| 词条 | Wichita, Kansas | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name = Wichita, Kansas |settlement_type = City and county seat |nickname = Air Capital of the World,[1] ICT[1] |image_skyline = {{Photomontage |photo1a = Wichita-ks.jpg |photo2a = EP_Front.JPG |photo2b = Eck_Stadium_Tyler_Field.JPG |photo3a = Sedgwick_County_Zoo_Gorilla_Village_2013.JPG |photo3b = Keeper_of_the_Plains_Morning.jpg |spacing = 1 |color_border = white |color = white |size = 310 |foot_montage = Clockwise from top: Downtown skyline, Eck Stadium, The Keeper of the Plains sculpture, Sedgwick County Zoo Gorilla Village, Exploration Place |image_flag = Flag of Wichita, Kansas.svg |image_seal = Wichita Kansas seal.png |image_map = Sedgwick_County_Kansas_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Wichita_Highlighted.svg |map_caption = Location within Sedgwick County and Kansas |image_map1 = Map of Sedgwick Co, Ks, USA.png |map_caption1 = KDOT map of Sedgwick County (legend) |coordinates_footnotes = [2] |coordinates = {{coord|37|41|20|N|97|20|10|W|region:US-KS_type:city_source:GNIS|display=inline,title}} |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = United States |subdivision_type1 = State |subdivision_name1 = Kansas |subdivision_type2 = County |subdivision_name2 = Sedgwick |subdivision_type3 = Township |subdivision_name3 = |established_title = Founded |established_date = 1868 |established_title1 = Platted |established_date1 = |established_title2 = Incorporated |established_date2 = 1870 |named_for = Wichita people |government_footnotes = |government_type = Council-Manager |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = Jeff Longwell (R) |leader_title1 = City Manager |leader_name1 = Robert Layton |area_footnotes = [4] |area_total_sq_mi = 163.59 |area_land_sq_mi = 159.29 |area_water_sq_mi = 4.30 |area_total_km2 = 423.70 |area_land_km2 = 412.56 |area_water_km2 = 11.14 |unit_pref = Imperial |elevation_footnotes = [2] |elevation_ft = 1302 |population_footnotes = [3] |population_as_of = 2010 |population_total = 382368 |pop_est_footnotes = [7] |pop_est_as_of = 2017 |population_est = 390591 |population_density_sq_mi = auto |population_metro = 644610 (US: 85th) |population_blank1_title = CSA |population_blank1 = 680398 (US: 72nd) |population_rank = US: 50th KS: 1st Midwest: 10th |population_demonym = Wichitan |timezone = CST |utc_offset = −6 |timezone_DST = CDT |utc_offset_DST = −5 |postal_code_type = ZIP Codes |postal_code = 67201-67221, 67223, 67226-67228, 67230, 67232, 67235, 67260, 67275-67278[4] |area_code_type = Area code |area_code = 316 |blank_name = FIPS code |blank_info = {{FIPS|20|79000}} [2] |blank1_name = GNIS ID |blank1_info = {{GNIS 4|473862}} [2] |website = {{URL|http://www.wichita.gov/|wichita.gov}} }}Wichita ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|w|ɪ|tʃ|ɪ|t|ɔː}} {{respell|WITCH|i|taw}})[5] is the largest city in the U.S. state of Kansas[6][3] and the county seat of Sedgwick County. As of 2017, the estimated population of the city was 390,591.[7] Wichita is the principal city of the Wichita metropolitan area which had an estimated population of 644,610 in 2015.[7][8] Located in south-central Kansas on the Arkansas River,[2] Wichita began as a trading post on the Chisholm Trail in the 1860s and was incorporated as a city in 1870. It became a destination for cattle drives traveling north from Texas to Kansas railroads, earning it the nickname "Cowtown."[9][10] In the 1920s and '30s, businessmen and aeronautical engineers established aircraft manufacturing companies in Wichita, including Beechcraft, Cessna, and Stearman Aircraft. The city became a U.S. aircraft production hub known as "The Air Capital of the World."[11] Textron Aviation, Learjet, Airbus, and Spirit AeroSystems continue to operate design and manufacturing facilities in Wichita, and the city remains a major center of the American aircraft industry. Wichita is also home to McConnell Air Force Base,[21][22] and Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport, the largest airport in Kansas. As an industrial hub, Wichita is a regional center of culture, media, and trade. It hosts several universities, large museums, theaters, parks, and entertainment venues, notably Intrust Bank Arena and Century II Performing Arts & Convention Center. The city's Old Cowtown Museum maintains historical artifacts and exhibits on the city's early history. Wichita State University is the third-largest post-secondary institution in the state. History{{main|History of Wichita, Kansas|Timeline of Wichita, Kansas}}{{See also|History of Kansas}}Archaeological evidence indicates human habitation near the confluence of the Arkansas and Little Arkansas Rivers, the site of present-day Wichita, as early as 3000 B.C.[12] In 1541, a Spanish expedition led by explorer Francisco Vázquez de Coronado found the area populated by the Quivira, or Wichita, people. Conflict with the Osage in the 1750s drove the Wichita further south.[13] Prior to American settlement of the region, the site was located in the territory of the Kiowa.[14] Claimed first by France as part of Louisiana and later acquired by the United States with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, it became part of Kansas Territory in 1854 and then the state of Kansas in 1861.[15][16] The Wichita returned in 1864 due to the American Civil War and established a settlement on the banks of the Little Arkansas.[17][18] During this period, trader Jesse Chisholm established a trading post at the site, one of several along a trail extending south to Texas which became known as the Chisholm Trail.[19] After the war, the Wichita permanently relocated south to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma).[18] In 1868, trader James R. Mead established another trading post at the site, and surveyor Darius Munger built a house for use as a hotel, community center, and post office.[20][21] Business opportunities attracted area hunters and traders, and a new settlement began to form. That summer, Mead and others organized the Wichita Town Company, naming the settlement after the Wichita tribe.[17] In 1870, Munger and German immigrant William "Dutch Bill" Greiffenstein filed plats laying out the city's first streets.[21] Wichita formally incorporated as a city on July 21, 1870.[20] Wichita's position on the Chisholm Trail made it a destination for cattle drives traveling north from Texas to access railroads which led to markets in eastern U.S. cities.[19][22] The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway reached the city in 1872.[23] As a result, Wichita became a railhead for the cattle drives, earning it the nickname "Cowtown".[19][22] Across the Arkansas River, the town of Delano became an entertainment destination for cattlemen thanks to its saloons, brothels, and lack of law enforcement.[24] The area had a reputation for violence until local lawmen, Wyatt Earp among them, began to assertively police the cowboys.[19][22] By the end of the decade, the cattle trade had moved west to Dodge City. Wichita annexed Delano in 1880.[24] Rapid immigration resulted in a speculative land boom in the late 1880s, stimulating further expansion of the city. Fairmount College, which eventually grew into Wichita State University, opened in 1886; Garfield University, which eventually became Friends University, opened in 1887.[25][26] By 1890, Wichita had become the third-largest city in the state after Kansas City and Topeka with a population of nearly 24,000.[27] After the boom, however, the city entered an economic recession, and many of the original settlers went bankrupt.[28] In 1914 and 1915, deposits of oil and natural gas were discovered in nearby Butler County. This triggered another economic boom in Wichita as producers established refineries, fueling stations, and headquarters in the city.[29] By 1917, there were five operating refineries in Wichita with another seven built in the 1920s.[30] The careers and fortunes of future oil moguls Archibald Derby, who later founded Derby Oil, and Fred C. Koch, who established what would become Koch Industries, both began in Wichita during this period.[29][31] The money generated by the oil boom enabled local entrepreneurs to invest in the nascent airplane manufacturing industry. In 1917, Clyde Cessna built his Cessna Comet in Wichita, the first aircraft built in the city. In 1920, two local oilmen invited Chicago aircraft builder Emil "Matty" Laird to manufacture his designs in Wichita, leading to the formation of the Swallow Airplane Company. Two early Swallow employees, Lloyd Stearman and Walter Beech, went on to found two prominent Wichita-based companies, Stearman Aircraft in 1926 and Beechcraft in 1932, respectively. Cessna, meanwhile, started his own company in Wichita in 1927.[32] The city became such a center of the industry that the Aeronautical Chamber of Commerce dubbed it the "Air Capital of the World" in 1929.[33] Over the following decades, aviation and aircraft manufacturing continued to drive expansion of the city. In 1934, Stearman's Wichita facilities became part of Boeing which would become the city's largest employer.[34] Initial construction of Wichita Municipal Airport finished southeast of the city in 1935. During World War II, the site hosted Wichita Army Airfield and Boeing Airplane Company Plant No. 1.[35] The city experienced a population explosion during the war when it became a major manufacturing center for the Boeing B-29 bomber.[36] In 1951, the U.S. Air Force announced plans to assume control of the airport to establish McConnell Air Force Base. By 1954, all non-military air traffic had shifted to the new Wichita Mid-Continent Airport west of the city.[35] In 1962, Lear Jet Corporation opened with its plant adjacent to the new airport.[37] Throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries, several other prominent businesses and brands had their origins in Wichita. A. A. Hyde founded health care products maker Mentholatum in Wichita in 1889.[38][39] Sporting goods and camping gear retailer Coleman started in the city in the early 1900s.[38][40] A number of fast food franchises started in Wichita in the 1950s and 1960s including Pizza Hut in 1958. In the 1970s and 1980s, the city became a regional center of health care and medical research.[38] Wichita has been a focal point of national political controversy multiple times in its history. In 1900, famous temperance extremist Carrie Nation struck in Wichita upon learning the city was not enforcing Kansas's prohibition ordinance.[38] The Dockum Drug Store sit-in took place in the city in 1958 with protesters pushing for desegregation.[41] In 1991, thousands of anti-abortion protesters blockaded and held sit-ins at Wichita abortion clinics, particularly the clinic of George Tiller.[42] Tiller was later killed in Wichita by an extremist in 2009.[43] Except for a slow period in the 1970s, Wichita has continued to grow steadily into the 21st century.[27] In the late 1990s and 2000s, the city government and local organizations began collaborating to re-develop downtown Wichita and older neighborhoods in the city.[21][24][44] Intrust Bank Arena opened downtown in 2010.[45] Boeing ended its operations in Wichita in 2014.[46] However, the city remains a national center of aircraft manufacturing with other companies including Spirit AeroSystems and Airbus maintaining facilities in Wichita.[20][47] Wichita Mid-Continent Airport was officially renamed Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport after the Kansas native and U.S. President in 2015.[48] GeographyDowntown Wichita is at {{Coord|37|41|20|N|97|20|10|W|type:city}} (37.688888, −97.336111), at an elevation of {{convert|1299|ft|0}}.[2] Wichita is in south-central Kansas at the junction of Interstate 35 and U.S. Route 54.[49] Part of the Midwestern United States, it is {{convert|157|mi|abbr=on}} north of Oklahoma City, {{convert|181|mi|abbr=on}} southwest of Kansas City, and {{convert|439|mi|abbr=on}} east-southeast of Denver.[50] The city lies on the Arkansas River near the western edge of the Flint Hills in the Wellington-McPherson Lowlands region of the Great Plains.[51] The area's topography is characterized by the broad alluvial plain of the Arkansas River valley and the moderately rolling slopes that rise to the higher lands on either side.[52][53] The Arkansas follows a winding course, south-southeast through Wichita, roughly bisecting the city. It is joined along its course by several tributaries all of which flow generally south. The largest is the Little Arkansas River, which enters the city from the north and joins the Arkansas immediately west of downtown. Further east lies Chisholm Creek, which joins the Arkansas in the far southern part of the city. The Chisholm's own tributaries drain much of the city's eastern half; these include the creek's West, Middle, and East Forks as well as, further south, Gypsum Creek. The Gypsum is fed by its own tributary, Dry Creek. Two more of the Arkansas's tributaries lie west of its course; from east to west, these are Big Slough Creek and Cowskin Creek. Both run south through the western part of the city. Fourmile Creek, a tributary of the Walnut River, flows south through the far eastern part of the city.