“Wilhelm Marr”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Marr was born in Magdeburg as the only son of an actor and stage director.^[2] He went to a primary school in Hanover, then to a high school in Braunschweig.^[3] In Hamburg and Bremen, he was an apprentice in commerce, then he joined his father in Vienna, who had been engaged by the Burgtheater.^[4] There he worked as an employee in two Jewish firms. Later, Marr claimed that he had unjustly lost his job.^[4]

In 1841, he went to Zürich, where he became acquainted with political émigrés (like Georg Herwegh, Julius Fröbel, and August Follen), most of whom were members of the democratic or liberal leftist movements of the early 19th century.^[5]

In 1843, Marr was expelled from Zürich under the accusation that he had furthered communist activities.^[5] He turned to Lausanne, where he joined Hermann Döleke and Julius Standau, the founders of the secret Léman-Bund, which belonged to the "Junges Deutschland" (Young German Movement). Marr eventually became the head of the secret society and began to lean towards anarchism and atheism, founded another secret society, the "Schweizerischer Arbeiterbund" (Swiss Worker's Union) and edited the "Blätter der Gegenwart für soziales Leben" (Present-Day Papers for Social Life, 1844/45). In 1845 he was expelled from Lausanne, too, and went to Hamburg. There he became a political journalist and published the satirical magazine Mephistopheles (1847/48–1852).^[6] He belonged to the leftists of the radical-democratic "party" and was a delegate to the National Assembly in Frankfurt after the March-Revolution of 1848.^[7] After the ultimate failure of the revolution he became, like so many other former revolutionaries, a proponent of the idea of German unification under Prussian leadership.^[7]

In 1852, Marr went abroad, to Costa Rica, where he tried to make a living as a businessman.^[8] Lacking success, he returned to Hamburg, worked again as a journalist, and in 1854 he married Georgine Johanna Bertha Callenbach, daughter of a Jewish businessman who had renounced his faith.^[9]

In 1859, Marr was elected member of the Hamburg Parliament. In an article, in the Courier an der Weser on 13 June 1862, he attacked the elected liberal speaker of the house, the Jewish lawyer {{ill|Isaac Wolffson|de}}, accusing him and other Jews of betraying the democratic movement and abusing their emancipation in order to enter the city's merchant class. After extensive public protests, Marr was not reelected in 1862.^[10]

Marr and his first wife were divorced in 1873.^[9] In 1874, Marr remarried the Jewish Helene Sophia Emma Maria Behrend, who died within the same year.^[9] Marr's first marriage was an unhappy one, and despite being financially stable, Marr was in emotional distress.^[9] Marr's second marriage was a happy one, but then his wife and child died within days of each other, which left Marr is great distress and bitter towards the world.^[9] In 1875, there was a third marriage, to Jenny Therese Kornick (whose parents lived in a Christian-Jewish mixed marriage), who bore him a son.^[9] In 1877, this marriage was divorced, too; Marr's last wife was Clara Maria Kelch, daughter of a Hamburg working man.^[11]

Marr's speeches and articles showed first indications of antisemitism in 1848. He was influenced by the Burschenschaft movement of the early nineteenth century, which developed out of frustration among German students with the failure of the Congress of Vienna to create a unified state out of all the territories inhabited by the German people. The latter rejected the participation of Jewish and other non-German minorities as members, "unless they prove that they are anxious to develop within themselves a Christian-German spirit" (a decision of the "Burschenschaft Congress of 1818"). While they were opposed to the participation of Jews in their movement, like Heinrich von Treitschke later, they did allow the possibility of the Jewish (and other) minorities to participate in the German state if they were to abandon all signs of ethnic and religious distinctiveness and assimilate into the German Volk.

Theories

Marr took these philosophies one step further by rejecting the premise of assimilation as a means for Jews to become Germans. In his pamphlet Der Weg zum Siege des Germanenthums über das Judenthum (The Way to Victory of Germanism over Judaism, 1879) he introduced the idea that Germans and Jews were locked in a longstanding conflict, the origins of which he attributed to race—and that the Jews were winning. He argued that Jewish emancipation resulting from German liberalism had allowed the Jews to control German finance and industry. Furthermore, since this conflict was based on the different qualities of the Jewish and German races, it could not be resolved even by the total assimilation of the Jewish population. According to him, the struggle between Jews and Germans would only be resolved by the victory of one and the ultimate death of the other. A Jewish victory, he concluded, would result in finis Germaniae (the end of the German people). To prevent this from happening, in 1879 Marr founded the League of Antisemites (Antisemiten-Liga), the first German organization committed specifically to combating the alleged threat to Germany posed by the Jews and advocating their forced removal from the country.

