| 词条 | Butchulla |
| 释义 |
The Butchulla, also written Badjala, Badjula, Badjela, Bajellah, Badtjala and Budjilla are an Indigenous Australian people of Queensland. LanguageThe Butchella spoke Badjala, considered to have been a dialect of Gubbi Gubbi,{{sfn|Dixon|2002|p=xxxiv}} like other Fraser Island dialects.{{sfn|Brown|2000|p=26}} Their ethnonym, variously transcribed as Butchulla/Batjala has been etymologized as signifying 'sea folk', though Norman Tindale suggested that the word better lends itself to an analysis as combining ba ('no') with the suffix tjala, meaning 'tongue'.{{sfn|Tindale|1974}} The Butchulla language is spoken in the Hervey Bay region inland towards Maryborough and Mt Bauple; as well as along the Fraser Coast, including Fraser Island.{{sfn|SLQ-Butchulla}} CountryButchulla lands were concentrated on in the centre of Thoorgine, or Fraser Island, and extended over {{convert|1,700|mi2|km2}} to the coastal mainland (Cooloola{{sfn|Brown|2000|p=13}}) south of Noosa.{{sfn|Tindale|1974}} The Butchulla route to the mainland ran through the lower waters of the Tinana Creek and their territory ran north to Pialba in Hervey Bay, and their borders to the west ran parallel to the upper Mary River.{{sfn|Tindale|1974}}{{sfn|Brown|2000|p=24}} To the southwest of their mainland territory were the Gubbi Gubbi,{{sfn|Brown|2000|p=24}} with the territories of the Butchulla, Gubbi Gubbi and Dulingbara sometimes marked as meeting at Mount Bauple.{{sfn|Brown|2000|p=25}} Some two decades after the arrival of Europeans, the original population of Fraser Island was estimated to be in the range of approximately 2,000 people, according to Archibald Meston,{{sfn|Williams|2002|p=3}} a figure which, if true, would mean that the ecology was sufficiently rich in food resources to sustain one of the densest pre-contact populations of the Australian continent, paralleling only the Kaiadilt of Bentinck Island.{{sfn|Tindale|1974}} Social organizationFraser island's abundance of fish resources made it rank, with the Kaiadilt homeland of Bentinck Island, as one of the two most densely populated areas on the Australian continent.{{sfn|Tindale|1974|p=165}} The Fraser Island people were generally classified into three distinct units, -Ngulungbara, Butchulla and Dulingbara, each composed of several hordes, and, altogether, making up 19 subgroups.{{sfn|Commissioner|1887|p=144}} The Ngulungbara were in the northern sector,the Butchulla in the strict sense occupied the middle of the island while the Dulingbara lay south. The Dulingbara and Ngulungbara claimed a separate, distinct tribal status.{{efn|'New is the suggestion that the Dulingbara, either a separate tribe, a horde of the Kabikabi, or of the Batjala, claimed possession of the southern third of Fraser Island. The Batjala are thus credited as holding only the middle third of the island, but having extensions of their territory onto the mainland at Tinina (or Tinane) Creek with rights northward along the coastal strip to Pialba. From Gaiarbau and other sources it seems clear that the northern end of Fraser Island was held by the Ngulungbara which he regarded as a separate tribe, despite the -bara suffix of the name.'{{sfn|Tindale|1974|p=125}}}} History of contactArchaeological and radiocarbon studies of a lead weight containing fragments of Loisels pumice unearthed on the island identify the lead component as of French provenance, and the pumice suggests that the object may have arrived on the beach between 1410 and 1630 C. E., the first date prior to Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation of the world.{{sfn|Ward|Little|Roberts|Gulson||O'Leary|Price|1999|p=28}} Matthew Flinders was the first white to land on the island, at Bool Creek on Sandy Cape in July 1802 and made short contact with the Ngulungbara horde.{{sfn|Williams|2002|p=3}} In 1836 survivors of the shipwreck of a brig, the {{ship||Stirling Castle|1829 brig|2}} managed to make their way south and landed up on the island. Eliza Fraser, the late captain's wife, managed to survive among the local islanders for several weeks. The island began to be occupied by whites in 1849. At that time, the indigenous population of the 19 clans or hordes was estimated to be around 2,000. Within three decades (1879), their numbers had dropped to around 300-400, a collapse attributed by an informant of the then Chief Commissioner of Brisbane to shootings by the Australian native police, and the effects of venereal disease and drink introduced by whites.{{sfn|Commissioner|1887|pp=144,146}} The main remnant of the Butchella people was transferred to Yarrabah sometime around 1902.{{sfn|Tindale|1974}} {{clearleft}}Native titleIn 2014 an Australian Federal Court granted Native title rights to Fraser Island to the Butchulla people.{{sfn|Buchanan|Kay|Ford|2014}} Alternative names
Some words
Notes{{notelist}}CitationsSources{{refbegin|30em}}
| last = Brown | first = Elaine | year = 2000 | publisher = University of Queensland Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=itrYMD80OmEC&pg=PA25 | isbn = 978-0-702-23129-2 | ref = harv }}
| last1 = Buchanan | first1 = Kallee | last2 = Kay | first2 = Ross | last3 = Ford | first3 = Elaine | publisher = ABC News | url = http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-10-24/federal-court-rules-on-fraser-island-native-title/5839474 | date = 7 November 2014 | ref = harv }}
| author = | publisher = State Library of Queensland | url = http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/resources/atsi/languages/word-lists/body-parts/butchulla-language | access-date = 9 March 2017 | ref = {{harvid|SLQ-Butchulla}} }}
| last = Commissioner | year = 1887 | title = The Australian race: its origin, languages, customs, place of landing in Australia and the routes by which it spread itself over the continent | editor-last = Curr | editor-first = Edward Micklethwaite | editor-link = Edward Micklethwaite Curr | volume = Volume 3 | pages = 144–149 | publisher = J. Ferres | location = Melbourne | chapter-url = https://archive.org/stream/cu31924026093835#page/n157/mode/2up | ref = harv }}
| last = Dixon | first = Robert M. W. | author-link = Robert M. W. Dixon | year = 2002 | volume = Volume 1 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MSqIBNJtG0AC&pg=PR33 | isbn = 978-0-521-47378-1 | ref = harv }}
| last = Tindale | first = Norman | author-link = Norman Tindale | year = 1974 | publisher = Australian National University Press | url = http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/batjala.htm | ref = harv }}
| last = Williams | first = Fred | year = 2002 | orig-year = First published 1983 | publisher = Jacaranda Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2tqPVekm6vMC&pg=PR13&lpg=PR13 | isbn = 978-0-958-10340-4 | ref = harv }}
| last1 = Ward | first1 = W. T. | last2 = Little | first2 = I. P. | last3 = Roberts | first3 = G. M. | last4 = Gulson | first4 =B. L. | last5 = O'Leary | first5 = B. M. | last6 = Price | first6 = D. M. | journal = Archaeology in Oceania | date = April 1999 | volume = 34 |issue =1 | pages = 25–30 | jstor = 40387111 | ref = harv }}{{refend}}{{Aboriginal peoples of Queensland}} 3 : Aboriginal peoples of Queensland|Fraser Island|South East Queensland |
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