[54] According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of {{convert|163.59|sqmi|2|abbr=on}}, of which {{convert|159.29|sqmi|2|abbr=on}} is land and {{convert|4.30|sqmi|2|abbr=on}} is water.[55] As the core of the Wichita metropolitan area, the city is surrounded by suburbs. Bordering Wichita on the north are, from west to east, Valley Center, Park City, Kechi, and Bel Aire. Enclosed within east-central Wichita is Eastborough. Adjacent to the city's east side is Andover. McConnell Air Force Base is in the extreme southeast corner of the city. To the south, from east to west, are Derby and Haysville. Goddard and Maize border Wichita to the west and northwest, respectively.[56] ClimateWichita lies in the northern limits of North America's humid subtropical climate zone (Köppen Cfa), typically experiencing hot, humid summers and cold, dry winters.[57] Located on the Great Plains, far from any large moderating influences such as mountains or large bodies of water, Wichita often experiences severe weather with thunderstorms occurring frequently during the spring and summer months. These occasionally bring large hail as well as frequent lightning. Tornadoes also occur. Particularly destructive ones have struck the Wichita area several times in the course of its history: in September 1965; during the Andover, Kansas Tornado Outbreak of April 1991; and during the Oklahoma tornado outbreak of May 1999.[58][59][60] Winters are cold and dry; since Wichita is roughly midway between Canada and the Gulf of Mexico, cold spells and warm spells are equally frequent. Warm air masses from the Gulf of Mexico can raise midwinter temperatures into the 50s and even 60s while cold air masses from the Arctic can occasionally plunge the temperature below 0 °F.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}} Wind speed in the city averages {{convert|13|mph|abbr=on}}.[92] On average, January is the coldest month (and the driest), July the hottest, and June the wettest.[93] The average temperature in the city is {{convert|56.9|°F|1}}.[94] Over the course of a year, the monthly daily average temperature ranges from {{convert|32.2|°F|1}} in January to {{convert|81.1|°F|1}} in July.[93] The high temperature reaches or exceeds {{convert|90|°F|0}} an average of 62 days a year and {{convert|100|°F|0}} an average of 12 days a year. The minimum temperature falls to or below {{convert|10|°F|0}} on an average 8.5 days a year.[61] The hottest temperature recorded in Wichita was {{convert|114|°F|0}} in 1936; the coldest temperature recorded was {{convert|-22|°F|0}} on February 12, 1899.[93] Readings as low as {{convert|-17|°F|0}} and as high as {{convert|111|°F|0}} occurred as recently as February 10, 2011 and July 29–30, 2012, respectively.[94] During an average year, Wichita receives {{convert|32.69|in|0}} of precipitation, most of which falls in the warmer months, and experiences 88 days of measurable precipitation.[94] The average relative humidity is 80% in the morning and 49% in the evening.[62] Annual snowfall averages {{convert|15.6|in|cm}}. Measurable snowfall occurs an average of ten days per year with at least an inch of snow falling on five of those days. Snow depth of at least an inch occurs an average of 15 days a year. The average window for freezing temperatures is October 26 through April 11.[94] {{Weather box|collapsed = Y |location = Wichita, Kansas (1981–2010 normals,{{efn|Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.}} extremes 1888–present){{efn|Official records for Wichita have been kept at various locations in and around the city from July 1888 to November 1953 and at the Mid-Continent Airport since December 1953. For more information, see Threadex}} |single line = Y |Jan high F = 42.5 |Feb high F = 48.2 |Mar high F = 57.9 |Apr high F = 67.7 |May high F = 76.7 |Jun high F = 86.7 |Jul high F = 92.3 |Aug high F = 91.2 |Sep high F = 82.5 |Oct high F = 69.7 |Nov high F = 56.2 |Dec high F = 43.5 |year high F= 68.0 |Jan low F = 21.9 |Feb low F = 26.1 |Mar low F = 35.0 |Apr low F = 44.5 |May low F = 55.2 |Jun low F = 64.9 |Jul low F = 69.8 |Aug low F = 68.8 |Sep low F = 59.5 |Oct low F = 46.9 |Nov low F = 34.6 |Dec low F = 24.1 |year low F= 46.0 |Jan avg record high F = 63.8 |Feb avg record high F = 70.8 |Mar avg record high F = 79.3 |Apr avg record high F = 84.7 |May avg record high F = 91.4 |Jun avg record high F = 98.3 |Jul avg record high F =103.9 |Aug avg record high F =102.8 |Sep avg record high F = 96.8 |Oct avg record high F = 87.2 |Nov avg record high F = 74.7 |Dec avg record high F = 63.9 |year avg record high F=105.5 |Jan avg record low F = 4.1 |Feb avg record low F = 6.4 |Mar avg record low F = 17.5 |Apr avg record low F = 28.5 |May avg record low F = 40.4 |Jun avg record low F = 52.7 |Jul avg record low F = 60.5 |Aug avg record low F = 58.7 |Sep avg record low F = 42.4 |Oct avg record low F = 30.9 |Nov avg record low F = 18.3 |Dec avg record low F = 6.8 |year avg record low F= −1.2 |Jan record high F = 75 |Feb record high F = 87 |Mar record high F = 92 |Apr record high F = 98 |May record high F = 102 |Jun record high F = 110 |Jul record high F = 113 |Aug record high F = 114 |Sep record high F = 108 |Oct record high F = 97 |Nov record high F = 86 |Dec record high F = 83 |Jan record low F = −15 |Feb record low F = −22 |Mar record low F = −3 |Apr record low F = 15 |May record low F = 27 |Jun record low F = 43 |Jul record low F = 51 |Aug record low F = 45 |Sep record low F = 31 |Oct record low F = 14 |Nov record low F = 1 |Dec record low F = −16 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation inch = 0.83 |Feb precipitation inch = 1.18 |Mar precipitation inch = 2.69 |Apr precipitation inch = 2.59 |May precipitation inch = 4.57 |Jun precipitation inch = 5.20 |Jul precipitation inch = 3.32 |Aug precipitation inch = 3.71 |Sep precipitation inch = 3.14 |Oct precipitation inch = 2.78 |Nov precipitation inch = 1.43 |Dec precipitation inch = 1.20 |year precipitation inch=32.64 |Jul snow inch = 0 |Aug snow inch = 0 |Sep snow inch = 0 |Oct snow inch = 0.1 |Nov snow inch = 1.3 |Dec snow inch = 4.2 |Jan snow inch = 3.6 |Feb snow inch = 3.2 |Mar snow inch = 2.3 |Apr snow inch = 0.2 |May snow inch = 0 |Jun snow inch = 0 |year snow inch=14.9 |unit precipitation days = 0.01 in |Jan precipitation days = 4.7 |Feb precipitation days = 5.4 |Mar precipitation days = 8.2 |Apr precipitation days = 8.0 |May precipitation days = 11.4 |Jun precipitation days = 10.0 |Jul precipitation days = 7.3 |Aug precipitation days = 7.9 |Sep precipitation days = 7.0 |Oct precipitation days = 7.0 |Nov precipitation days = 5.3 |Dec precipitation days = 5.7 |year precipitation days= 87.9 |unit snow days = 0.1 in |Jul snow days = 0 |Aug snow days = 0 |Sep snow days = 0 |Oct snow days = 0.1 |Nov snow days = 0.6 |Dec snow days = 2.8 |Jan snow days = 3.0 |Feb snow days = 2.1 |Mar snow days = 1.2 |Apr snow days = 0.2 |May snow days = 0 |Jun snow days = 0 |year snow days=10.0 |Jan sun = 190.9 |Jan percentsun = 62 |Feb sun = 186.4 |Feb percentsun = 62 |Mar sun = 230.4 |Mar percentsun = 62 |Apr sun = 257.8 |Apr percentsun = 65 |May sun = 289.8 |May percentsun = 66 |Jun sun = 305.0 |Jun percentsun = 69 |Jul sun = 342.1 |Jul percentsun = 76 |Aug sun = 309.2 |Aug percentsun = 73 |Sep sun = 245.6 |Sep percentsun = 66 |Oct sun = 226.3 |Oct percentsun = 65 |Nov sun = 170.2 |Nov percentsun = 56 |Dec sun = 168.7 |Dec percentsun = 57 |year percentsun = 66 |Jan humidity = 69.9 |Feb humidity = 68.3 |Mar humidity = 63.8 |Apr humidity = 62.8 |May humidity = 67.0 |Jun humidity = 64.3 |Jul humidity = 58.9 |Aug humidity = 61.1 |Sep humidity = 66.8 |Oct humidity = 65.1 |Nov humidity = 70.0 |Dec humidity = 71.7 |year humidity =65.8 |source = National Weather Service (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990);[63][64] The Weather Channel[65] }} Neighborhoods{{main|Neighborhoods of Wichita, Kansas}}Wichita has several recognized areas and neighborhoods. The downtown area is generally considered to be east of the Arkansas River, west of Washington Street, north of Kellogg and south of 13th Street. It contains landmarks such as Century II, the Garvey Center, and the Epic Center. Old Town is also part of downtown; this 50-acre area is home to a cluster of nightclubs, bars, restaurants, a movie theater, shops, and apartments and condominiums, many of which make use of historical warehouse-type spaces. The two most notable residential areas of Wichita are Riverside and College Hill. Riverside is northwest of downtown, across the Arkansas River, and surrounds the {{convert|120|acre|km2|adj=on}} Riverside Park.[66] College Hill is east of downtown, south of Wichita State University. It is one of the more historic neighborhoods, along with Delano on the west side and Midtown in the north-central city.[67] Demographics{{main|Demographics of Wichita, Kansas}}{{US Census population|1870= 689 |1880= 4911 |1890= 23853 |1900= 24671 |1910= 52450 |1920= 72217 |1930= 111110 |1940= 114966 |1950= 168279 |1960= 254698 |1970= 276554 |1980= 279272 |1990= 304011 |2000= 344284 |2010= 382368 |estyear=2017 |estimate=390591 |estref=[68] |align-fn=center |footnote=U.S. Decennial Census[69] }} In terms of population, Wichita is the largest city in Kansas and the 48th largest city in the United States.[7] It is racially more similar to the rest of the United States than any other major city.[70] 2010 censusAs of the 2010 census, there were 382,368 people, 151,818 households, and 94,862 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,304.8 per square mile (889.9/km²). There were 167,310 housing units at an average density of 1,022.1 per square mile (475.9/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 71.9% White, 11.5% African American, 4.8% Asian, 1.2% American Indian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 6.2% from other races, and 4.3% from two or more races. Hispanics and Latinos of any race were 15.3% of the population.[71] Of the 151,818 households, 33.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.1% were married couples living together, 5.2% had a male householder with no wife present, 13.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.5% were non-families. 31.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48, and the average family size was 3.14.[71] The median age in the city was 33.9 years. 26.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.9% were from 25 to 44; 24.9% were from 45 to 64; and 11.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.3% male and 50.7% female.[71] The median income for a household in the city was $44,477, and the median income for a family was $57,088. Males had a median income of $42,783 versus $32,155 for females. The per capita income for the city was $24,517. About 12.1% of families and 15.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.5% of those under age 18 and 9.9% of those age 65 or over.[71] Metropolitan area{{Main|Wichita, KS Metropolitan Statistical Area}}Wichita is the principal city of both the Wichita Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) and the Wichita-Winfield Combined Statistical Area (CSA).[72][73] The Wichita MSA encompasses Sedgwick, Butler, Harvey, and Sumner counties and, as of 2010, had a population of 623,061, making it the 84th largest MSA in the United States.[72][74][75] The larger Wichita-Winfield CSA also includes Cowley County and, as of 2013, had an estimated population of 673,598.[76] Nearby Reno County is not a part of the Wichita MSA or Wichita-Winfield CSA, but, were it included, it would add an additional population of 64,511 as of 2010.[77] EconomyIt is the birthplace of famous restaurants such as White Castle and Pizza Hut.[78][79] Wichita's principal industrial sector is manufacturing, which accounted for 21.6 percent of area employment in 2003. Aircraft manufacturing has long dominated the local economy, and plays such an important role that it has the ability to influence the economic health of the entire region; the state offers tax breaks and other incentives to aircraft manufacturers.[80] Healthcare is Wichita's second-largest industry, employing approximately 28,000 people in the local area. Since healthcare needs remain fairly consistent regardless of the economy, this field was not subject to the same pressures that affected other industries in the early 2000s. The Kansas Spine Hospital opened in 2004, as did a critical care tower at Wesley Medical Center.