A large East-end theatre capable of holding considerably over 3,000 persons. Melodrama of a rough type, farce, pantomime, &c."[18] In the early 20th century it became the home of Yiddish theatre, catering to the large Jewish population of the area, and gave birth to the Anglo-Jewish 'Whitechapel Boys' avant-garde literary and artistic movement. Since at least the 1970s, Whitechapel and other nearby parts of East London have figured prominently in London's art scene. Probably the area's most prominent art venue is the Whitechapel Art Gallery, founded in 1901 and long an outpost of high culture in a poor neighbourhood. As the neighbourhood has gentrified, it has gained citywide, and even international, visibility and support. From 2005 the gallery underwent a major expansion, with the support of £3.26 million from the Heritage Lottery Fund. The expanded facility opened in 2009. Whitechapel in the early 21st century has figured prominently in London's punk rock/skuzz rock scene, with the main focal point for this scene being Whitechapel Factory and Rhythm Factory bar/restaurant/nightclub. This scene includes the likes of The Libertines, Zap!, Nova, The Others, Razorlight, and The Rakes, all of whom have had some commercial success in the music charts. Home to centres such as London Action Resource Centre and rampART, Whitechapel is seen by many as a cultural hub for community based political activism particularly of an anti-authoritarian, anti-war trend. The anarchist publishing house Freedom Press is nearby in Aldgate and one of the London chapters of Food Not Bombs serves regular meals in Altab Ali Park on Whitechapel High Street. Whitechapel Anarchist Group has also recently been formed and circulates a local freesheet called W.A.G. (Whitechapel Anarchist Group) In the past Whitechapel has been home to such individuals as Rudolf Rocker (1873–1958), anarcho-syndicalist writer, historian and prominent activist who active in the area from 1895 to 1918. Charles Lahr (1885–1971), anarchist bookseller/publisher and secretary of Whitechapel branch of the Industrial Union of Direct Actionists (IUDA), was also a prominent figure resident in the area. Such individuals in history have helped form the culture of enthusiasm in political alternatives that is enjoyed in the community today. DemographicsThe Bangladeshis are the most visible migrant group today, who make up 40% of the Whitechapel ward total population.[19] The East London Mosque at the end of Whitechapel Road is a major symbol of the resident Islamic community. The mosque group was established as early as 1910, and the demand for a mosque grew as the Sylheti community grew rapidly over the years. In 1985 this large, purpose built mosque with a dome and minaret was built in the heart of Whitechapel, attracting thousands of worshippers every week, and it was further expanded with the London Muslim Centre in 2004.[20] The Altab Ali Park near Adler Street was formerly a church site but was destroyed during the Blitz. It was renamed to 'Altab Ali Park' in memory of a Bangladeshi clothing worker who was the victim of a racially motivated murder on 4 May 1978, and of other victims of racist attacks during the 1970s.[21][22] A library, the Whitechapel Idea Store, constructed in 2005 at a cost of £12 million by William Verry to a design by David Adjaye, was nominated for the 2006 Stirling Prize.[23][24]
In literatureWhitechapel features in Charles Dickens's Pickwick Papers (chapter 22) as the location of the Bull Inn, where the Pickwickians take a coach to Ipswich. En route, driving along Whitechapel Road, Sam Weller opines that it is "not a wery nice neighbourhood" and notes the correlation between poverty and the abundance of oyster stalls here. One of Fagin's dens in Dickens's Oliver Twist was located in Whitechapel and Fagin, himself, was possibly based on a notorious local 'fence' named Ikey Solomon (1785–1850). Whitechapel is also the setting of several novels by Jewish authors such as Children of the Ghetto and The King of Schnorrers by Israel Zangwill and Jew Boy by Simon Blumenfeld. Several chapters of Sholem Aleichem's classic Yiddish novel Adventures of Mottel the Cantor's Son take place in early 20th-century Whitechapel, depicted from the point of view of an impoverished East European Jewish family fleeing the pogroms. The novel Journey Through a Small Planet by Emanuel Litvinoff vividly describes Whitechapel and its Jewish inhabitants in the 1920s and 1930s. The prostitute and daughter of a Luddite leader Sybil Gerard, main character of William Gibson and Bruce Sterling's novel The Difference Engine comes from Whitechapel. The novel's plot begins there. Brick Lane, the 2003 novel by Monica Ali is based in Whitechapel and documents the life of a young Bangladeshi woman's experience of living in Tower Hamlets in the 1990s and early 2000s. Whitechapel is used as a location in most Jack the Ripper fiction. One such example is the bizarre White Chappel Scarlet Tracings (1987) by Iain Sinclair.