| 词条 | Breakages, Limited |
| 释义 |
Shaw's PrefaceSet in the then-future year of 1962,[3] Shaw wrote The Apple Cart in a period of Conservative government in Britain, before the Welfare State reforms that followed World War II.[5] In his Preface to the play, Shaw referred to "Breakages, Limited" in the context of "the mischief done by our system of private Capitalism in setting up huge vested interests in destruction, waste, and disease." He wrote that the name of Breakages came to him as a result of a visit many years earlier[6] to the inventor and playwright Alfred Warwick Gattie,[7] who demonstrated to him a device that would enable smooth transfer of crates of glass lightbulbs in transit, minimising breakage. The development of this device, Gattie had told him, was opposed by the vested interests of "The glass blowers whose employment was threatened ... the industry of repairing our railway trucks ... and the railway porters ... He fought them undauntedly; but they were too strong for him" and the invention was never adopted.[8] Shaw depicted Breakages as representing "plutocracy", which subordinates democratic government to its power, to the extent that even socialist politicians "no longer dare even to talk of nationalizing any industry" which can return profit for the "plutocrats", or attract subsidies for them. "Not until Breakages is itself broken will it cease to have a message for us."[8] Portrayal in The Apple CartIn the play, Breakages is "the biggest industrial corporation in the country [Britain]". In Act I Lysistrata, the "Powermistress General" in charge of energy supply, describes how Breakages buys up and suppresses any new invention that threatens its interests, causing energy to cost "twice as much as it should". She shows how the company influences the working of government:[9] "if I attempt to fight them I shall be hounded out of public life". In Act II King Magnus threatens to abdicate in favour of his son Robert, in whose opinion "the country ... is really governed by Breakages, Limited", and to enter politics himself and oppose Breakages. Shaw is suggesting that a powerful individual could resist Breakages more effectively than democratic politics can.[10] Critical commentInfluence on politicsA "devastating satire",[11] The Apple Cart depicts the de facto political power of "Breakages" without offering a credible prospect that this could be overcome.[12][13] The account in the Preface of the fate of Gattie's invention fails to convincingly "demonstrate the power of corrupt plutocracy over industry and politics", as the culprits in that case appear to have been rather "organized labour and unimaginative officialdom".[14] The theme of the "businessman's hand" behind government, embodied here as "Breakages", appears also in the character of the armaments maker Mr Undershaft in his Major Barbara,[15] and in that of the businessman Alfred Mangan in Heartbreak House.[7] Hindrance of technological progressBrian Winston has described "Breakages, Limited" as a "poetic version" of factors, other than cultural conservatism, that tend to impede technological progress.[16] This has been termed "the 'law' of the suppression of radical potential".[17]In other worksMary Lou and Archie in Robert A. Heinlein's novel The Man Who Sold the Moon debate the validity of the picture symbolised by "Breakages Ltd." of planned obsolescence and corporate resistance to innovation.{{efn|In this passage Heinlein attributes "Breakages" to Back to Methuselah rather than The Apple Cart.[18]}}[19] The name is again used to represent obsolescence in an account of marketing of computer software, where it is sometimes implied that "the computer user, as well as the software, will be obsolete if s/he does not buy the latest product".[20] Notes{{notelist}}References1. ^{{cite book|author=Bernard Shaw|title=The apple cart: a political extravaganza|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qYkqAAAAMAAJ|year=1930|publisher=Constable and Company Ltd.}} 2. ^{{cite book|author=Ruth Adam|title=What Shaw Really Said|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wp8vAAAAIAAJ|year=1966|publisher=Macdonald & Company|page=54}} 3. ^1 {{cite book|author=Milton T. Wolf|title=Shaw and Science Fiction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pDg3jDHDBSUC&pg=PA32|date=1 January 1997|publisher=Penn State Press|isbn=0-271-01681-7|page=32}} 4. ^{{cite book|author1=Heidi J. Holder|author2=MaryAnn K. Crawford|title=New Readings: Shaw at the Sesquicentennial|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=79gKAQAAMAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press|isbn=978-0-271-02968-9|pages=126–130}} 5. ^Bernard F. Dukore, [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/635934 "Playing Kings, Ultimatums, and Abdications: The Apple Cart and To Play The King"], The Comparatist, Volume 40, October 2016pp. 267-283, doi=10.1353/com.2016.0015 6. ^{{cite book|title=The Spectator|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xc89AQAAIAAJ|date=July 1930|publisher=F.C. Westley|page=946}} 7. ^1 {{cite book|author=Gareth Griffith|title=Socialism and Superior Brains: The Political Thought of George Bernard Shaw|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QHaJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA255|year=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-80294-4|page=255}} 8. ^1 Text of The Apple Cart, Project Gutenberg Australia. 9. ^{{cite web|last1=Lacy|first1=Rosalind|title=The Apple Cart|url=http://dctheatrescene.com/2011/05/05/the-apple-cart/|website=DC Theatre Scene|date=5 May 2011}} 10. ^{{cite book|author=Jenny Stringer|title=The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-century Literature in English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_HEoxN_I4NAC&pg=PA26|year=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-212271-1|page=26}} 11. ^{{cite book|author=James R. Kreuzer|title=Modern Writings on Major English Authors|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=beqAF5RnjKEC&pg=PA638|year=1980|publisher=Ardent Media|page=638|id=GGKEY:8U9F11432XF}} 12. ^{{cite book|author=Stephen M. Gill|title=Political convictions of G. B. Shaw|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0LCyAAAAIAAJ|year=1980|publisher=Vesta|isbn=978-0-919806-88-7|page=47}} 13. ^{{cite book|title=The Shaw Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NmWaAAAAIAAJ|year=1977|publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press|page=75}} 14. ^{{cite book|author=Gareth Griffith|title=Socialism and Superior Brains: The Political Thought of George Bernard Shaw|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QHaJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA255|year=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-80294-4|page=255}} 15. ^{{cite book|author=SENGUPTA, GAUTAM|title=MYRIAD MINDED SHAW : PERSPECTIVES ON SHAVIAN DRAMA: POLITICS, WAR AND HISTORY|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zQxxCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32|date=April 2016|publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-203-5211-7|page=32}} 16. ^{{cite book|author=Brian Winston|title=Misunderstanding Media|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zM5RDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT52|chapter=1. BREAKAGES LIMITED|date=1986|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-57663-6|pages=15-}} 17. ^{{cite book|author=John T. Caldwell|title=Theories of the New Media: A Historical Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wSViAAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Athlone Press|isbn=978-0-485-30091-8|pages=77–}} 18. ^{{cite book|title=The Shaw Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eaHyAAAAMAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press|page=79}} 19. ^{{cite book|author=Robert A. Heinlein|title=The Man Who Sold the Moon and Orphans of the Sky|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ip90CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT52|date=3 September 2013|publisher=Baen|isbn=978-1-62579-190-0|pages=52–53}} 20. ^{{cite book|author1=Donna Gibbs|author2=Kerri-Lee Krause|title=Cyberlines 2.0: Languages and Cultures of the Internet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1-nWCOzZBJUC&pg=PA20|year=2006|publisher=James Nicholas Publishers|isbn=978-1-875408-42-9|page=20}} 1 : Fictional companies |
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