[125] In July 2010, Via Christi Health, which is the largest provider of healthcare services in Kansas, opened a hospital that will serve the northwest area of Wichita. Via Christi Hospital on St. Teresa is the system's fifth hospital to serve the Wichita community.[81]Thanks to the early 20th-Century oil boom in neighboring Butler County, Kansas, Wichita became a major oil town, with dozens of oil exploration companies and support enterprises. Most famous of these was Koch Industries, today a global natural-resources conglomerate. The city was also at one time the headquarters of the former Derby Oil Company, which was purchased by Coastal Corporation in 1988. Koch Industries and Cargill, the two largest privately held companies in the United States,[82] both operate headquarters facilities in Wichita. Koch Industries' primary global corporate headquarters is located in a large office-tower complex in northeast Wichita. Cargill Meat Solutions Div., at one time the nation's 3rd-largest beef producer, is headquartered downtown. Other firms with headquarters in Wichita include roller-coaster manufacturer Chance Morgan, gourmet food retailer Dean & Deluca, renewable energy company Alternative Energy Solutions, and Coleman Company, a manufacturer of camping and outdoor recreation supplies. Air Midwest, the nation's first officially certificated "commuter" airline, was founded and headquartered in Wichita and evolved into the nation's 8th largest regional airline prior to its dissolution in 2008.[83] As of 2013, 68.2% of the population over the age of 16 was in the labor force. 0.6% was in the armed forces, and 67.6% was in the civilian labor force with 61.2% employed and 6.4% unemployed. The occupational composition of the employed civilian labor force was: 33.3% in management, business, science, and arts; 25.1% in sales and office occupations; 17.2% in service occupations; 14.0% in production, transportation, and material moving; 10.4% in natural resources, construction, and maintenance. The three industries employing the largest percentages of the working civilian labor force were: educational services, health care, and social assistance (22.3%); manufacturing (19.2%); and retail trade (11.0%).[71] The cost of living in Wichita is below average; compared to a U.S. average of 100, the cost of living index for the city is 84.0.[84] As of 2013, the median home value in the city was $117,500, the median selected monthly owner cost was $1,194 for housing units with a mortgage and $419 for those without, and the median gross rent was $690.[71] The economic analyst James Chung from [https://reachadvisors.com/ Reach Advisors] was hired by the [https://wichitacf.org/ Wichita Community Foundation] to create a better economic picture of the current health and future growth plan for Wichita.[85] Chung presented his report showing that Wichita has not kept up with national economic growth or the growth of other similarly sized cities in the region. The report, called Focus Forward identified that people who live in most comparable mid-sized cities in the central U.S. earn $10,000 more than Wichita residents do; their home is worth an average of $50,000 more and their average net worth is $130,000 higher.[86] Aircraft manufacturingFrom the early to late 20th century, aircraft pioneers such as Clyde Cessna, "Matty" Laird, Lloyd Stearman, Walter Beech, Al Mooney and Bill Lear began aircraft-manufacturing enterprises that would lead to Wichita becoming the nation's leading city in numbers of aircraft produced. The aircraft corporations E. M. Laird Aviation Company (the nation's first successful commercial airplane manufacturer), Travel Air (started by Beech, Stearman and Cessna), Stearman, Cessna, Beechcraft and Mooney were all founded in Wichita between 1920 and early 1932.[11] By 1931, Boeing (of Seattle, Washington) had absorbed Stearman, creating "Boeing-Wichita", which would eventually grow to become Kansas' largest employer.[87][88] Today, Cessna Aircraft Co. (the world's highest-volume airplane manufacturer) and Beechcraft remain based in Wichita having merged into Textron Aviation in 2014, along with Learjet and Boeing's chief subassembly supplier, Spirit AeroSystems. Airbus maintains a workforce in Wichita, and Bombardier (parent company of Learjet) has other divisions in Wichita as well. Over 50 other aviation businesses operate in the Wichita MSA, as well dozens of suppliers and subcontractors to the local aircraft manufacturers. In total, Wichita and its companies have manufactured an estimated 250,000 aircraft since Clyde Cessna's first Wichita-built aircraft in 1916.[87][22][139][140] In the early 2000s, a national and international recession combined with the after effects of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks to depress the aviation sub-sector in and around Wichita. Orders for new aircraft plummeted, prompting Wichita's five largest aircraft manufacturers, Boeing Co., Cessna Aircraft Co., Bombardier Learjet Inc., Hawker Beechcraft and Raytheon Aircraft Co.—to slash a combined 15,000 jobs between 2001 and 2004. In response, these companies began developing small- and mid-sized airplanes to appeal to business and corporate users.[89] In 2007, Wichita built 977 aircraft, ranging from single-engine light aircraft to the world's fastest civilian jet; one-fifth of the civilian aircraft produced in United States that year, plus numerous small military aircraft.[90][91][92][93] In early 2012, Boeing announced it would be closing its Wichita plant by the end of 2013,[94] which paved the road for Spirit Aerosystems to open its plant. CultureArtsWichita is a cultural center for Kansas, home to several art museums and performing arts groups. The Wichita Art Museum is the largest art museum in the state of Kansas and contains 7,000 works in permanent collections.[95] The Ulrich Museum of Art at Wichita State University is a modern and contemporary art museum with over 6,300 works in its permanent collection.[96] Small art galleries are scattered around the city with some clustered in the districts of Old Town, Delano and south Commerce street. These galleries started the Final Friday Gallery crawl event, where visitors tour attractions free in the evening on the last Friday of each month. Larger museums began participating and staying open late on Final Fridays shortly after its beginning. MusicWichita is the music hub of central Kansas, and draws major acts from around the world, performing at various concert halls, arenas and stadiums around the area. Most major rock'n'roll and pop-music stars, and virtually all country music stars, perform there during their career. Music Theatre Wichita, Wichita Grand Opera (both nationally renowned),[97] and the Wichita Symphony Orchestra perform regularly at the Century II Convention Hall downtown. Concerts are also regularly performed by the nationally noted schools of music at Wichita's two largest universities.[97][98]The Orpheum Theatre, built in 1922, serves as a downtown venue for smaller shows. Wichita is alleged to be the birthplace of the electric guitar, the fuzz box, and other key innovations in rock'n'roll music. EventsThe Wichita River Festival has been held in the Downtown and Old Town areas of the city since 1972. It has featured events, musical entertainment, sporting events, traveling exhibits, cultural and historical activities, plays, interactive children's events, a flea market, river events, a parade, block parties, a food court, fireworks, and souvenirs for the roughly 370,000+ patrons who attend each year.[99] In 2011, the festival was moved from May to June because of rain during previous festivals. The Wichita River Festival has seen immense growth, with record numbers in 2016 and again in 2018.[100] Much of that growth is attributed to attractive musical acts at the festival.[101] The annual Wichita Black Arts Festival, held in the spring, celebrates the arts, crafts and creativity of Wichita's large African-American community. It usually takes place in Central-Northeast Wichita. A Juneteenth event and parade also are common annual events. The International Student Association at Wichita State University presents an annual international cultural exhibition and food festival, on the campus at WSU, providing an inexpensive sampling of global culture and cuisine to the general public. One or more large Renaissance fairs occur annually, including the "RenFair" in conjunction with the "Kingdom of Calontir" of the SCA (Society for Creative Anachronism). The fairs vary in length from one day to a week, typically at Sedgwick County Park or Newman University. The Wichita Public Library's Academy Awards Shorts program is reportedly the oldest annual, complete, free public screening outside of Hollywood of the full array of short films nominated for an Academy Award ("Oscar"). In late winter, shortly before the Academy Awards ceremonies, the films—including all nominated documentary, live action, and animated shorts—are presented, free, at the Library and in local theaters and other venues around Wichita. Wichita's former Congressman, Motion Picture Association President Dan Glickman, has served as Honorary Chair of the event, and some of the filmmakers have attended and visited with the audiences.[102][103][104][105][106][107] The Tallgrass Film Festival has been held in downtown Wichita since 2003. It draws over 100 independent feature and short films from all over the world for three days each October. Notable people from the entertainment industry have attended in the past.[108] Aviation-related events are common in the Wichita area, including air shows, fly-ins, air races, aviation conferences, exhibitions, and trade shows. The city's two main air shows, which are generally held in alternating years, are the city-sponsored civilian Wichita Flight Festival[109] (originally the "Kansas Flight Festival") and the military-sponsored McConnell Air Force Base Open House and Airshow.[110] Both are large regional air shows with famous acts and multimillion-dollar aircraft displays (including many Wichita-built aircraft). In addition, numerous local, regional, and national aviation organizations host fly-ins, conferences, exhibitions and trade shows in the Wichita area on irregular schedules. Points of interestMuseums and landmarks devoted to science, culture, and area history are located throughout the city. Several lie along the Arkansas River west of downtown, including the Exploration Place science and discovery center, the Mid-America All-Indian Center, the Old Cowtown living history museum, and The Keeper of the Plains statue and its associated display highlighting the daily lives of Plains Indians. The Wichita-Sedgwick County Historical Museum in downtown Wichita occupies the original Wichita city hall, built in 1892. The museum contains artifacts that tell the story of Wichita and Sedgwick County starting from 1865 and continuing to the present day.[111] Nearby is the 1913 Sedgwick County Memorial Hall and Soldiers and Sailors Monument. East of downtown are the Museum of World Treasures and railroad-oriented Great Plains Transportation Museum. The Coleman Factory Outlet and Museum on 235 N St. Francis street is the home of the Coleman Lantern and offers free admission.[112] Wichita State University hosts the Lowell D. Holmes Museum of Anthropology. The Kansas Aviation Museum, housed in the Terminal and Administration building of the former Municipal Airport, is located in southeast Wichita adjacent to McConnell Air Force Base. Botanica, The Wichita Gardens, also located along the Arkansas River, has 24 themed gardens including the Butterfly Garden and the award-winning Sally Stone Sensory Garden.{{fact|date=March 2019}} The Sedgwick County Zoo in the northwest part of Wichita is the most popular outdoor tourist attraction in the state of Kansas, and is home to more than 2,500 animals representing 500 different species.[113] The zoo is next to Sedgwick county park and Sedgwick County Extension Arboretum. Intrust Bank Arena is the city's primary event venue, featuring 22 suites, 2 party suites, 40 loge boxes and over 300 premium seats with a total potential capacity of over 15,000.[114] This arena in the middle of Wichita opened in January 2010.[115]Located immediately east of downtown is Old Town, the city's entertainment district. In the early 1990s, developers transformed it from an old warehouse district into a mixed-zone neighborhood with residential space, nightclubs, restaurants, hotels, and museums.