[25] It also features as the setting for the science fiction Webcomic FreakAngels, written by popular comics writer Warren Ellis. In 2002, Whitechapel was used as the setting for a Sherlock Holmes film, The Case of the Whitechapel Vampire, based on the Arthur Conan Doyle story The Adventure of the Sussex Vampire. EducationFor details of education in Whitechapel see the List of schools in Tower Hamlets TransportHistoryThe East London line extension northwards to Highbury & Islington and southwards to West Croydon was completed in 2010. A further extension opened in 2012 to provide a complete rail ring route around south London to Clapham Junction. Whitechapel is also scheduled to be a stop on the Crossrail project, for which preparatory works began in September 2010[26] at a large site excavating 'Cambridge Heath Shaft' (located at the eastern end of the Crossrail platform tunnels and adjacent to the junction of Whitechapel Road and Cambridge Heath Road, with Sainsbury's superstore and car park to the north-west of the site and The Blind Beggar public house immediately to the west).[27] This is now likely to be completed in 2018.[28] Current
Whitechapel is the main station in the district which is on the London Underground Hammersmith & City and District lines east–west and also the East London Line and connecting South London Line services north–south (re-opened as London Overground on June 2010)[29] The Docklands Light Railway (Bank/Tower Gateway branch) and London, Tilbury and Southend Railway passes though Whitechapel to the south but there are presently no stations.
London Buses 15, 25, 106, 115, 135, 205, 254, D3, N15, N205, N253, N550 and N551 all operate within the area. Private transport
Whitechapel is connected to the National Road Network by both the A11 on Whitechapel Road in the centre and to the south the A13 and The Highway A1203 running east–west.
There is the Cycle Superhighway CS2 which runs from Aldgate to Stratford on the A11. Nearest places
Notable natives or residentsIn addition to the prominent figures detailed in the article:
Future developmentsWhitechapel Market and the A11 corridor is currently the subject of a £20 million investment to improve the public spaces along the route. The London Boroughs of Tower Hamlets & Newham are working with English Heritage and Transport for London to refurbish the historic buildings at this location and improve the market. See also{{Portal|London}}
Notes{{notelist}}References1. ^Spitalfields and Banglatown (London Borough of Tower Hamlets) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025091829/http://www.towerhamlets.gov.uk/data/discover/data/spitalfields/index.cfm |date=25 October 2007 }} accessed 1 November 2007 2. ^1 Ben Weinreb and Christopher Hibbert (eds) (1983) "Whitechapel" in The London Encyclopaedia: 955-6 3. ^Andrew Davies (1990)The East End Nobody Knows: 15–16 4. ^'Stepney: Communications', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 11: Stepney, Bethnal Green (1998), pp. 7–13 accessed: 9 March 2007 5. ^Ripper Casebook: 1901 The Worst Street in London accessed 5 May 2007 6. ^1878 Foundation Deed Of The Salvation Army accessed 15 February 2007 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525050352/http://www1.salvationarmy.org/heritage.nsf/titles/1878_Foundation_Deed_Of_The_Salvation_Army |date=25 May 2012 }} 7. ^Jacob Adler, A Life on the Stage: A Memoir, translated and with commentary by Lulla Rosenfeld, Knopf, New York, 1999, {{ISBN|0679413510}}. p. 232–233 8. ^Donald Rumbelow (2004) The Complete Jack the Ripper: 12. Penguin 9. ^Nicholas Connell (2005) Walter Dew: The Man Who Caught Crippen: 7–55 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.whitechapelgallery.org/first-thursdays/galleries/first-thursday-gallery-46/|title=First Thursday GALLERY 46|website=Whitechapelgallery.org|accessdate=6 January 2018}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-15171772|title=Cable Street: 'Solidarity stopped Mosley's fascists'|work=BBC News|accessdate=13 October 2015}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.crossrail.co.uk/route/stations/whitechapel/|title=Whitechapel station|website=Crossrail.co.uk|accessdate=6 January 2018}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.crossrail.co.uk/route/maps/route-map|title=Route map|website=Crossrail.co.uk|accessdate=6 January 2018}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2016/january/whitechapel-station-to-be-modernised-in-preparation-for-crossrail|title=Whitechapel