| 词条 | White-tailed kite |
| 释义 |
| name = White-tailed kite | image = Elanus leucurus 3.jpg | image_caption = White-tailed kite with prey. | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | genus = Elanus | species = leucurus | authority = (Vieillot, 1818) | synonyms =Elanus caeruleus leucurus }} The white-tailed kite (Elanus leucurus) is a small raptor found in western North America and parts of South America. TaxonomyThe white-tailed kite was described in 1818 by the French ornithologist Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot under the binomial name Milvus leucurus with the type locality as Paraguay.[2] It is now one of four species in the genus Elanus which was introduced in 1809 by the French zoologist Jules-César Savigny.[3] The word Elanus is from Ancient Greek elanos for a "kite". The specific epithet leucurus is from the Ancient Greek leucouros for "white-tailed": leucos is "white" and oura is "tail".[4] For some recent decades, it was lumped with the black-winged kite of Europe and Africa as Elanus caeruleus and was collectively called black-shouldered kite.[5] More recently it was argued that the white-tailed kite differed from the Old World species in size, shape, plumage, and behavior, and that these differences were sufficient to warrant full species status.[6] This argument was accepted by the American Ornithologists' Union, so the white-tailed kite was returned to its original name. Meanwhile, the Old World E. caeruleus is once again called black-winged kite, while the name black-shouldered kite is now reserved for an Australian species, Elanus axillaris, which had also been lumped into E. caeruleus but is now regarded as separate again. DescriptionThe coloration of the white-tailed kite is gull-like, but its shape and flight is falcon-like, with a rounded tail. Mainly white underneath, it has black wingtips and shoulders. A mid-sized kite, it measures {{cvt|35|-|43|cm}} in length, spans {{cvt|88|-|102|cm|}} across the wings and weighs {{cvt|250|-|380|g}}. Both the wings, at {{cvt|29|-|32.8|cm}} each, and the tail, at {{cvt|15.1|-|18.6|cm}}, are relatively elongated. The tarsus measures around {{cvt|3.6|cm|}}.[7] Distribution and habitatThe white-tailed kite was rendered almost extinct in California in the 1930s and 1940s due to shooting and egg-collecting, but they are now common again. Their distribution is patchy, however. They can be found in the Central Valley and southern coastal areas, open land around Goleta including the Ellwood Mesa Open Space, marshes in Humboldt County, and also around the San Francisco Bay. Elsewhere, they are still rare or absent. They are also found in southern Texas, on the Baja California Peninsula, and in eastern Mexico. Globally, they are not considered threatened species by the IUCN.[1] On rare occasions the bird can be found far outside its usual range. At different times, two had been sighted in New England as of 2010. {{refn|group=n|1=In August 2010, one was repeatedly seen at the mouth of the Housatonic River in Connecticut. "One of only two that we know of from New England", according to Frank Gallow, associate director of the Connecticut Audubon Society Coastal Center.[9]}} BehaviourWhite-tailed kites feed principally on rodents, and they are readily seen patrolling or hovering over lowland scrub or grassland. They rarely if ever eat other birds, and even in open cerrado, mixed-species feeding flocks will generally ignore them.[10] Outside the breeding season, they roost communally in groups of up to 100. White-tailed kites have been observed in aerial combat at the margins of territories, locking talons in a behaviour described as "grappling".[5] Notes1. ^1 {{IUCN|id=22695036 |title=Elanus leucurus |assessor=BirdLife International |assessor-link=BirdLife International |version=2013.2 |year=2012 |accessdate=26 November 2013}} 2. ^{{ cite book | last=Vieillot | first=Louis Jean Pierre | author-link=Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot | year=1818 | title=Nouveau dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle, appliquée aux arts, à l'agriculture, à l'économie rurale et domestique, à la médecine, etc. | volume=Volume 20 | place=Paris | publisher=Deterville | page=563 | language=French | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/19427951 }} The page is incorrectly numbered as 556. 3. ^{{ cite book | last= Savigny | first=Jules-César | author-link=Marie Jules César Savigny | editor-last= Jomard | editor-first=Edme-François | editor-link=Edme-François Jomard | year=1809 | title=Description de l'Égypte, ou recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont été faites en Égypte pendant l'expédition de l'armée française, publié par les ordres de sa Majesté l'Empereur Napoléon le Grand | volume=Volume 1 | language=French | place=Paris | publisher=L'Imprimerie Impériale | pages=69, 97–98 | url=https://archive.org/stream/DescriptiondelEIFranB#page/n108/mode/1up }} 4. ^{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn= 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=144, 225 }} 5. ^{{Cite journal |last=Whitt |first=Michael |title=Grappling in Black-shouldered Kites |journal=Western Birds |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=81–83 |publisher=Western Field Ornithologists |year=1992 |url=https://sora.unm.edu/node/122476}} 6. ^1 {{Cite book |title=Raptors of the World |last1=Ferguson-Lees |first1=James |last2=Christie |first2=David A. |last3=Franklin |first3=Kim |last4=Mead |first4=David |last5=Burton |first5=Philip |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |year=2001 |isbn=0-618-12762-3}} 7. ^1 {{cite journal |last1=Clark |first1=W.S. |last2=Banks |first2=R.C. |year=1992 |title=The taxonomic status of the White-tailed Kite |journal=The Wilson Journal of Ornithology |volume=104 |issue=4 |pages=571–579 |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/wilson/v104n04/p0571-p0579.pdf}} 8. ^1 {{cite journal |last=Parkes |first=K.C. |year=1958 |title=Specific relationships in the genus Elanus |journal=Condor |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=139–140 |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v060n02/p0139-p0140.pdf | doi = 10.2307/1365270 }} 9. ^1 {{cite journal |last=Ragusa-Netto |first=J. |year=2000 |title= Raptors and "campo-cerrado" bird mixed flock led by Cypsnagra hirundinacea (Emberizidae: Thraupinae) |journal=Revista Brasileira de Biologia |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=461–467 |doi=10.1590/S0034-71082000000300011 |pmid=11188872}} 10. ^1 {{cite news |last=Sanders |first=Jack |date=19 August 2010 |title=Bird Notes: Hummingbird antics and some rare visitors |newspaper=The Ridgefield Press |location=Ridgefield, Connecticut }} References{{Reflist|refs=[6][7][8][9][10]}} External links{{Commons category|Elanus leucurus}}{{Wikispecies|Elanus leucurus}}
8 : Kites (birds)|Elanus|Birds of the Americas|Fauna of California|Native birds of the Southeastern United States|Native birds of the Southwestern United States|Birds of the U.S. Rio Grande Valleys|Birds described in 1818 |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。