[116] Moody's Skidrow Beanery, at 625 E. Douglas in what was to become Old Town, was one of the more famous places in Wichita in the 1960s. It was the scene of a nationally followed First Amendment struggle[117] and was visited by Allen Ginsberg in 1966 (the name had been changed to the Magic Theatre Vortex Art Gallery) where he first read his long poem "Wichita Vortex Sutra." Wichita is also home to two major shopping malls: Towne East Square and Towne West Square, on opposite ends of town, and each managed by Simon Property Group. Each mall is home to four anchor stores, and has more than 100 tenants apiece. The oldest mall, Wichita Mall, was for many years largely a dead mall, but has since been converted into office space.[118] There are also two large outdoor shopping centers, Bradley Fair on the city's north-east side and NewMarket Square on the city's north-west side, each with over 50 stores spread out on several acres. In 1936, the Wichita post office contained two oil-on-canvas murals, Kansas Farming, painted by Richard Haines and Pioneer in Kansas by Ward Lockwood. Murals were produced from 1934 to 1943 in the United States through the Section of Painting and Sculpture, later called the Section of Fine Arts, of the Treasury Department. The post office building became the Federal Courthouse at 401 N. Market Street and the murals are on display in the lobby.[119] Wichita also has a number of parks and recreational areas such as Riverside park, College Hill park, and McAdams Park. In popular culture and the artsWichita has developed a positive reputation in U.S. media as an affordable and pleasant place to live. In July 2006, CNN/Money and Money ranked Wichita ninth on their list of the 10 best U.S. big cities in which to live.[120] In 2008, MSN Real Estate ranked Wichita 1st on its list of most affordable cities.[121] Wichita was also named the most "Uniquely American" city by Newsmax magazine in a May 2009 piece written by Peter Greenberg.[122] Wichita is mentioned in the songs "Wichita Skyline" by Shawn Colvin, "Seven Nation Army" by The White Stripes, and "Captain Bobby Stout" by local musician Jerry Hahn. Allen Ginsberg wrote about a visit to Wichita in his poem Wichita Vortex Sutra, for which Philip Glass subsequently wrote a solo piano piece. Glen Campbell's "Wichita Lineman", written by Jimmy Webb, peaked at number 1 on Billboard's country singles chart and at number 3 on the pop chart in 1968. Ruby Vroom, released by the band Soul Coughing in 1994, contains a song called "True Dreams of Wichita". Also, country trio Lady Antebellum recorded the song "Golden" for their fifth studio album of the same name. The opening line of that song is "Sunset falls on Wichita". In 1976 Charlie Daniels released the country song "Wichita Jail" and actor John Corbett released his country song Wichita. The city has been a setting of various works of fiction. The award-winning stage play Hospitality Suite written by Roger Rueff takes place in Wichita as does its 1999 film adaptation, The Big Kahuna.[123] Wichita (1955) and portions of Wyatt Earp (1994), both of which dramatize the life and career of Wyatt Earp, are set in Wichita.[124][125] The short-lived 1959–1960 television western Wichita Town was set during the city's early years.[126] Other films wholly or partially set in the city include Good Luck, Miss Wyckoff (1979),[127] Planes, Trains and Automobiles (1987),[128] The Ice Harvest (2005),[129] and Knight and Day (2010).[130] The city is also the setting of the long-running comic strip Dennis the Menace.[131] The city in post-apocalyptic form is also the setting of majority of the book trilogy, The Testing by Joelle Charbonneau. AMD planned to release a new processor, code named Wichita, in 2012, but the project was cancelled in favor of a newer design. Sports{{main|Sports in Wichita, Kansas}}Wichita is home to several professional, semi-professional, non-professional, and collegiate sports teams. Professional teams include the Wichita Thunder ice hockey team and Wichita Force indoor football team. In 2020, the New Orleans Baby Cakes, a Minor League Baseball team of the Triple-A Pacific Coast League plan to relocate to the city and play at a new ballpark to be built on the site of the former Lawrence–Dumont Stadium.[132] The city hosts the Air Capital Classic, a professional golf tournament of the Web.com Tour first played in 1990. Defunct professional teams which used to play in Wichita include the Wichita Aeros and Wichita Wranglers baseball teams, the Wichita Wings indoor soccer team, the Wichita Wind (farm team to the Edmonton Oilers National Hockey League team in the early 1980s) and the Wichita Wild indoor football team. Semi-pro teams included the Kansas Cougars and Kansas Diamondbacks football teams.[133][134] Non-professional teams included the Wichita Barbarians rugby union team and the Wichita World 11 cricket team.[135][136] Collegiate teams based in the city include the Wichita State University Shockers, Newman University Jets, and the Friends University Falcons. The WSU Shockers are NCAA Division I teams which compete in men's and women's basketball, baseball, volleyball, track and field, tennis, and bowling. The Newman Jets are NCAA Division II teams which compete in baseball, basketball, bowling, cross country, golf, soccer, tennis, wrestling, volleyball, and cheer/dance. The Friends Falcons compete in Region IV of the NAIA in football, volleyball, soccer, cross country, basketball, tennis, track and field, and golf. Several sports venues are located in and around the city. Intrust Bank Arena, located downtown, is a 15,000-seat multi-purpose arena that is home to the Wichita Thunder and Wichita Force. Lawrence–Dumont Stadium, located just west of downtown, is a medium-sized baseball stadium that has been home to Wichita's various minor-league baseball teams over the years. It is also home of the minor-league National Baseball Congress and the site of the Congress's annual National Tournament. Wichita Ice Arena, also just west of downtown, is a public ice-skating rink used for ice-skating competitions. In addition, Century II has been used for professional wrestling tournaments, sporting-goods exhibitions, and other recreational activity. The WSU campus includes two major venues: Eck Stadium, a medium-sized stadium with a full-sized baseball field that is home to the WSU Shocker baseball team, and Charles Koch Arena, a medium-sized, dome-roofed circular arena with a collegiate basketball court that hosts the WSU Shocker basketball team. Koch Arena is also used extensively for citywide and regional high school athletic events, concerts and other entertainments. Located just north of the city is 81 Motor Speedway, an oval motor-vehicle racetrack used extensively for a wide range of car, truck and motorcycle races, and other motor sports events. Neighboring Park City is home to Hartman Arena and the Sam Fulco Pavilions, a moderate-capacity low-roofed arena developed for small rodeos, horse shows, livestock competitions, and exhibitions. Wichita is also home to two sports museums, the Kansas Sports Hall of Fame and the Wichita Sports Hall of Fame and Museum.[137][138] Professional
College
Government{{See also|List of mayors of Wichita, Kansas}}Under state statute, Wichita is a city of the first class.[139] Since 1917, it has had a council-manager form of government.[140] The city council consists of seven members popularly elected every four years with staggered terms in office. For representative purposes, the city is divided into six districts with one council member elected from each. The mayor is the seventh council member, elected at large. The council sets policy for the city, enacts laws and ordinances, levies taxes, approves the city budget, and appoints members to citizen commission and advisory boards.[141] It meets each Tuesday.[139] The city manager is the city's chief executive, responsible for administering city operations and personnel, submitting the annual city budget, advising the city council, preparing the council's agenda, and oversight of non-departmental activities.[140] As of 2019, the mayor is Jeff Longwell, the city manager is Robert Layton, and the city council consists of Jeff Blubaugh, Cindy Claycomb, James Clendenin, Bryan Frye, Brandon Johnson, Becky Tuttle, and the mayor.[142][143] The Wichita Police Department, established in 1871, is the city's law enforcement agency.[144] With over 800 employees, including more than 600 commissioned officers, it is the largest law enforcement agency in Kansas.[145] The Wichita Fire Department, organized in 1886, operates 22 stations throughout the city. Organized into four battalions, it employs over 400 full-time firefighters.[146] As the county seat, Wichita is the administrative center of Sedgwick County. The county courthouse is downtown, and most departments of the county government base their operations in the city.[147] Many departments and agencies of the U.S. Government have facilities in Wichita. The Wichita U.S. Courthouse, also downtown, is one of the three courthouses of the U.S. District Court for the District of Kansas.[148] The U.S. Air Force operates McConnell Air Force Base immediately southeast of the city.[149] The campus of the Robert J. Dole Department of Veterans Affairs Medical and Regional Office Center is located on U.S. 54 in east Wichita.[150] Other agencies, including the Federal Bureau of Investigation,[151] Food and Drug Administration,[152] and Internal Revenue Service[153] among others, have offices around the city. Wichita lies within Kansas's 4th U.S. Congressional District. For the purposes of representation in the Kansas Legislature, the city is in the 16th and 25th through 32nd districts of the Kansas Senate and the 81st, 83rd through 101st, 103rd, and 105th districts of the Kansas House of Representatives.[139] EducationPrimary and secondary educationWith over 50,000 students, Wichita Public Schools (USD 259) is the largest school district in Kansas.[154] It operates more than 90 schools in the city including 10 high schools, 16 middle schools, 61 elementary schools, and more than a dozen special schools and programs.[155] Outlying portions of Wichita lie within suburban public school districts including Andover (USD 385), Circle (USD 375), Derby (USD 260), Goddard (USD 265), Haysville (USD 261), Maize (USD 266), and Valley Center (USD 262).[156] There are more than 35 private and parochial schools in Wichita.[157] The Roman Catholic Diocese of Wichita oversees 16 Catholic schools in the city including 14 elementary schools and two high schools, Bishop Carroll Catholic High School and Kapaun Mt. Carmel High School.[158] The Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod operates two Lutheran schools in the city, Bethany Lutheran School (Grades PK-5) and Holy Cross Lutheran School (PK-8).[159][160] There are also two Seventh-day Adventist schools in Wichita, Three Angels School (K-8) and Wichita Adventist Christian Academy (K-10).[161][162] Other Christian schools in the city are Calvary Christian School (PK-12), Central Christian Academy (K-8), Sunrise Christian Academy (PK-12), Trinity Academy (9-12), Wichita Friends School (PK-6), and Word of Life Traditional School (K-12). In addition, there is an Islamic school, Anoor School (PK-8), operated by the Islamic Society of Wichita. Non-religious private schools in the city include Wichita Collegiate School and The Independent School as well as three Montessori schools.[163] Colleges and universitiesThree universities have their main campuses in Wichita. The largest is Wichita State University (WSU), a public research university classified by Carnegie as "R2: Doctoral Universities – Higher Research Activity." WSU has more than 14,000 students and is the third-largest university in Kansas.[164][165] WSU's main campus is in northeast Wichita with multiple satellite campuses located around the metro area.[166] Friends University, a private, non-denominational Christian university, has its main campus in west Wichita as does Newman University, a private Catholic university.[167][168] Several colleges and universities based outside Wichita operate satellite locations in and around the city. The University of Kansas School of Medicine has one of its three campuses in Wichita.[169] Baker University, Butler Community College, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Southwestern College, Tabor College, Vatterott College, and Webster University have Wichita facilities as do for-profit institutions including Heritage College and University of Phoenix.[170][171][172][173] LibrariesThe Wichita Public Library is the city's library system, presently consisting of a central facility, the Advanced Learning Library in Delano and six branch locations in other neighborhoods around the city.[174] The library operates several free programs for the public, including special events, technology training classes, and programs specifically for adults, children, and families.[175] As of 2009, its holdings included more than 1.3 million books and 2.2 million items total.