Station to be modernised in preparation for Crossrail|website=Transport for London|accessdate=6 January 2018}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-17214333|title=New Royal London Hospital opens|date=2 March 2012|publisher=|accessdate=6 January 2018|website=Bbc.co.uk}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.eastlondonadvertiser.co.uk/news/politics/old-royal-london-hospital-sold-for-9m-to-tower-hamlets-council-for-a-new-town-hall-1-3947250|title=Old Royal London Hospital sold for £9m to Tower Hamlets council for a new town hall|first=Mike|last=Brooke|website=Eastlondonadvertiser.co.uk|accessdate=6 January 2018}} 17. ^{{cite book|last1=Eade|first1=John|editor1-last=Metcalf|editor1-first=Barbara Daly|title=Making Muslim Space in North America and Europe|date=1996|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=0520204042|url=http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft2s2004p0&chunk.id=s1.12.69&toc.id=ch12&brand=ucpress|accessdate=24 April 2015|chapter=Nationalism, Community, and the Islamization of Space in London|quote=As one of the few mosques in Britain permitted to broadcast calls to prayer (azan), the mosque soon found itself at the center of a public debate about "noise pollution" when local non-Muslim residents began to protest.}} 18. ^{{cite web|author=Dickens, Charles, Jr.|year=1879|title=Pavilion Theatre|work=Dickens's Dictionary of London|url=http://www.victorianlondon.org/dickens/dickens-p.htm|accessdate=22 August 2007|authorlink=Charles Dickens, Jr.}} 19. ^{{NOMIS2011|id=1237320252|title=Whitechapel 2011 Census Ward|accessdate=9 February 2018}} 20. ^History of East London Mosque East London Mosque & London Muslim Centre. Retrieved on 24 April 2009. 21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.london-footprints.co.uk/wkaldgateroute.htm |title=Aldgate |publisher=London-footprints.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2014-04-29}} 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.worldwrite.org.uk/londonbehindthescenes/bricklane/altabalipark.html |title=Brick Lane Tour :: Stop 10: Altab Ali Park |publisher=Worldwrite.org.uk |date=1978-05-04 |accessdate=2014-04-29}} 23. ^ {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} 24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ideastore.co.uk/ |title=Idea Store website |publisher=Ideastore.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2014-04-29}} 25. ^Glinert, Ed (2000). A Literary Guide to London. London: Penguin. Page 256. 26. ^[https://archive.is/20130222044542/http://www.onetowerhamlets.net/your_local_area/consultations/june_2010/whitechapel_station.aspx] 27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.towerhamlets.gov.uk/idoc.ashx?docid=75839864-f243-46b7-9ef4-c689e6343fa2&version=-1|title=Crossrail context report: Prepared for London Borough of Tower Hamlets (August 2008)|website=Towerhamlets.gov.uk|accessdate=6 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525055253/http://www.towerhamlets.gov.uk/idoc.ashx?docid=75839864-f243-46b7-9ef4-c689e6343fa2&version=-1|archive-date=25 May 2013|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}} 28. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.crossrail.co.uk/route/stations/whitechapel/current-works/ |title=Current works at Whitechapel Station |website=Crossrail.co.uk |accessdate=14 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814220517/http://www.crossrail.co.uk/route/stations/whitechapel/current-works/ |archive-date=14 August 2017 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 29. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8620188.stm|title=East London Line opens to public|date=27 April 2010|publisher=|accessdate=6 January 2018|website=News.bbc.co.uk}} 30. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/observer/comment/story/0,6903,529057,00.html|title=The Observer Profile: Damon Albarn - Comment - The Observer|website=Theguardian.com|accessdate=6 January 2018}} 31. ^'BAKER, JULIUS STAFFORD (1869-1961), British cartoonist' in Maurice Horn, Richard Marschall, eds., The World Encyclopedia of Cartoons, vol. 1 (Gale Research Co., 1980), p. 96 32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.casebook.org/victorian_london/whitechapel1881.html|title=Casebook: Jack the Ripper - Whitechapel|website=Casebook.org|accessdate=6 January 2018}} 33. ^{{Cite web|url=https://pubshistory.com/LondonPubs/MileEnd/EarlGreysCastle.shtml|title=Earl Grey's Castle, 71 Vallance Road, London, E1|website=pubshistory.com|access-date=2018-03-19}} External links
3 : Areas of London|Districts of the London Borough of Tower Hamlets|Whitechapel |
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