Although he had introduced the pseudo-scientific racial component into the debate over Jews in Germany, it is unlikely that he was influenced by the earlier theories of Arthur de Gobineau (author of An Essay on the Inequality of Human Races, 1853), who was only translated into German in 1898, a quarter of a century after Marr's pamphlet appeared. It is, however, highly probable that Marr was able to read Gobineau in French. Furthermore, Marr himself was very vague about what constituted race and, in turn, the racial differences between Jews and Germans, though this became a feature of Nazi racial "science". It remained for later racial thinkers to postulate specific differences: these included Eugen Dühring, who suggested that it was blood, and Houston Stewart Chamberlain, an influential race theorist and husband of Eva Wagner, Richard Wagner's daughter, who suggested phrenology as a means of distinguishing races.

On the other hand, it does seem likely that Marr was influenced by Ernst Haeckel, a professor who popularized the notion of Social Darwinism among Germany's educated classes.

Despite his influence, Marr's ideas were not immediately adopted by German nationalists. The Pan-German League, founded in 1891, originally allowed for the membership of Jews, provided they were fully assimilated into German culture. It was only in 1912, eight years after Marr's death, that the League declared racism as an underlying principle. Nevertheless, Marr was a major link in the evolving chain of German racism that erupted into genocide during the Nazi era.

Late renunciation of antisemitism

Toward the end of his life, Marr came to renounce anti-semitism, arguing that social upheaval in Germany had been the result of the Industrial Revolution and conflict between political movements. According to Moshe Zimmermann he "openly requested the Jews' pardon for having erred in isolating the problem".^[12] He published in Hamburg a final essay entitled Testament of an Antisemite in which he explained the history of his thinking, asserting that he had originally been a "philo-Semite", having rejected "the miserable Romantic madness of Germanism". He complained that modern anti-Semitism was becoming merged with German mysticism and nationalism. Marr condemned 'the beer drinking leaders, the gay "Heil" shouters of modern anti-Semitism' and crude prejudice against Jewish writers and thinkers.^[12]

Works

See also

Notes

1. ^Definition at the Online Etymology Dictionary.
2. ^{{Cite book|title=Wilhelm Marr: The Patriarch of Antisemitism|last=Zimmermann|first=Moshe|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1986|isbn=|location=New York and Oxford|pages=9|quote=|via=}}
3. ^{{Cite book|title=Wilhelm Marr: The Patriarch of Antisemitism|last=Zimmermann|first=Moshe|publisher=New York and Oxford: Oxford University|year=1986|isbn=|location=|pages=14|quote=|via=}}
4. ^¹{{Cite book|title=Wilhelm Marr: The Patriarch of Anti-Semitism|last=Zimmermann|first=Moshe|publisher=New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=15|quote=|via=}}
5. ^¹{{Cite book|title=Wilhelm Marr: The Patriarch of Antisemitism|last=Zimmermann|first=Moshe|publisher=New York and Oxford: Oxford University|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=18|quote=|via=}}
6. ^{{Cite book|title=Wilhelm Marr: The Patriarch of Antisemitism|last=Zimmermann|first=Moshe|publisher=New York and Oxford: Oxford University|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=21|quote=|via=}}
7. ^¹{{Cite book|title=Wilhelm Marr: The Patriarch of Antisemitism|last=Zimmermann|first=Moshe|publisher=New York and Oxford: Oxford University|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=22|quote=|via=}}
8. ^{{Cite book|title=Wilhelm Marr: The Patriarch of Antisemitism|last=Zimmermann|first=Moshe|publisher=New York and Oxford: Oxford University|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=33, 35|quote=|via=}}
9. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{Cite book|title=Wilhelm Marr: The Patriarch of Antisemitism|last=Zimmermann|first=Moshe|publisher=New York and Oxford: Oxford University|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=71|quote=|via=}}
10. ^Werner Bergmann, „Wilhelm Marrs Judenspiegel“, on: Hamburger Schlüsseldokumente zur deutsch-jüdischen Geschichte: Eine Online-Quellenedition, retrieved on 30 November 2017.
11. ^{{Cite book|title=Wilhelm Marr: The Patriarch of Antisemitism|last=Zimmermann|first=Moshe|publisher=New York and Oxford: Oxford University|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=72|quote=|via=}}
12. ^¹Moshe Zimmermann, Wilhelm Marr: The Patriarch of Anti-Semitism, Oxford University Press, USA, 1986, pp. 9.

Life

Theories

Late renunciation of antisemitism

Works

See also

Notes

External links