[176] Media{{Main|Media in Wichita, Kansas}}The Wichita Eagle, which began publication in 1872, is the city's major daily newspaper.[177] Colloquially known as The Eagle, it was created from the 1960s merger of the city's two principal newspapers: The Wichita Eagle and The Wichita Beacon.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} The Wichita Business Journal is a weekly newspaper that covers local business events and developments.[178] Several other newspapers and magazines, including local lifestyle, neighborhood, and demographically focused publications are also published in the city.[179] These include: The Community Voice, a weekly African American community newspaper;[180] El Perico, a monthly Hispanic community newspaper;[181][182] The Liberty Press, monthly LGBT news;[183] Splurge!, a monthly local fashion and lifestyle magazine;[184] The Sunflower, the Wichita State University student newspaper.[185] The Wichita media market also includes local newspapers in several surrounding suburban communities. The Wichita radio market includes Sedgwick County and neighboring Butler and Harvey counties.[186] Six AM and more than a dozen FM radio stations are licensed to and/or broadcast from the city.[187] Wichita is the principal city of the Wichita-Hutchinson, Kansas television market, which comprises the western two-thirds of the state.[188] All of the market's network affiliates broadcast from Wichita with the ABC, CBS, CW, FOX and NBC affiliates serving the wider market through state networks of satellite and translator stations.[189][190][191][192][193][194] The city also hosts a PBS member station, a Univision affiliate, and several low-power stations.[195][196] InfrastructureFlood controlWichita suffered severe floods of the Arkansas river in 1877, 1904, 1916, 1923, 1944, 1951 and 1955. In 1944 the city flooded 3 times in 11 days.[197] As a result of the 1944 flood, the idea for the Wichita-Valley Center Floodway (locally known as the "Big Ditch") was conceived. The project was completed in 1958. The Big Ditch diverts part of the Arkansas River's flow around west-central Wichita, running roughly parallel to the Interstate 235 bypass.[54][198] A second flood control canal lies between the lanes of Interstate 135, running south through the central part of the city. Chisholm Creek is diverted into this canal for most of its length.[54][199] The city's flood defenses were tested in the Great Flood of 1993. Flooding that year kept the Big Ditch full for more than a month and caused $6 million of damage to the flood control infrastructure. The damage was not fully repaired until 2007.[200] UtilitiesWestar Energy provides electric power.[201] Cox Communications and Spectrum offer cable television, and AT&T U-Verse offers IPTV.[202] All three also offer home telephone and broadband internet service.[203] Kansas Gas Service provides utility natural gas.[204] The City of Wichita's department of Public Works and Utilities manages water provision and distribution, waste water treatment, and storm water drainage.[205] Multiple privately owned trash haulers, licensed by the county government, offer trash removal and recycling service.[206]Health careVia Christi Health operates three general medical and surgical hospitals in Wichita—Via Christi Hospital St. Francis, Via Christi Hospital St. Joseph, and Via Christi Hospital St. Teresa—as well as other specialized medical facilities.[207] The Hospital Corporation of America manages a fourth general hospital, Wesley Medical Center, along with satellite locations around the city.[208] All four hospitals provide emergency services. In addition, the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs runs the Robert J. Dole VA Medical Center, a primary and secondary care facility for U.S. military veterans.[150]TransportationHighwaySeveral federal and state highways pass through Wichita. Interstate 35, as the Kansas Turnpike, enters the city from the south and turns northeast, running along the city's southeastern edge and exiting through the eastern part of the city. Interstate 135 runs generally north-south through the city, its southern terminus lying at its interchange with I-35 in south-central Wichita. Interstate 235, a bypass route, passes through north-central, west, and south-central Wichita, traveling around the central parts of the city. Both its northern and southern termini are interchanges with I-135. U.S. Route 54 and U.S. Route 400 run concurrently through Wichita as Kellogg Avenue, the city's primary east-west artery, with interchanges, from west to east, with I-235, I-135, and I-35. U.S. Route 81, a north-south route, enters Wichita from the south as Broadway, turns east as 47th Street South for approximately half a mile, and then runs concurrently north with I-135 through the rest of the city. K-96, an east-west route, enters the city from the northwest, runs concurrently with I-235 through north-central Wichita, turns south for approximately a mile, running concurrently with I-135 before splitting off to the east and traveling around northeast Wichita, ultimately terminating at an interchange with U.S. 54/U.S. 400 in the eastern part of the city. K-254 begins at I-235's interchange with I-135 in north-central Wichita and exits the city to the northeast. K-15, a north-south route, enters the city from the south and joins I-135 and U.S. 81 in south-central Wichita, running concurrently with them through the rest of the city. K-42 enters the city from the southwest and terminates at its interchange with U.S. 54/U.S. 400 in west-central Wichita.[54] BusWichita Transit operates 53 buses on 18 fixed bus routes within the city. The organization reports over 2 million trips per year (5,400 trips per day) on its fixed routes. Wichita Transit also operates a demand response paratransit service with 320,800 passenger trips annually.[209] A 2005 study ranked Wichita near the bottom of the fifty largest American cities in terms of percentage of commuters using public transit. Only 0.5% used it to get to or from work.[210]Greyhound Lines provides intercity bus service northeast to Topeka and south to Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Bus service is provided daily north towards Salina and west towards Pueblo, Colorado by BeeLine Express (subcontractor of Greyhound Lines).[211][212] The Greyhound bus station that was built in 1961 at 312 S Broadway closed in 2016, and services relocated 1 block northeast to the Wichita Transit station at 777 E Waterman.[213]AirThe Wichita Airport Authority manages the city's two main public airports, Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport and Colonel James Jabara Airport.[214] Located in the western part of the city, Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport is the city's primary airport as well as the largest airport in the state of Kansas.[54][214] Six commercial airlines (Alaska, Allegiant, American, Delta, Southwest & United) serve Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport with non-stop flights to several U.S. airline hubs.[215] Jabara Airport is a general aviation facility located on the city's northeast side.[216] In addition, there are several privately owned airports located throughout the city. Cessna Aircraft Field and Beech Factory Airport, operated by manufacturers Cessna and Beechcraft, respectively, lie in east Wichita.[217][218] Two smaller airports, Riverside Airport and Westport Airport, are located in west Wichita.[219][220] RailTwo Class I railroads, BNSF Railway and Union Pacific Railroad (UP), operate freight rail lines through Wichita.[221] UP's OKT Line runs generally north-south through the city; north of downtown, the line consists of trackage leased to BNSF.[54][222] An additional UP line enters the city from the northeast and terminates downtown.[54] BNSF's main line through the city enters from the north, passes through downtown, and exits to the southeast, paralleling highway K-15.[54][223] The Wichita Terminal Association, a joint operation between BNSF and UP, provides switching service on three miles (5 km) of track downtown.[224] In addition, two lines of the Kansas and Oklahoma Railroad enter the city, one from the northwest and the other from the southwest, both terminating at their junction in west-central Wichita.[54] Wichita has not had passenger rail service since 1979.[225] The nearest Amtrak station is in Newton {{convert|25|mi|km}} north, offering service on the Southwest Chief line between Los Angeles and Chicago.[221] Amtrak offers bus service from downtown Wichita to its station in Newton as well as to its station in Oklahoma City, the northern terminus of the Heartland Flyer line.[226] WalkabilityA 2014 study by Walk Score ranked Wichita 41st most walkable of fifty largest U.S. cities.[227] CyclingAfter numerous citizen surveys indicated that Wichitans want better bicycle infrastructure, The Wichita Bicycle Master Plan, a set of guidelines toward the development of a 149-mile Priority Bicycle Network, was endorsed by the Wichita City Council on February 5, 2013 as a guide to future infrastructure planning and development. As a result, Wichita's bikeways covered 115 miles of the city by 2018. One third of the bikeways were added between 2011, when the plan was still in development, and 2018.[228][229] The League of American Bicyclists added Wichita as one of 462 bicycle friendly communities to its Fall, 2017 list of Bicycle Friendly Communities, awarding it a bronze award.[230] Notable people{{Main|List of people from Wichita, Kansas}}{{See also|List of Wichita State University people|Friends_University#Notable_alumni|l2=List of Friends University people}}Civic leaders and political figuresWyatt Earp served as a lawman in several Western frontier towns, including Wichita. He is best known for his part in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral in Tombstone, Arizona, and as one of the Old West's "toughest and deadliest gunmen of his day".[231] Other old west figures lived in Wichita for a while: James Earp, Cassius M. Hollister, Bat Masterson, Ed Masterson, James Masterson. Mike Pompeo, current U.S. Secretary of State, and former Director of U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, began his political career in the Wichita area as Kansas's 4th congressional district Representative. Robert Gates, former U.S. Secretary of Defense, and former Director of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, is a Wichita native and graduate of Wichita schools.[232] Dan Glickman, former Secretary of Agriculture, and former head of the Motion Picture Association, began his political career in Wichita, first on the local school board, then as 4th District Congressman.[233]Donald Hollowell, prominent attorney in the Civil Rights Movement, particularly in Atlanta, Georgia, who successfully sued to integrate Atlanta's public schools and buses, and Georgia colleges and universities; freed Martin Luther King, Jr. from prison; and mentored civil rights attorneys (including Vernon Jordan and Horace Ward).[234][235][236][237][238]BusinessThe Koch family (particularly Charles and David Koch), prominent American billionaires, libertarian and conservative political activists, organizers and major donors, co-founders of the American Enterprise Institute, the Cato Institute, and Americans for Prosperity, leading financiers of conservative and libertarian political candidates in the United States, were born and raised in Wichita.[239][240][241][242] David was the Libertarian Party's vice-presidential nominee in the 1980 presidential election.[243] Additionally, Dan and Frank Carney (Pizza Hut), Clyde Cessna (Cessna Aircraft), Walter Herschel Beech (Beech Aircraft Company), Bill Lear (Lear Jet), Olive Ann Beech (Beech Aircraft Company) all were born or lived in Wichita. AthletesAthletes including Pro Football Hall of Fame running backs Gale Sayers and Barry Sanders,[232] Basketball Hall of Famer Lynette Woodard, and current UFC flyweight fighter Tim Elliott were all born and/or raised in Wichita. Summer Olympic medal winning athletes Jim Ryun, (silver medal, 1500 meters, 1968) and Nico Hernandez, (bronze medal, boxing, 2016) are both from Wichita. Media and performing artsA number of famous actors are from Wichita, including actress Kirstie Alley, known for her role in the TV show Cheers, who was born and raised in Wichita and lives in the city part-time.[232][244] Actor Don Johnson, lead actor in the TV series Miami Vice and Nash Bridges, lived in Wichita for most of his childhood.[232] Musician Joe Walsh, founding member of the band James Gang and later member of The Eagles, is from Wichita. Heavy metal band Manilla Road are from Wichita. Musician Jay Bentley (born June 6, 1964, Wichita, Kansas) is the bassist and co-founding member of the punk rock group Bad Religion. American Idol Season 6 finalist Phil Stacey attended high school in Wichita. Musician and actor Kendall Schmidt was born and raised in Wichita. Wichita was home and career start for leading organist of the silent movie era, Gaylord Carter,[245][246] and for globe-trotting organist Diane Bish of PBS's The Joy of Music.[247][248] Metropolitan Opera and Broadway theatre stars Samuel Ramey[249][250][251][252][253] and (Wichita-native) Karla Burns[254][255][256][257] both studied their craft at Wichita State University. Early network television news commentator, spokesperson and game show panelist John Cameron Swayze and original PBS News Hour co-anchor/editor Jim Lehrer were both Wichita natives. Melissa McDermott was an anchor at Wichita's KSNW before her job at CBS's Up to the Minute in the 1980s and 1990s. Network sportscaster Andrea Joyce (NBC, CBS, ESPN) was first a news anchor for Wichita's KWCH/KTVH-TV in the 1980s. Sister cities
