“White Mountain National Forest”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The White Mountain National Forest (WMNF) is a federally managed forest contained within the White Mountains in the northeastern United States. It was established in 1918 as a result of the Weeks Act of 1911;^[3] federal acquisition of land had already begun in 1914.^[4] It has a total area of {{convert|750852|acre|ha|0}} (1,225 sq mi).^[1] Most of the WMNF is in New Hampshire; a small part (about 5.65% of the forest) is in the neighboring state of Maine.^[5] While often casually referred to as a park, this is a National Forest, used not only for hiking, camping, and skiing, but for logging and other limited commercial purposes. The WMNF is the only National Forest located in either New Hampshire or Maine. Most of the major peaks over 4,000 feet high for peak-bagging in New Hampshire are located in the National Forest. Over {{convert|100|mi|km|-1}} of the Appalachian Trail traverses the White Mountain National Forest. In descending order of land area the forest lies in parts of Grafton, Coos, and Carroll counties in New Hampshire, and Oxford County in Maine.

The Forest Supervisor's office is located in Campton, and there are three ranger districts: the Pemigewasset District, with offices in Campton; the Androscoggin District, based in Gorham; and the Saco District, based in Conway. Furthermore, there are several visitor centers, including those located at Lincoln, Campton (off Interstate 93), and Lincoln Woods (on the Kancamagus Highway). The National Forest consists of three discontinuous areas. The area to the west of Franconia Notch (a narrow north-south valley primarily within a state park) consists of the regions surrounding Cannon Mountain, Kinsman Mountain, and Mount Moosilauke (though the majority of Moosilauke is privately owned). The main body of the National Forest includes the Presidential Range and many other ranges - most notably, the Franconia, Twin, Bond, Sandwich, Willey, and Carter-Moriah ranges. An exclave of the Forest lies to the north of U.S. Route 2 in Stark and Randolph, New Hampshire.

It is home to wildlife species including bald eagle, raccoon, beaver, white-tailed deer, moose, black bear, coyote, peregrine falcon, Canadian lynx, river otter, bobcat, gray and red foxes, fisher, mink, and porcupine.

Six designated Federal Wilderness Areas exist within the Forest: the {{convert|27380|acre|ha|adj=on}} Presidential Range/Dry River Wilderness, the {{convert|5552|acre|ha|adj=on}} Great Gulf Wilderness, the {{convert|45000|acre|ha|adj=on}} Pemigewasset Wilderness, the {{convert|35800|acre|ha|adj=on}} Sandwich Range Wilderness, the {{convert|12000|acres|ha|adj=on}} Caribou/Speckled Mountain Wilderness, and the {{convert|23700|acre|ha|adj=on}} Wild River Wilderness. These areas are protected from logging and commercial industries and are used solely for recreational and scientific purposes. They were formed under the Federal Wilderness Protection Act of 1984, and its amendments. The New England Wilderness Protection Act of 2006 increased the Sandwich Range Wilderness to its present size and created the Wild River Wilderness area.

Because of its beauty, its proximity to major metropolitan areas, its {{convert|1200|mi|km|-2}} of hiking trails, 23 campgrounds, and the presence of a large number of ski areas within or near its boundaries, the WMNF is one of the most visited outdoor recreation sites east of the Mississippi.^[6] Winter season lengths are projected to decline across the WMNF due to the effects of global warming, however, which is likely to continue the historic contraction and consolidation of the ski industry and threaten individual ski businesses and communities that rely on ski tourism.^[8]

Weather

See also

References

1. ^¹{{cite web |title=Land Areas of the National Forest System |publisher=U.S. Forest Service |date=January 2012 |url=http://www.fs.fed.us/land/staff/lar/LAR2011/LAR2011_Book_A5.pdf |accessdate=20 June 2012}}
2. ^{{cite web |title=The National Forests of the United States |publisher=ForestHistory.org |url=http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Places/National%20Forests%20of%20the%20U.S.pdf |accessdate=20 June 2012}}
3. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Policy/WeeksAct/WeeksActForests.aspx| title=Chronology of National Forests Established Under the Weeks Act| publisher=The Forest History Society| accessdate=March 7, 2011}}
4. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.fs.fed.us/r9/forests/white_mountain/about/history/| title=History of the White Mountain| publisher=White Mountain National Forest| accessdate=March 7, 2011}}
5. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.fs.fed.us/land/staff/lar/2007/TABLE_6.htm| title=Table 6 - NFS Acreage by State, Congressional District and County| publisher=U.S. Forest Service| date=2007-10-07| accessdate=2008-05-19}}
6. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.fs.fed.us/r9/forests/white_mountain/projects/forest_plan_revision/survey/chapter_1.pdf| title=Socio-Economic Assessment, Chapter 1| publisher=White Mountain National Forest| accessdate=August 19, 2010}}
7. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.fs.fed.us/r9/forests/white_mountain/projects/forest_plan/plan_docs.html| title=WMNF 2005 Forest Plan| publisher=White Mountain National Forest| accessdate=August 19, 2010}}
8. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226142172_Climate_change_vulnerability_of_the_Northeast_US_winter_tourism_sector/download|title=Climate Change Vulnerability of the Northeast US Winter Tourism Sector|format=PDF |publisher=University of Ottowa Department of Geography and Institute of Science |accessdate=February 3, 2019}}
9. ^Alpine Zone sign
10. ^PDF observatory
11. ^231mph etc
12. ^{{cite web|last1=Steiner|first1=Christopher|title=Quiet Monster|url=https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2009/0622/new-england-mount-washington-quiet-monster.html|publisher=Forbes|accessdate=12 February 2015|date=6 April 2009}}

External links