“Why We Fight”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Why We Fight is a series of seven documentary films commissioned by the United States government during World War II to justify to U.S. soldiers their country's involvement in the war. Later on, they were also shown to the U.S. public to persuade them to support U.S. involvement in the war.

Most of the films were directed by Frank Capra, who was daunted, yet impressed and challenged, by Leni Riefenstahl's propaganda film Triumph of the Will, and worked in direct response to it. The series faced a tough challenge: convincing a recently non-interventionist nation of the need to become involved in the war and ally with the Soviets, among other things. In many of the films, Capra and other directors spliced in Axis powers propaganda footage going back twenty years, and re-contextualized it so it promoted the cause of the Allies.

Why We Fight was edited primarily by William Hornbeck, although some parts were re-enacted "under War Department supervision" if there was no relevant footage available. The animated portions of the films were produced by the Disney studios – with the animated maps following a convention of depicting Axis-occupied territory in black.

Purpose of films as war information

Director Frank Capra enlisted shortly after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. He was assigned to work directly under Chief of Staff George C. Marshall, the most senior officer in command of the Army, who would later create the Marshall Plan and be awarded a Nobel Peace Prize. Marshall felt that Signal Corps was incapable of producing "sensitive and objective troop information films". One colonel explained the importance of these future films to Capra:

Countering enemy propaganda films

Shortly after his meeting with General Marshall, Capra viewed Leni Riefenstahl's "terrifying motion picture", Triumph of the Will. Capra describes the film as "the ominous prelude of Hitler's holocaust of hate. Satan couldn't have devised a more blood-chilling super-spectacle. ... Though panoplied with all the pomp and mystical trappings of a Wagnerian opera, its message was as blunt and brutal as a lead pipe: We, the Herrenvolk, are the new invincible gods!"^[1]{{Page needed | date = August 2014}}

According to Capra, Triumph of the Will "fired no gun, dropped no bombs. But as a psychological weapon aimed at destroying the will to resist, it was just as lethal." Capra at this point had no assistants or facilities, and he began to see his assignment as overwhelming:

Creating a powerful film idea

Capra made his primary focus the creation of "one basic, powerful idea" that would spread and evolve into other related ideas. Capra considered one important idea that had always been in his thoughts:

As a result, his goal became to "let the enemy prove to our soldiers the enormity of his cause—and the justness of ours". He would compile enemy speeches, films, newsreels, newspaper articles, with a list of the enemy's hostile actions. He presented his ideas to other officers now assigned to help him:

Weeks later, after major efforts and disappointments, Capra located hard-to-reach archives within government facilities, and by avoiding normal channels was able to gain access:

Description of films

Production details

Made from 1942 to 1945, the seven films range from 40 to 76 minutes in length, and all are available on DVD or online at no cost, since they have always been public domain films produced by the U.S. government. The films were directed by director Frank Capra and narrated by Walter Huston along with radio actors Elliot Lewis, Harry von Zell, film actor Lloyd Nolan and others. The music for the series was performed by the Army Air Force Orchestra.^[10]

The films employed a great deal of stock footage, including enemy propaganda (such as the Nazis' Triumph of the Will) recontextualized to discredit its creators. Other scenes were performed. Animation for the series was produced by Disney Studios. The quotation ending each film — "The victory of the democracies can only be complete with the utter defeat of the war machines of Germany and Japan" — is from the Army Chief of Staff George Marshall.

Film as medium of choice to present war information

After World War I the methods used to gain support from troops and civilians needed to change. Giving speeches to both soldier recruits and the U.S. public was no longer effective. Film became the medium of choice to persuade U.S. soldiers and recruits about why fighting was necessary.{{Sfn|Combs|Combs|1994|p=69}} As Kathleen German states, "this was the first massive attempt to influence opinion in the U.S. military" through film.{{Sfn|German|1990|p=237}} Film was also chosen because it combined the senses of sight and hearing, giving it an advantage over radio or print.{{Sfn|German|1990|p=238}} Capra, who had no experience in documentary films, was chosen because "of his commitment to American ideals" and because of the popularity of some of his earlier feature films. He was thought "to understand the heart and soul of American audiences".{{Sfn|Combs|Combs|1994|p=69}} Once the documentary series was completed, it was said to contain the "Capra touch".{{Sfn|Koppes|Black|1987|p=76}}

The series' appeal was furthered by how the film was edited. "Throughout his career, Capra depended upon his skill as an editor to achieve the contrast of the individual and the group, critical in the success of his Hollywood movies."{{Sfn|German|1990|p=240}} Capra thought it would be most effective to use the enemy's original film and propaganda in the series in order to expose the enemies with their own images. By taking pieces of the enemy material to edit together and placing his own narration over the results, Capra gave meaning and purpose to the war with added narrative.{{Sfn|Combs|Combs|1994|p=70}} This "parallel editing"{{Sfn|German|1990|p=241}} created an "us vs. them" image by re-framing and showing clips out of their original order and context.