GallerySee also{{portal|Kansas|United States}}
Notes{{Notelist}}References1. ^{{cite web|title=Travel Translator: Your guide to the local language in Wichita|url=https://www.visitwichita.com/blog/post/talk-like-a-local/|website=VisitWichita.com}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) details for Wichita, Kansas; United States Geological Survey (USGS); October 13, 1978. 3. ^1 {{cite web|title=American FactFinder|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=2014-12-07}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://tools.usps.com/go/ZipLookupAction!input.action|title=USPS - Look Up a ZIP Code|accessdate=2012-02-15|author=United States Postal Service|year=2012}} 5. ^Wichita. CollinsDictionary.com. Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. Retrieved October 21, 2012. 6. ^{{cite web|title=Kansas: 2000 Population and Housing Unit Counts|publisher=United States Census Bureau|date=July 2003|page=46|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/phc-3-18.pdf|accessdate=2011-01-20}} 7. ^1 {{cite web|title=Population Estimates |url=https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2015/SUB-EST2015-3.html |publisher=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=May 20, 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019182931/https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2015/SUB-EST2015-3.html |archivedate=October 19, 2016 |df= }} 8. ^{{cite web|title=Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas|work=Population Estimates|publisher=United States Census Bureau|url=https://www.census.gov/popest/data/metro/totals/2015/index.html|accessdate=2014-08-18}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 9. ^Miner, Prof. Craig (Wichita State Univ. Dept. of History), Wichita: The Magic City, Wichita Historical Museum Association, Wichita, KS, 1988 10. ^Howell, Angela and Peg Vines, The Insider's Guide to Wichita, Wichita Eagle & Beacon Publishing, Wichita, KS, 1995 11. ^1 McCoy, Daniel (interview with Beechcraft CEO Bill Boisture), "Back to Beechcraft," Wichita Business Journal, February 22, 2013 12. ^{{cite web | title = Grove Park Archaeological Site | publisher = Historic Preservation Alliance of Wichita and Sedgwick County | url = http://www.historicpreservationalliance.com/WichitaHPA/grove.html | accessdate = 2015-03-21}} 13. ^{{cite web | last = Brooks | first = Robert L. | title = Wichitas | work = Encyclopedia of the Great Plains | publisher = University of Nebraska–Lincoln | url = http://plainshumanities.unl.edu/encyclopedia/doc/egp.na.127 | accessdate = 2014-03-21}} 14. ^{{cite web | last = Sturtevant | first = William C. | title = Early Indian Tribes, Culture Areas, and Linguistic Stocks [Map] | publisher = Smithsonian Institution | date = 1967 | url = http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/united_states/early_indian_west.jpg | accessdate = 2015-03-21}} 15. ^{{cite web | title = Louisiana Purchase | work = Kansapedia | publisher = Kansas Historical Society | url = http://www.kshs.org/kansapedia/louisiana-purchase/17876 | accessdate = 2015-03-21}} 16. ^{{cite web | title = Kansas Territory | work = Kansapedia | publisher = Kansas Historical Society | url = http://www.kshs.org/kansapedia/kansas-territory/14701 | accessdate = 2015-03-21}} 17. ^1 {{cite web | last = Sowers | first = Fred A. | title = Early History of Wichita | work = History of Wichita and Sedgwick County, Kansas | publisher = C.F. Cooper & Co. | location = Chicago | date = 1910 | url = http://history.rays-place.com/ks/se-wichita-early.htm | accessdate = 2015-03-21}} 18. ^1 {{cite HOT |first=Earl H. |last=Elam |title=Wichita Indians |id=bmw03 |date=June 15, 2010}} 19. ^1 2 3 {{cite book | last1 = Howell | first1 = Angela | last2 = Vines | first2 = Peg | date = 1995 | title = The Insider's Guide to Wichita | location = Wichita, Kansas | publisher = Wichita Eagle & Beacon Publishing}} 20. ^1 2 {{cite web | title = History of Wichita | publisher = Wichita Metro Chamber of Commerce | url = http://wichitachamber.org/experience_wichita-moving_here-history_of_wichita.php | accessdate = 2015-03-21}} 21. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=Midtown Neighborhood Plan |publisher=Wichita-Sedgwick County Metropolitan Area Planning Department |url=http://www.wichita.gov/Government/Departments/Planning/NR/NR%20Documents/Midtown%20Neighborhood%20Plan.pdf |date=2004 |accessdate=2015-03-21 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205030428/http://www.wichita.gov/Government/Departments/Planning/NR/NR%20Documents/Midtown%20Neighborhood%20Plan.pdf |archivedate=February 5, 2016 |df= }} 22. ^1 2 {{cite book | last = Miner | first = Craig | title = Wichita: The Magic City | date = 1988 | location = Wichita, Kansas | publisher = Wichita Historical Museum Association}} 23. ^{{cite web | title = Oldtown History | publisher = OldtownWichita.com | url = http://www.oldtownwichita.com/oldtown-history | accessdate = 2015-03-21 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090119213801/http://www.oldtownwichita.com/oldtown-history | archive-date = January 19, 2009 | dead-url = yes | df = mdy-all }} 24. ^1 2 {{cite web | title = Delano's Colorful History | publisher = Historic Delano, Inc. | url = http://www.historicdelano.com/HistoricDelano/history.php | accessdate = 2015-03-21}} 25. ^{{cite web | title = History of Wichita State University | publisher = Wichita State University | url = http://webs.wichita.edu/?u=aboutwsu&p=/wsu_history_long/ | accessdate = 2015-03-26}} 26. ^{{cite web | title = History | publisher = Friends University | url = http://www.friends.edu/history | accessdate = 2015-03-26}} 27. ^1 {{cite web | title = Census of Population and Housing | publisher = United States Census Bureau | url = https://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html | accessdate = 2015-03-26}} 28. ^{{cite web | title = Overview | work = Delano Neighborhood Plan | publisher = City of Wichita, Kansas | url = http://www.wichita.gov/Government/Departments/Planning/NR/Pages/Delano.aspx | accessdate = 2015-03-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130806044846/http://www.wichita.gov/Government/Departments/Planning/NR/Pages/Delano.aspx | archive-date = August 6, 2013 | dead-url = yes | df = mdy-all }} 29. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Price|first1=Jay M.|title=El Dorado : legacy of an oil boom|date=2005|publisher=Arcadia|location=Charleston, SC|isbn=978-0738539713}} 30. ^{{cite web | title = Petroleum Refining: A 125 Year Kansas Legacy | publisher = Kansas Department of Health and Environment | url = http://www.kdheks.gov/remedial/articles/refining_history.pdf | accessdate = 2015-03-19}} 31. ^{{cite web | last = Dilsaver | first = Dick | title = Fred Koch, Industrialist, Dies in Utah | publisher = The Wichita Beacon | date = November 18, 1967}} 32. ^1 {{cite web | last = Harris | first = Richard | title = The Air Capital Story: Early General Aviation & Its Manufacturers | publisher = In Flight USA | url = http://harris1.net/hold/av/avhist/wichita/aircap_x.htm | date = 2002}} 33. ^{{cite web | title = Aeronautical Yearbook, 1929 | publisher = Aeronautical Chamber of Commerce}} 34. ^{{cite web | last = Tanner | first = Beccy | title = Boeing's Wichita history dates to 1927 | publisher = The Wichita Eagle | date = January 5, 2012 | url = http://www.kansas.com/news/local/article1083751.html | accessdate = 2015-03-26}} 35. ^1 {{cite web | title = History of the Building | publisher = Kansas Aviation Museum | url = http://kansasaviationmuseum.org/about/history-of-the-building/ | accessdate = 2015-03-26}} 36. ^Herman, Arthur. 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Av. Historical Soc.), "Kansas Aviation History: The Long Story" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808154322/http://ks100aviation.org/story_detailed.htm#ks_av_now#ks_av_now |date=August 8, 2017 }}, 2011, Kansas Aviation Centennial website {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229200102/http://ks100aviation.org/ |date=December 29, 2018 }} 91. ^1 Rowe, Frank J. (aviation engineering executive) & Prof. Craig. Miner (Wichita State Univ. Dept. of History). 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(which includes historical data for previous 10 years) 94. ^{{cite web|title=Boeing to close Wichita Facility by end of 2013|url=http://boeing.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=2090|work=Boeing to close Wichita Facility by end of 2013|accessdate=February 18, 2012}} 95. ^{{cite web|url=http://wichitaartmuseum.org/visitorInfo.html |title=Wichita Art Museum Visitor Information |publisher=Wichitaartmuseum.org |date= |accessdate=2009-09-12}} 96. ^{{cite web | title = About Us | publisher = Ulrich Museum of Art at Wichita State University | url = http://webs.wichita.edu/?u=ulrichmuseum&p=/aboutus/about_ulrich | accessdate = 2015-09-14}} 97. ^1 Who knew Wichita was such a talent pipeline to Broadway?" 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| Wichita Eagle Blogs |publisher= |date=June 16, 2009 |accessdate=2013-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702071704/http://blogs.kansas.com/haveyouheard/2009/06/16/office-this-reaches-75-percent-occupancy-with-two-new-tenants/#more-1920#more-1920 |archive-date=July 2, 2014 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }} 119. ^{{cite web|title=8 Wonders of Kansas Art|url=http://www.kansassampler.org/8wonders/artresults.php?id=98|website=kansassampler.org|publisher=Kansas Sampler Foundation|accessdate=October 10, 2015}} 120. ^{{cite news|title=Best Places to Live 2006 |work=Money Magazine |year=2006 |url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/moneymag/bplive/2006/top100/bigcities.html |accessdate=2008-08-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080805173114/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/moneymag/bplive/2006/top100/bigcities.html |archivedate=August 5, 2008 |df= }} 121. ^{{cite web | title = 2008 MSN Real Estate best bargain markets | work = MSN Real Estate | year = 2008 | url = http://realestate.msn.com/buying/article2.aspx?cp-documentid=3863709 | accessdate = 2008-08-26}} 122. ^{{cite web|last=Greenberg|first=Peter|title=Newsmax Magazine Rates the Top 25 Most Uniquely American Cities And Towns|url=http://www.newsmax.com/Slideshows/Newsmax-Magazine-Rates-the-Top-25-Most-Uniquely-Am/97791/1--Wichita,-Kan-/2|publisher=Newsmax|accessdate=January 13, 2014}} 123. ^{{cite video | people = Swanbeck, John (director) | url = https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0189584/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1 | title = The Big Kahuna | medium = Film | publisher = Lions Gate Films | location = U.S.A. | date = 1999}} 124. ^{{cite video | people = Tourneur, Jacques (director) | title = Wichita|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0048806/ | medium = Film | publisher = Allied Artists Pictures Corporation | location = U.S.A. | date = 1955}} 125. ^{{cite video | people = Kasdan, Lawrence (director) | url = https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0111756/ | title = Wyatt Earp | medium = Film | publisher = Warner Bros. | location = U.S.A. | date = 1994}} 126. ^{{cite web | title = Wichita Town | publisher = IMDb | url = https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0052525/ | accessdate = 2013-10-19}} 127. ^{{cite video | people = Chomsky, Marvin J. (director) |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0079228/ | title =Good Luck, Miss Wyckoff | medium = Film | publisher = Bel Air/Gradison Productions | location = U.S.A. | date = 1979}} 128. ^{{cite video | people = Hughes, John (director) | url = https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0093748/?ref_=nv_sr_1 | title = Planes, Trains & Automobiles | medium = Film | publisher = Paramount Pictures | location = U.S.A. | date = 1987}} 129. ^{{cite video | people = Ramis, Harold (director) | title = The Ice Harvest|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0400525/?ref_=nv_sr_1 | medium = Film | publisher = Focus Features | location = U.S.A. | date = 2005}} 130. ^{{Amg movie|495346|Knight and Day}} 131. ^{{cite web | author = AP | title = 'Dennis the Menace' creator dies at 81; strip to continue | publisher = The Topeka Capital-Journal | date = June 2, 2001 | url = http://cjonline.com/stories/060201/new_ketcham.shtml | accessdate = 2013-10-19 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131025114907/http://cjonline.com/stories/060201/new_ketcham.shtml | archive-date = October 25, 2013 | dead-url = yes | df = mdy-all }} 132. ^{{cite web |last=Lefler|first=Dion|title=City Hall Picks Team to Design, Build Wichita’s New Minor League Baseball Park|url=https://www.kansas.com/news/politics-government/article222951200.html|website=The Wichita Eagle|date=December 11, 2018|accessdate=January 28, 2019}} 133. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kscougars.com/|title=KSCOUGARS.COM|website=www.kscougars.com}} 134. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hometeamsonline.com/ksdiamondbacks/|title=Kansas Diamondbacks|website=www.hometeamsonline.com}} 135. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wichitarugby.com/|title=Home|website=Wichita Rugby}} 136. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wwxicc.org/|title=Wichita World XI Cricket Club – Cricket Club in the Wichita Kansas Area|website=www.wwxicc.org}} 137. ^{{cite web|url=http://kshof.org/|title=Kansas Sports Hall of Fame - Home|website=kshof.org}} 138. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wichitahof.com/|title=Wichita Sports hall of fame|website=Wichita Sports hall of fame}} 139. ^1 2 {{cite web | title = Wichita | work = Directory of Kansas Public Officials | publisher = The League of Kansas Municipalities | url = http://www.lkm.org/directory/cities.php?ID=68 | accessdate = 2012-03-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120405092624/http://www.lkm.org/directory/cities.php?ID=68 | archive-date = April 5, 2012 | dead-url = yes | df = mdy-all }} 140. ^1 {{cite web | title = City Manager | publisher = City of Wichita | url = http://www.wichita.gov/CityOffices/CityManager/ | accessdate = 2011-04-30 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110706025136/http://www.wichita.gov/CityOffices/CityManager/ | archive-date = July 6, 2011 | dead-url = yes | df = mdy-all }} 141. ^{{cite web | title = City Council | publisher = City of Wichita | url = http://www.wichita.gov/Government/CityCouncil/ | accessdate = 2011-04-30 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110612135756/http://www.wichita.gov/Government/CityCouncil/ | archive-date = June 12, 2011 | dead-url = yes | df = mdy-all }} 142. ^{{cite web | title = City of Wichita City Council | publisher = City of Wichita | url = https://www.wichita.gov/Council/Pages/default.aspx | accessdate = 2019-03-15}} 143. ^{{cite web | title = City Manager's Office | publisher = City of Wichita | url = https://www.wichita.gov/CMO/Pages/default.aspx | accessdate = 2019-03-15}} 144. ^{{cite web | title = History of the Wichita Police Department | publisher = City of Wichita | url = http://www.wichita.gov/CityOffices/Police/History/WPDhistory.htm | accessdate = 2011-04-30 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110727092553/http://www.wichita.gov/CityOffices/Police/History/WPDhistory.htm | archive-date = July 27, 2011 | dead-url = yes | df = mdy-all }} 145. ^{{cite web | title = -Departmental Information | publisher = City of Wichita | url = http://www.wichita.gov/CityOffices/Police/Support+Services/RecordsBureau/Records+Information/info.htm | accessdate = 2011-04-30}} 146. ^{{cite web | title = About Us [Wichita Fire Department] | publisher = City of Wichita, Kansas | url = http://www.wichita.gov/Government/Departments/Fire/Pages/AboutUs.aspx | date = January 6, 2014 | access-date = December 29, 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234430/http://www.wichita.gov/Government/Departments/Fire/Pages/AboutUs.aspx | archive-date = December 30, 2013 | dead-url = yes | df = mdy-all }} 147. ^{{cite web | title = Sedgwick County, Kansas Government | publisher = Sedgwick County, Kansas | url = http://www.sedgwickcounty.org/government.asp | accessdate = 2012-07-30}} 148. ^{{cite web | title = Courthouse Information | publisher = U.S. District Court for the District of Kansas | url = http://www.ksd.uscourts.gov/locations/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120109174659/http://www.ksd.uscourts.gov/locations/ | dead-url = yes | archive-date = 2012-01-09 | accessdate = 2013-08-25 }} 149. ^{{cite web | title = FAQ Topic - Newcomers | publisher = U.S. Air Force | url = http://www.mcconnell.af.mil/questions/topic.asp?id=599 | accessdate = 2013-08-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131005151857/http://www.mcconnell.af.mil/questions/topic.asp?id=599 | archive-date = October 5, 2013 | dead-url = yes | df = mdy-all }} 150. ^1 {{cite web | title = Locations - Robert J. Dole Department of Veterans Affairs Medical and Regional Office Center | publisher = U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs | url = http://www.va.gov/directory/guide/facility.asp?id=148 | accessdate = 2013-08-25}} 151. ^{{cite web | title = Kansas City Division - Territory/Jurisdiction | publisher = Federal Bureau of Investigation | url = https://www.fbi.gov/kansascity/contact-us/territory-jurisdiction | accessdate = 2013-08-25}} 152. ^{{cite web | title = FDA Southwest Regional/District Offices | publisher = U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | url = https://www.hhs.gov/about/regions/fdaswr.html | accessdate = 2013-08-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150201085912/http://www.hhs.gov/about/regions/fdaswr.html | archive-date = February 1, 2015 | dead-url = yes | df = mdy-all }} 153. ^{{cite web | title = Contact My Local Office in Kansas | publisher = Internal Revenue Service | url = https://www.irs.gov/uac/Contact-My-Local-Office-in-Kansas | accessdate = 2013-08-25}} 154. ^{{cite web | title = 2012-13 Demographic Snapshot | publisher = Wichita Public Schools | date = October 1, 2012 | url = http://newsroom.usd259.org/modules/groups/group_pages.phtml?&gid=1517498&nid=124949&sessionid=808af5663f406f16272fe5bcaa97f495&__utma=253149270.1851391986.1296856105.1296856105.1296856105.1&__utmb=253149270.2.10.1296856105&__utmc=253149270&__utmz=253149270.1296856105.1.2.utmcsr%3Dusd259.com | accessdate = 2013-06-12}} 155. ^{{cite web | title = Directory of Buildings | publisher = Wichita Public Schools | url = http://usd259.org/modules/groups/homepagefiles/cms/1521178/File/WPS%20map-directory.pdf?sessionid=808af5663f406f16272fe5bcaa97f495 | accessdate = 2011-02-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110718195628/http://usd259.org/modules/groups/homepagefiles/cms/1521178/File/WPS%20map-directory.pdf?sessionid=808af5663f406f16272fe5bcaa97f495 | archive-date = July 18, 2011 | dead-url = yes | df = mdy-all }} 156. ^{{cite web | title = South Central Kansas School Districts | publisher = ALTEC at University of Kansas | year = 2003 | url = http://ivt.altec.org/Map/southcentral.htm | accessdate = 2011-02-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101203073515/http://ivt.altec.org/Map/southcentral.htm | archive-date = December 3, 2010 | dead-url = yes | df = mdy-all }} 157. ^{{cite web | title = Education | publisher = Wichita Metro Chamber of Commerce | url = http://www.wichitakansas.org/experience_wichita-moving_here-education.php | accessdate = 2011-02-04}} 158. ^{{cite web | title = 2010-2011 School Directory | publisher = Roman Catholic Diocese of Wichita | url = http://catholicdioceseofwichita.org/formsdownloads/doc_download/1441-10-11-schl-direc-brochure-doc | accessdate = 2011-02-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110318103406/http://catholicdioceseofwichita.org/formsdownloads/doc_download/1441-10-11-schl-direc-brochure-doc | archive-date = March 18, 2011 | dead-url = yes | df = mdy-all }} 159. ^{{cite web | title = Classes | publisher = Bethany Lutheran School | url = http://www.bethanylutheranschool.com/classes.htm | accessdate = 2011-02-04}} 160. ^{{cite web | title = Welcome to Holy Cross Lutheran School | publisher = Holy Cross Lutheran School | url = http://www.lovemyschool.net/ | accessdate = 2011-02-04}} 161. ^{{cite web | title = Three Angels School | publisher = Three Angels Seventh-day Adventist Church | url = http://www.threeangels.org/node/17 | accessdate = 2011-02-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110728104736/http://www.threeangels.org/node/17 | archive-date = July 28, 2011 | dead-url = yes | df = mdy-all }} 162. ^{{cite web | title = Wichita Adventist Christian Academy | publisher = Wichita Adventist Christian Academy | url = http://angf96.adventistschoolconnect.org/ | accessdate = 2011-02-04}} 163. ^{{cite web | title = Private Schools | publisher = Wichta Metro Chamber of Commerce | url = http://www.wichitakansas.org/user/file/Private%20Schools.pdf | accessdate = 2011-02-04}} 164. ^{{cite web | title = Wichita State University | publisher = College Portraits of Undergraduate Education | url = http://www.collegeportraits.org/KS/WSU | accessdate = 2011-02-05}} 165. ^{{cite web | title = College Comparison Tool | publisher = U.S. News & World Report | url = http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/compare-colleges | accessdate = 2011-02-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110106042103/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/compare-colleges | archive-date = January 6, 2011 | dead-url = yes | df = mdy-all }} 166. ^{{cite web | title = Satellite Campuses | publisher = Wichita State University | url = http://www.wichita.edu/thisis/aboutus/satellite_locations.asp | accessdate = 2011-02-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151017172552/http://www.wichita.edu/thisis/aboutus/satellite_locations.asp | archive-date = October 17, 2015 | dead-url = yes | df = mdy-all }} 167. ^{{cite web | title = Friends Fact Sheet | publisher = Friends University | url = http://www.friends.edu/friends-fact-sheet | accessdate = 2011-02-05}} 168. ^{{cite web | title = 2010-11 Admission Brochure | publisher = Newman University | page = 5 | url = http://issuu.com/newman_publications/docs/viewbook0910?mode=embed&FlipBtn=true | accessdate = 2011-02-05}} 169. ^{{cite web | title = School of Medicine | publisher=KU Medical Center | url = http://www.kumc.edu/som/ | accessdate = 2011-02-05}} 170. ^{{cite web | title = Education | publisher = Wichita Metro Chamber of Commerce | url = http://www.wichitakansas.org/experience_wichita-moving_here-education.php | accessdate = 2011-02-05}} 171. ^{{cite web | title = McConnell Campus | publisher = Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University | url = http://worldwide.erau.edu/campuses-online/mcconnell.html | accessdate = 2011-02-05}} 172. ^{{cite web | title = Heritage College-Wichita | work = College Navigator | publisher = National Center for Education Statistics | url = http://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=Heritage+College&s=KS&id=456320 | accessdate = 2011-02-05}} 173. ^{{cite web | title = ITT Technical Institute-Wichita | work = College Navigator | publisher = National Center for Education Statistics | url = http://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=ITT+Technical+Institute&s=KS&id=450234 | accessdate = 2011-02-05}} 174. ^{{cite web | title = Locations & Hours | publisher = Wichita Public Library | url = http://www.wichitalibrary.org/Locations | accessdate = 2018-07-24}} 175. ^{{cite web | title = Free programs | publisher = Wichita Public Library | date = January 10, 2011 | url = http://www.wichita.lib.ks.us/Programs/ | accessdate = 2011-02-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141030070051/http://www.wichita.lib.ks.us/Programs | archive-date = October 30, 2014 | dead-url = yes | df = mdy-all }} 176. ^{{cite web | title = Wichita Public Library - 2009 Annual Report | publisher = Wichita Public Library | page = 26 | url = http://www.wichita.lib.ks.us/NR/rdonlyres/F461FBC8-64FE-48C4-8FE8-06578E8973BA/0/AnnualReport2009.pdf | accessdate = 2011-02-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140715084949/http://www.wichita.lib.ks.us/NR/rdonlyres/F461FBC8-64FE-48C4-8FE8-06578E8973BA/0/AnnualReport2009.pdf | archive-date = July 15, 2014 | dead-url = yes | df = mdy-all }} 177. ^{{cite web | title = Wichita Eagle | publisher = Mondo Times | url = http://www.mondotimes.com/1/world/us/16/949/2445 | accessdate = 2011-01-15}} 178. ^{{cite web | title = Wichita Business Journal | publisher = Mondo Times | url = http://www.mondotimes.com/1/world/us/16/949/2443 | accessdate = 2011-01-15}} 179. ^{{cite web | title = Wichita Kansas Newspapers | publisher = Mondo Newspapers | url = http://www.mondotimes.com/1/world/us/16/949 | accessdate = 2014-10-24}} 180. ^{{cite web | title = Voice It Wichita.com | publisher = TCV Publishing | url = http://www.voiceitwichita.com/ | accessdate = 2014-10-24}} 181. ^Horwath, Bryan in [https://www.kansas.com/news/business/article65121762.html "Hispanic community could be sleeping giant for Wichita economy,"] March 09, 2016, Wichita Eagle 182. ^Associated Press in "Communications firms cater to Wichita’s Hispanic market," May 25, 2003, Lawrence Journal-World 183. ^{{cite web | title = Liberty Press | publisher = Mondo Times | url = http://www.mondotimes.com/1/world/us/16/949/25300 | accessdate = 2011-01-15}} 184. ^{{cite web | title = Backstory | publisher = SplurgeMag | url = http://www.splurgemag.com/about.php?category=Backstory | accessdate = 2014-10-24}} 185. ^{{cite web | title = About Us | publisher = The Sunflower | date = October 13, 2008 | url = http://www.thesunflower.com/web/isite.dll?1179197663515 | accessdate = 2011-01-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070701020729/http://www.thesunflower.com/web/isite.dll?1179197663515 | archive-date = July 1, 2007 | dead-url = yes | df = mdy-all }} 186. ^{{cite web|title=2009 Arbitron Radio Metro Map |publisher=Arbitron |url=http://blog.masslive.com/localbuzz_impact/2009/05/Arb_US_Metro_Map_09.pdf |accessdate=2012-03-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720131140/http://blog.masslive.com/localbuzz_impact/2009/05/Arb_US_Metro_Map_09.pdf |archivedate=July 20, 2011 |df= }} 187. ^{{cite web | title = Radio Stations in Wichita, Kansas | publisher = Radio-Locator | url = http://www.radio-locator.com/cgi-bin/locate?select=city&city=Wichita&x=0&y=0&sid= | accessdate = November 17, 2016}} 188. ^{{cite web | title = TV Market Maps - Kansas | publisher = EchoStar Knowledge Base | url = http://dishuser.org/TVMarkets/Maps/kansas.gif | accessdate = 2013-07-28 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110726000406/http://dishuser.org/TVMarkets/Maps/kansas.gif | archive-date = July 26, 2011 | dead-url = yes | df = mdy-all }} 189. ^{{cite web|title=Contact Us |publisher=KAKE |url=http://www.kake.com/station/misc/7013297.html |accessdate=2011-01-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817082224/http://www.kake.com/station/misc/7013297.html |archivedate=August 17, 2011 |df= }} 190. ^{{cite web|title=About Us - kwch.com |publisher=KWCH |url=http://www.kwch.com/about/kwch-about-us,0,4740020.story |accessdate=2011-01-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713175912/http://www.kwch.com/about/kwch-about-us%2C0%2C4740020.story |archivedate=July 13, 2011 |df= }} 191. ^{{cite web | title = About KSCW | publisher = KSCW-DT | url = http://www.kansascw.com/kscw/about/kscw_about_us,0,4618522.story | accessdate = 2011-01-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131024022123/http://www.kansascw.com/kscw/about/kscw_about_us,0,4618522.story | archive-date = October 24, 2013 | dead-url = yes | df = mdy-all }} 192. ^{{cite web | title = Contact Us - Fox Kansas | publisher = KSAS | url = http://www.foxkansas.com/content/about_us/contact_us/default.aspx | accessdate = 2011-01-09 | archive-url = https://archive.is/20130102170355/http://www.foxkansas.com/content/about_us/contact_us/default.aspx | archive-date = January 2, 2013 | dead-url = yes | df = mdy-all }} 193. ^{{cite web | title = Contact Us - myTVwichita | publisher = KMTW | url = http://www.mytvwichita.com/content/about_us/contact_us/default.aspx | accessdate = 2011-01-09}} 194. ^{{cite web | title = Contact Us - KSN TV | publisher = KSN | url = http://www.ksn.com/content/about/contact.aspx | accessdate = 2011-01-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130308002216/http://www.ksn.com/content/about/contact.aspx | archive-date = March 8, 2013 | dead-url = yes | df = mdy-all }} 195. ^{{cite web | title = Contact Us | publisher = KPTS | url = http://www.kpts.org/contact.php | accessdate = 2011-01-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101220110937/http://kpts.org/contact.php | archive-date = December 20, 2010 | dead-url = yes | df = mdy-all }} 196. ^{{cite web | title = Wichita-Hutchinson Television Stations | publisher = Station Index | url = http://www.stationindex.com/tv/markets/Wichita-Hutchinson | accessdate = 2011-01-09}} 197. ^{{cite web|last1=Tanner|first1=Beccy|title=Ad Astra: Idea for Big Ditch grew after Wichita had sustained series of major floods|url=http://www.kansas.com/news/article1120671.html|website=kansas.com|publisher=The Wichita Eagle|accessdate=March 24, 2015|date=August 11, 2013}} 198. ^{{cite web | title = Storm Water Management | publisher = City of Wichita | url = http://www.wichita.gov/CityOffices/PublicWorks/StormWater/ | accessdate = 2011-01-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110219020914/http://www.wichita.gov/CityOffices/PublicWorks/StormWater/ | archive-date = February 19, 2011 | dead-url = yes | df = mdy-all }} 199. ^{{cite web | title = Wichita and Valley Center Local Protection Project | publisher = United States Army Corps of Engineers | url = http://www.swt.usace.army.mil/PROJECTS/civil/civil_projects.cfm?number=48 | accessdate = 2011-01-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110927131224/http://www.swt.usace.army.mil/PROJECTS/civil/civil_projects.cfm?number=48 | archive-date = September 27, 2011 | dead-url = yes | df = mdy-all }} 200. ^{{cite web|author1=Associated Press|title=Flood-control ditch needs $6M in repairs|url=http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2007/jun/20/floodcontrol_ditch_needs_6m_repairs/|website=ljworld.com|publisher=Lawrence Journal World|accessdate=March 24, 2015}} 201. ^{{cite web | title = Service territory and map | publisher = Westar Energy | url = https://www.westarenergy.com/service-territory-and-map | accessdate = 2018-08-13}} 202. ^{{cite web | title = Summary of Cable TV Providers in Wichita, KS | publisher = CableTV.com | url = https://www.cabletv.com/ks/wichita | accessdate = 2018-08-13}} 203. ^{{cite web | title = Summary of Wichita Internet Providers | publisher = HighSpeedInternet.com | url = https://www.highspeedinternet.com/ks/wichita | accessdate = 2018-08-13}} 204. ^{{cite web | title = About Us | publisher = Kansas Gas Service | url = https://www.kansasgasservice.com/about-us/about-us | accessdate = 2018-08-13}} 205. ^{{cite web | title = Public Works & Utilities | publisher = City of Wichita, Kansas | url = http://www.wichita.gov/PWU/Pages/default.aspx | accessdate = 2018-08-13}} 206. ^{{cite web | title = Trash in Sedgwick County | publisher = Sedgwick County, Kansas | url = https://www.sedgwickcounty.org/environment/trash/ | accessdate = 2018-08-13}} 207. ^{{cite web | title = Via Christi hospitals | publisher = Via Christi Health | url = https://www.viachristi.org/locations/hospitals | accessdate = 2018-08-10}} 208. ^{{cite web | title = Locations – KS | publisher = Hospital Corporation of America | url = https://hcahealthcare.com/locations/?state=KS | accessdate = 2018-08-10}} 209. ^{{cite web | title = Wichita Transit | publisher = City of Wichita | url = http://www.wichita.gov/CityOffices/Transit/ | accessdate = 2011-01-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110114223518/http://wichita.gov/CityOffices/Transit/ | archive-date = January 14, 2011 | dead-url = yes | df = mdy-all }} 210. ^{{cite news | last = Christie | first = Les | title = New Yorkers are top transit users | publisher = CNNmoney.com | url = http://money.cnn.com/2007/06/13/real_estate/public_transit_commutes/index.htm | accessdate = 2007-06-29 | date=June 13, 2007}} 211. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.beeline-express.com/|title=Beeline Express|first=beeline-express,|last=info@beeline-express.com|website=www.beeline-express.com}} 212. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.greyhound.com/|title=Home|website=www.greyhound.com}} 213. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kansas.com/news/politics-government/article52756815.html|title=Greyhound relocating to city's downtown transit station|publisher=}} 214. ^1 {{cite web | title = Mid-Continent Airport History | publisher = Wichita Airport Authority | url = http://www.flywichita.com/MCA-history.php | accessdate = 2011-01-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101215054522/http://flywichita.com/MCA-history.php | archive-date = December 15, 2010 | dead-url = yes | df = mdy-all }} 215. ^{{cite web | title = Airline Information | publisher = Wichita Airport Authority | url = http://www.flywichita.com/airline-information.php | accessdate = 2011-01-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101215053716/http://flywichita.com/airline-information.php | archive-date = December 15, 2010 | dead-url = yes | df = mdy-all }} 216. ^{{cite web | title = KAAO - Colonel James Jabara Airport | publisher = AirNav.com | url = http://www.airnav.com/airport/KAAO | accessdate = 2011-01-09}} 217. ^{{cite web | title = KCEA - Cessna Aircraft Field Airport | publisher = AirNav.com | url = http://www.airnav.com/airport/KCEA | accessdate = 2011-01-09}} 218. ^{{cite web | title = KBEC - Beech Factory 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Neighborhood Rankings | publisher=Walk Score | year=2014 | access-date=February 16, 2015}} 228. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.wichita.gov:80/Planning/Pages/BicycleMasterPlan.aspx|title=Wichita-Sedgwick County Planning Wichita Bicycle Master Plan|website=www.wichita.gov|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-01}} 229. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.kansas.com/news/business/forward/article203818959.html|title=Wichita builds on bike-friendly status|website=kansas|language=en|access-date=2019-01-01}} 230. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bikeleague.org/sites/default/files/bfareportcards/BFC_Fall_2017_ReportCard_Wichita_KS.pdf |title=Award Database | publisher=League of American Wheelmen | year=2017 |access-date=January 1, 2019}} 231. ^{{cite news|last=Cummins|first=Ann|title=Wyatt Earp's Tombstone Vendetta|url=http://www.knau.org/post/wyatt-earps-tombstone-vendetta|accessdate=February 28, 2012|newspaper=KNAU Public Radio|date=April 15, 2010}} 232. ^1 2 3 Bing, Bonnie, "Successful Wichita natives praise their schooling here," Feb.26, 2012, Wichita Eagle, retrieved April 3, 2017. 233. ^"GLICKMAN, Daniel Robert (1944-)", Biographical Information, Bioguide, U.S. Congress official website, retrieved April 3, 2017. 234. ^[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C02E1DA1539F931A35752C0A9639C8B63 obituary: "Donald L. 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Jordan Jr.), University of Georgia Press, retrieved May 23, 2017 239. ^{{cite news |url=http://nymag.com/news/features/67285/ |title=The Billionaire's Party: David Koch is New York's second-richest man, a celebrated patron of the arts, and the tea party's wallet |work=New York magazine |date=July 25, 2010 |first=Andrew |last=Goldman |accessdate=August 26, 2010}} 240. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000000186&cycle=A |title=Koch Industries: Summary |publisher=OpenSecrets.org |date= |accessdate=2015-06-10}} 241. ^LeMann, Nicholas, reviewer, book review:[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/25/books/review/sons-of-wichita-by-daniel-schulman.html?_r=0 "Billionaire Boys Club: ‘Sons of Wichita,’ by Daniel Schulman"], May 23, 2014, Sunday Book Review, New York Times, retrieved early 2017 242. ^[https://www.forbes.com/sites/chloesorvino/2015/09/30/the-biggest-most-influential-political-donors-on-the-2015-forbes-400/ "The Biggest, Most Influential Political Donors On The 2015 Forbes 400,"], September 30, 2015, Forbes, retrieved May 23, 2017 243. ^{{cite news |title=Man Without a Candidate |authorlink=Charlotte Curtis |first=Charlotte |last=Curtis |date=October 16, 1984 |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/10/16/arts/man-without-a-candidate.html |accessdate=July 18, 2015}} 244. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/542/000023473|title=Kirstie Alley|publisher=Soylent Communications|accessdate=2010-11-09}} 245. ^{{cite web|author=Myrna Oliver |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2000/dec/04/local/me-60950 |title="Gaylord Carter; 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External links{{sister project links|voy=Wichita|d=Q49266}}
8 : Wichita, Kansas|Wichita metropolitan area|Cities in Kansas|County seats in Kansas|Cities in Sedgwick County, Kansas|Populated places established in 1868|Populated places on the Arkansas River|1868 establishments in Kansas |
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