| 词条 | White's |
| 释义 |
| name = White's | image = | formation = {{Start date|1693}} | location = St James's Street, London, SW1 | purpose = | motto = }} White's is a gentleman's club in St James's, London, regarded as one of the most exclusive of its kind. StatusWhite's is the oldest gentleman's club in London, founded in 1693, and is widely considered to be the most exclusive private club in the world.[1][2] Notable current members include Charles, Prince of Wales and Prince William, Duke of Cambridge. Former British Prime Minister David Cameron, whose father Ian Cameron had been the club's chairman, was a member for fifteen years but resigned in 2008, over the club's declining to admit women.[3][4][5][6][7] White's continues to maintain its standards as an establishment exclusively for gentlemen; brief exceptions were made for the visits by Queen Elizabeth II in 1991[7] and 2016. White's is a member of the Association of London Clubs.[8] In January 2018, calling themselves 'Women in Whites', women protesters infiltrated the club to highlight its single-sex policy, one managing to gain entry by pretending to be a man.[9] [10] HistoryThe club was originally established at 4 Chesterfield Street, off Curzon Street in Mayfair, in 1693 by an Italian immigrant named Francesco Bianco as a hot chocolate emporium under the name Mrs. White's Chocolate House. Tickets were sold to the productions at King's Theatre and Royal Drury Lane Theatre as a side-business. White's quickly made the transition from teashop to exclusive club and in the early 18th century, it was notorious as a gambling house; those who frequented it were known as "the gamesters of White's." The club gained a reputation for both its exclusivity and the often raffish behaviour of its members. Jonathan Swift referred to White's as the "bane of half the English nobility."[11] In 1778 it moved to 37–38 St James's Street. From 1783 it was the unofficial headquarters of the Tory party, while the Whigs' club Brooks's was just down the road. A few apolitical and affable gentlemen managed to belong to both. The new architecture featured a bow window on the ground floor. In the later 18th century, the table directly in front of it became a seat of distinction, the throne of the most socially influential men in the club. This belonged to the arbiter elegantiarum, Beau Brummell, until he removed to the Continent in 1816, when Lord Alvanley took the place of honour. It was here that Alvanley bet a friend £3,000 as to which of two raindrops would first reach the bottom of a pane of the bow window. It is not recorded whether he won his bet.[7] Later, the spot was reserved for the use of the 1st Duke of Wellington until his death in 1852. Alvanley's was not the most eccentric bet in White's famous betting book. Some of those entries were on sports, but more often on political developments, especially during the chaotic years of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. A good many were social bets, such as whether a friend would marry this year, or whom. The club continues to maintain its standards as a club for gentlemen only, however one of its best known chefs from the early 1900s was Rosa Lewis,[12] a model for the central character in the BBC television series The Duchess of Duke Street.[13] There were two American members in the interwar period, one of whom was a General in the U.S. Army. Current American members include diplomat Edward Streator. Prince Charles held his stag night at the club before his wedding to Lady Diana Spencer in 1981. His eldest son, Prince William was entered as a member of the club shortly after his birth. [7] ClubhouseThe clubhouse is located at 37–38 St James's Street in the City of Westminster and is a Grade I listed building.[14] Originally built in 1674 and then rebuilt in 1787–88, probably by James Wyatt, it was further altered in 1811 and the frontage was remodelled by Lockyer in 1852. Constructed of Portland stone with a slate roof it possesses the Victorian version of a Palladian façade with some French motifs. The buildings consists of three storeys, a basement and a dormered attic. In the late 1970s, the exterior was painted azure with white trim.{{citation needed|date=January 2015}} The Club bar is more compact than that of other clubs. An amusing description of it and the rationale behind its size may be found in Chapter Ten of the spy novel The Sixth Column (1951) by Peter Fleming (brother of Ian Fleming). The Club is thinly disguised as "Black's". Whilst the club does not have members' accommodation, facilities include a private dining room and a billiards room. The menu revolves around British game: grouse, partridge, wild salmon, gull’s eggs, potted shrimps, smoked eel and smoked trout. There is also a vegetarian option, but it is unpopular. In one seven-year period, only three vegetarian portions were sold.[7][15] Notable former members
Notable current members
See also
References1. ^{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3227664.stm |title='If anybody wants me, I'll be at my club' |last=Wheeler |first=Brian |date=24 November 2003 |website=BBC News Online |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=23 August 2013}} 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://economia.icaew.com/life/january-2013/joining-the-club |title=Joining the club |last=Rance |first=Penelope |date=3 January 2013 |website=Economia |publisher=Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales |accessdate=23 August 2013}} 3. ^{{cite news |title=Cameron declares war on the gentlemen’s club |author=Laura Pitel |url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/politics/article3819486.ece |newspaper=The Times |date=19 July 2013 |accessdate=24 August 2013}} 4. ^{{cite news |title=Smashing chaps |author=Ros Taylor |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/oct/18/toryleadership2005.conservatives3 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=18 October 2005 |accessdate=24 August 2013}} 5. ^{{cite news |title=Gentlemen's clubs are a 'thing of the past', says David Cameron |author1=Peter Dominiczak |author2=Steven Swinford |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/david-cameron/10187947/Gentlemens-clubs-are-a-thing-of-the-past-says-David-Cameron.html |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=18 July 2013 |accessdate=23 August 2013}} 6. ^{{cite news |title=Cameron whiter than White’s |author=Steerpike |url=http://blogs.spectator.co.uk/steerpike/2013/07/cameron-whiter-than-whites/ |newspaper=The Spectator |date=18 July 2013 |accessdate=17 August 2013}} 7. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news |title=Disowned by Cameron, the raffish men-only club that his father once ran |author=Harry Mount |author-link=Harry Mount |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2369652/Disowned-David-Cameron-raffish-men-club-father-ran.html |newspaper=The Daily Mail |date=18 July 2013 |accessdate=17 August 2013}} 8. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.alclubs.org.uk/ |title=Association of London Clubs |author= |date= |website= |publisher=The Association of London Clubs |accessdate=23 August 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101055702/http://www.alclubs.org.uk/ |archivedate=1 November 2013 |df=dmy-all }} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-5320363/Police-called-women-invade-private-members-club.html|title=Police called in as women 'invade' private members club|author=|date=|website=dailymail.co.uk|accessdate=9 November 2018}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=olPstpyHZt4|title=WOMEN IN WHITES - Penetrating an all-male safe space|first=|last=Unfollow Everything|date=27 January 2018|publisher=|accessdate=9 November 2018|via=YouTube}} 11. ^{{cite book |editor1-last=Grivetti |editor1-first=Louis Evan |editor2-last=Shapiro |editor2-first=Howard-Yana |title=Chocolate: history, culture, and heritage |url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0470121653 |accessdate= |year=2009 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |location=Hoboken, New Jersey |isbn=0470121653 |page=584}} 12. ^{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article65592622|title=London's Cleverest Cook.|newspaper=Euroa Advertiser (Vic. : 1884 - 1920)|location=Vic.|date=25 September 1914|accessdate=7 September 2013|page=5|publisher=National Library of Australia}} 13. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/22/movies/film-read-the-book-darling.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm "Read the Book, Darling," Charles McGrath.] New York Times, 22 August 2004, section 2, page 9. 14. ^{{NHLE |num=1264877 |desc=White's Club |grade=I |accessdate=24 August 2013}} 15. ^{{cite news |title=White's gentlemans' club reveal what men really like to eat |author=Rose Prince |authorlink=Rose Prince (writer) |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/recipes/3346195/Whites-gentlemans-club-reveal-what-men-really-like-to-eat.html |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=24 October 2008 |accessdate=24 August 2013}} 16. ^{{cite book |last=Cave Brown |first=Anthony |authorlink=Anthony Cave Brown |title=The Secret Servant: The Life of Sir Stewart Menzies, Churchill's Spymaster |url= |accessdate= |year=1988 |publisher=Michael Joseph |location=London |isbn=0718127455 |page=148}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://iaindale.blogspot.com/2010/01/lord-pearson-interview.html |title=Iain Dale's Diary: The Lord Pearson Interview |publisher=Iaindale.blogspot.com |date=2010-01-22 |accessdate=2011-10-12}} 18. ^‘LAMONT OF LERWICK’, Who's Who 2017, A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 2017; online edn, Oxford University Press, 2016 ; online edn, Nov 2016 accessed 8 Dec 2016 19. ^{{cite news|last1=Creamer|first1=Martin|title=Adam Fleming|url=http://www.miningweekly.com/article/adam-fleming-2013-10-09|accessdate=27 April 2015|work=Mining Weekly|date=18 October 2013}}
Further reading
| last = Bourke | first = The Hon. Algernon | title = The History of White's | publisher = Algernon Bourke (privately published), 2 vols. | location = London | year = 1892 }}
| last = Colson | first = Percy | title = White's, 1693-1950 | publisher = Heinemann | location = London | year = 1950 }}
| last = Escott | first = T.H.S. | title = Club Makers and Club Members | publisher = T. Fisher Unwin | location = London | year = 1914 }}
| last1 = Gatrell | first1 = Vic | title = City of Laughter: Sex and Satire in Eighteenth-Century London | publisher = Walker | location = New York | year = 2006 | isbn =978-0-8027-1602-6 }}
| last1 = Hibbert | first1 = Christopher | title = London: The Biography of a City | publisher = William Morrow | location = New York | year = 1969}}
| last1 = Lejeune | first1 = Anthony | last2 = Lewis | first2 = Malcolm | title = The Gentlemen's Clubs of London | publisher = Wh Smith Pub | location = London | year = 1979 | isbn =0-8317-3800-6 }}
| last = Lejeune | first = Anthony | title = White's: The First Three Hundred Years | publisher = A&C Black | location = London | year = 1993 | isbn =0-7136-3738-2 }}
| last = Lejeune | first = Anthony | title = The Gentlemen's Clubs of London | publisher = Stacey International | location = London | year = 2012 | isbn =978-1-906768-20-1 }}
| last1 = Margetson | first1 = Stella | title = Regency London | publisher = Praeger Publishing | location = New York | year = 1971 }}
| last = Moers | first = Ellen | title = The Dandy: Brummell to Beerhbohm | publisher = Viking Press | location = New York | year = 1960 }}
| last = Thévoz | first = Seth Alexander | title = Club Government: How the Early Victorian World was Ruled from London Clubs | publisher = I.B. Tauris | location = London | year = 2018 | isbn =978-1-78453-818-7 }} External links
5 : Gentlemen's clubs in London|Regency London|1693 establishments in England|Lists of people by organization|Grade I listed buildings in the City of Westminster |
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