Through such careful editing, the films compare and contrast the forces of evil with the U.S. and its traditional values. Capra highlighted the differences between the U.S. and the enemy and showed how the enemy would attack these values if "we" did not fight.{{Sfn|German|1990}}{{Page needed|date=August 2014}} This worked to create a battle not only between Allies and the Axis Powers but between good and evil. Capra treated it as a matter of showing the enormity of the Axis cause and the justness of the Allied.^[11] In order to justify the Western Allies' alliance with the Soviet Union, the series omitted many facts, which could have cast doubts on the "good guy" status of the Soviets, such as the Soviet occupation of the Baltic States, Winter War. But does show the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact Signing and the soviet invasion of Poland {{Sfn|Biskupski|2010|pp=151–52}} To exonerate the Soviets In The fifth film Why We Fight: The Battle of Russia it does not talk about the Soviet occupation of the Baltic States, and the Winter War.

The Why We Fight series became a heavily used means of presenting information about Axis powers for the American government during World War II. General Surles, the director of the Department of War's Bureau of Public Relations, had hoped that the series would be effective enough to allow similar kinds of army films to be shown to the general public. {{Sfn|Koppes|Black|1987|p=122}} Surles saw this goal realized when President Franklin D. Roosevelt watched Prelude to War, the most successful of the seven films. Roosevelt considered this film so important that he ordered it to be distributed in civilian arenas for public viewing.{{Sfn|Combs|Combs|1994|p=70}} However, some objections were raised against the Why We Fight series because it was so persuasive. Lowell Mellett, the coordinator of government films and aide to Roosevelt, saw the films as dangerous. He was most concerned with the effect the series would have after the war was over and the "hysteria" the films would create in their wake.{{Sfn|Koppes|Black|1987|p=122}} At least 54 million Americans had seen the series by the end of the war, and studies were done to gauge the impact of the films. However, the results were inconclusive, and therefore the effectiveness of the series is still in question.{{Sfn|Rollins|1996|p=81}}

Post war

Prelude to War and The Battle of China refer several times to the Tanaka Memorial, portraying it as "Japan's Mein Kampf" to raise U.S. morale for a protracted war against Japan. The authenticity of this document remains a topic of historical debate. Even though its authenticity has been called into question by some today, the Tanaka Memorial was widely accepted as authentic in the 1930s and 40s because Japan's actions corresponded so closely to these plans.

In 2000 the United States Library of Congress deemed the films "culturally significant" and selected them for preservation in the National Film Registry. Created by the U.S. Army Pictorial Services, the films are in the public domain; all of them are available for download at the Internet Archive.

Films

See also

References

Notes

1. ^{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/PreludeToWar |title = Why We Fight: Prelude to War : Frank Capra | publisher =Archive.org |date= 1942 | accessdate = 2014-03-16}}
2. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹{{Harvnb | Capra | 1971 | pp = 325–43}}.
3. ^{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/TheNazisStrike | title = Why We Fight: The Nazi Strike : Frank Capra | publisher=Archive.org |date=1943 | accessdate =2014-03-16}}
4. ^{{cite web | url = https://archive.org/details/DivideAndConquer | title = Why We Fight: Divide and Conquer : Frank Capra |publisher = Archive.org |date=1943 |accessdate = 2014-03-16}}
5. ^{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/BattleOfBritain | title =Why We Fight: The Battle of Britain : Frank Capra |publisher=Archive.org |date = 1943 |accessdate = 2014-03-16}}
6. ^{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/BattleOfRussiaI | title = Why We Fight: The Battle of Russia Part I : Frank Capra |publisher = Archive.org | date = 1943 | accessdate = 2014-03-16}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/BattleOfRussiaII |title=Why We Fight: The Battle of Russia Part II : Frank Capra |publisher=Archive.org |date=1943 |accessdate=2014-03-16}}
8. ^{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/BattleOfChina | title = Why We Fight: The Battle of China : Frank Capra |publisher=Archive.org |date=1944 | accessdate =2014-03-16}}
9. ^{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/WarComesToAmerica | title = Why We Fight: War Comes to America : Frank Capra |publisher = Archive.org |date = 1945 |accessdate=2014-03-16}}
10. ^Eagan, Daniel. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=deq3xI8OmCkC&pg=PA390 America's Film Legacy: The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry, pp. 390 f.] Continuum International (New York), 2010.
11. ^{{Citation|first=Richard|last=Overy|author-link=Richard Overy|title=Why the Allies Won|page=295|ISBN=0-393-03925-0}}.

Bibliography

External links