词条 | Wildlife conservation |
释义 |
Wildlife conservation has become an increasingly important practice due to the negative effects of human activity on wildlife. An endangered species is defined as a population of a living species that is in the danger of becoming extinct because the species has a very low or falling population, or because they are threatened by the varying environmental or prepositional parameters like (land slides,increasement in temperature above optimum temperature, acid rain). History{{Expand section|date=March 2019}}Major dangers to wildlifeFewer natural wildlife habitat areas remain each year. Moreover, the habitat that remains has often been degraded to bear little resemblance to the wild areas which existed in the past. Habitat loss due to destruction, fragmentation, and degradation of habitat is the primary threat to the survival of wildlife.
Wildlife conservation as a government involvementIn 1972, the Government of India enacted a law called the Wild Life (Protection) Act. In America, the Endangered Species Act of 1973 protects some U.S. species that were in danger from overexploitation, and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora (CITES) works to prevent the global trade of wildlife, but there are many species that are not protected from being illegally traded or being over-harvested. The World Conservation Strategy was developed in 1980 by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) with advice, cooperation and financial assistance of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Wildlife Fund and in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Unesco)"[10] The strategy aims to "provide an intellectual framework and practical guidance for conservation actions."[10] This thorough guidebook covers everything from the intended "users" of the strategy to its very priorities. It even includes a map section containing areas that have large seafood consumption and are therefore endangered by overfishing. The main sections are as follows: According to the National Wildlife Federation, wildlife conservation in the United States gets a majority of its funding through appropriations from the federal budget, annual federal and state grants, and financial efforts from programs such as the Conservation Reserve Program, Wetlands Reserve Program and Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program.[11][12] Furthermore, a substantial amount of funding comes from the state through the sale of hunting/fishing licenses, game tags, stamps, and excise taxes from the purchase of hunting equipment and ammunition, which collects around $2000 million annually.[13]
Non-government involvementAs major development agencies became discouraged with the public sector of environmental conservation in the late 1980s, these agencies began to lean their support towards the “private sector” or non-government organizations (NGOs).[14] In a World Bank Discussion Paper it is made apparent that “the explosive emergence of nongovernmental organizations” was widely known to government policymakers. Seeing this rise in NGO support, the U.S. Congress made amendments to the Foreign Assistance Act in 1979 and 1986 “earmarking U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) funds for biodiversity”.[14] From 1990 moving through recent years environmental conservation in the NGO sector has become increasingly more focused on the political and economic impact of USAID given towards the “Environment and Natural Resources”.[15] After the terror attacks on the World Trade Centers on September 11, 2001 and the start of former President Bush’s War on Terror, maintaining and improving the quality of the environment and natural resources became a “priority” to “prevent international tensions” according to the Legislation on Foreign Relations Through 2002[15] and section 117 of the 1961 Foreign Assistance Act.[15] Furthermore, in 2002 U.S. Congress modified the section on endangered species of the previously amended Foreign Assistance Act. Active non-government organizationsMany NGOs exist to actively promote, or be involved with wildlife conservation:
See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fundrefuges.org/|title=Cooperative Alliance for Refuge Enhancement|publisher= Cooperative Alliance for Refuge Enhancement (CARE)|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120511193327/http://www.fundrefuges.org/ |archive-date=11 May 2012 |accessdate=1 June 2012}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.conservationandwildlife.com/wildlife-conservation/|title=Wildlife Conservation|publisher=Conservation and Wildlife|accessdate=1 June 2012}} 3. ^{{Cite journal |last=McCallum |first=Malcolm L. |date=2010 |title=Future climate change spells catastrophe for Blanchard's cricket frog, Acris blanchardi (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae) |url=http://www.herpconbio.org/McCallum/Acris%20climate%20change.pdf |journal=Acta Herpetologica |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=119–130}} 4. ^{{Cite journal |last=McCallum |first=Malcolm L. |last2=McCallum |first2=Jamie L. |last3=Trauth |first3=Stanley E. |date=2009 |title=Predicted climate change may spark box turtle declines |url=http://herpconbio.org/McCallum/box%20turtle%20climate%20change.pdf |journal=Amphibia-Reptilia |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=259–264 |doi=10.1163/156853809788201072}} 5. ^http://www.afd.org.au/news-articles/queenslands-shark-control-program-has-snagged-84000-animals Action for Dolphins. Queensland’s Shark Control Program Has Snagged 84,000 Animals. Thom Mitchell. November 20, 2015. Retrieved January 4, 2019. 6. ^https://web.archive.org/web/20181002102324/https://www.marineconservation.org.au/pages/shark-culling.html "Shark Culling". marineconservation.org.au. Archived from the original on 2018-10-02. Retrieved January 4, 2019. 7. ^https://hsi.org.au/blog/2016/12/08/shark-nets-death-traps-for-marine-animals/ Morris, Jessica (December 8, 2016). "Shark Nets – Death Traps For Marine Animals". hsi.org.au. Retrieved January 4, 2019. 8. ^{{cite web |last1=James |first1=Will |title=Killing Wildlife: The Pros and Cons of Culling Animals |url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/03/140305-culling-badgers-deer-bison-swans-ethics-conservation/ |website=National Geographic |publisher=National Geographic |accessdate=7 March 2019|date=2014-03-06 }} 9. ^{{cite journal |last1=Hadidian |first1=John |title=Wildlife in U.S. Cities: Managing Unwanted Animals |journal=Animals |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=1092–1113 |date=Dec 5, 2015 |doi=10.3390/ani5040401 |pmid=26569317 |pmc=4693205 }} 10. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/WCS-004.pdf |title=World Conservation Strategy |format=PDF |accessdate=2011-05-01}} 11. ^{{Cite web|title = Securing Funds for Conservation |url = https://www.nwf.org/Our-Work/Wildlife-Conservation/Policy/Funding |publisher=National Wildlife Federation. www.nwf.org |access-date = 2018-12-25}} 12. ^{{Cite web|title =Farm Bill |url = https://www.nwf.org/Our-Work/Our-Lands/Farm-Bill |publisher= National Wildlife Federation. www.nwf.org|access-date = 2018-12-25}} 13. ^{{Cite web|title = Fish and Wildlife Service|url = http://www.fws.gov/hunting/whatdo.html|website = www.fws.gov|access-date = 2016-01-21|first = U.S. Fish and Wildlife|last = Service}} 14. ^1 {{cite journal|first=Carrie A. |last=Meyer|title=Environmental NGOs in Ecuador: An Economic Analysis of Institutional Change|journal=The Journal of Developing Areas|volume= 27| number= 2|year= 1993| pages=191–210|jstor=4192201}} 15. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.usaid.gov/policy/ads/faa.pdf |title=The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended |format=PDF |accessdate=2011-05-01}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nature.org/aboutus/ |title=About Us - Learn More About The Nature Conservancy |publisher=Nature.org |date=2011-02-23 |accessdate=2011-05-01}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://wwf.panda.org/wwf_quick_facts.cfm |title=WWF in Brief |publisher=World Wildlife Fund |accessdate=2011-05-01}} External links
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