“Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Wilkes-Barre ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|w|ɪ|l|k|s|ˌ|b|ɛər}} or {{IPAc-en|-|b|ɛər|i|}}) is a city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the county seat of Luzerne County. It is one of the principal cities in the Scranton–Wilkes-Barre–Hazleton, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area. Located at the center of the Wyoming Valley, it is second in size to the nearby city of Scranton. The Scranton–Wilkes-Barre–Hazleton, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 563,631 as of the 2010 Census, making it the fourth-largest metro/statistical area in the state of Pennsylvania. Wilkes-Barre and the surrounding Wyoming Valley are framed by the Pocono Mountains to the east, the Endless Mountains to the west, and the Lehigh Valley to the south. The Susquehanna River flows through the center of the valley and defines the northwestern border of the city.

Wilkes-Barre was founded in 1769 and formally incorporated in 1806. The city grew rapidly in the 19th century after the discovery of nearby coal reserves and the arrival of hundreds of thousands of immigrants who provided a labor force for the local mines. The coal mining fueled industrialization in the city, which reached the height of its prosperity in the first half of the 20th century. Its population peaked at more than 86,000. Following World War II, the city's economy declined due to the collapse of industry. The Knox Mine disaster accelerated this trend after large portions of the area's coal mines were flooded and could not be reopened. Today the city has a population of 40,569, making it the largest city in Luzerne County and the 13th-largest city in Pennsylvania.

History

18th century

By the 18th century, the Wyoming Valley was inhabited by the Shawanese and Delaware Indian (Lenape) tribes. In 1753, the Susquehanna Company was founded in Connecticut for settling the Wyoming Valley (in modern-day Pennsylvania). Connecticut succeeded in purchasing the land from the Native Americans; however, Pennsylvania already claimed the very same territory through a purchase they made in 1736. In 1762, roughly two hundred Connecticut settlers (Yankees) established a settlement near Mill Creek. They planted wheat and constructed log cabins. The Yankees returned to New England for the winter.^[5]

The Connecticut settlers returned in the spring of 1763 with their families and additional supplies. A party of Iroquois also visited the area with the dual purpose of turning the Delaware (Lenape) against the colonists and killing Teedyuscung, a local Delaware chief. On April 19, 1763, the residence of the chief, along with several others, was set ablaze. Chief Teedyuscung perished in the inferno. The Iroquois let the Delaware believe that this atrocity was committed by the settlers. As a result, the Delaware attacked the colonists on October 15, 1763. Thirty settlers were killed, and several others were taken prisoner. Those who managed to escape fled back to New England. The Delaware then burned what was left of the Yankee settlement.^[5]

In 1769, the Yankees returned to the Wyoming Valley. Five townships were established by Connecticut. Each one was five square miles and divided amongst forty settlers. Wilkes-Barre Township was one of the original townships; it was named in honor of John Wilkes and Isaac Barré — two British members of Parliament who supported colonial America. Pennsylvanians (Pennamites) also arrived in the valley that same year.^[5]

The Connecticut settlers established Fort Durkee, which was named in honor of their leader (Colonel Durkee). This was immediately followed by a series of skirmishes between the Pennsylvanians and Connecticut settlers. The land changed hands several times between the two groups. The Congress of the Confederation was asked to resolve the matter. With the Decree of Trenton, on December 30, 1782, the confederation government officially decided that the region belonged to Pennsylvania; the Wyoming Valley became part of Northumberland County.^[5]

Pennsylvania ruled that the Connecticut settlers (Yankees) were not citizens of the Commonwealth. Therefore, they could not vote and were ordered to give up their property claims. In May 1784, armed men from Pennsylvania force-marched the Connecticut settlers away from the valley. By November, the Yankees returned with a greater force. They captured and destroyed Fort Dickinson in Wilkes-Barre. With that victory, a new state (which was separate from both Connecticut and Pennsylvania) was proposed. The new state was to be named Westmoreland. To ensure that they didn't lose the land, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania worked out a compromise with the Connecticut (Yankee) settlers. The Yankee settlers would become citizens of Pennsylvania and their property claims would be restored (prior to the Decree of Trenton). As part of the compromise, Pennsylvania would establish a new county in Northeastern Pennsylvania. The Yankees agreed to the terms.^[5]

On September 25, 1786, the Pennsylvania General Assembly passed a resolution which created Luzerne County. It was formed from a section of Northumberland County and named after Chevalier de la Luzerne, a French soldier and diplomat during the 18th century. Wilkes-Barre became the seat of government for the new territory. This resolution ended the idea of creating a new state.^[5]^[6]^[7]

In 1797, several decades after the community's founding, Louis Philippe, later the King of France from 1830 to 1840, stayed in Wilkes-Barre while traveling to the French Asylum settlement.^[8]

19th century

Wilkes-Barre's population exploded due to the discovery of anthracite coal in the 19th century. In 1808, Judge Jesse Fell of Wilkes-Barre discovered a solution to ignite anthracite with the usage of an iron grate; it allowed for the coal to light and burn easier. This invention increased the popularity of anthracite as a fuel source. This led to the expansion of the coal industry in Northeastern Pennsylvania; Wilkes-Barre was nicknamed "The Diamond City" due to its high productivity of mining coal.

Throughout the 1800s, canals and railroads were constructed to aid in the mining and transportation of coal. Hundreds of thousands of immigrants flocked to the city; they were seeking jobs in the numerous mines and collieries that sprang up throughout the region. In 1806, Wilkes-Barre Borough was formed from a segment of Wilkes-Barre Township; it was later incorporated as a city in 1871. This was the direct result of the population boom. At its peak, Wilkes-Barre had a population of over 86,000 in the 1930s and 40s.

New industries were established and the Vulcan Iron Works was a well-known manufacturer of railway locomotives from 1849 to 1954. During Wilkes-Barre's reign as an industrial and economic force in America, several major companies and franchises became based in the city, such as Woolworth's, Sterling Hotels, Miner's Bank, Bell Telephone, Luzerne National Bank, and Stegmaier.^[9]

20th century

Wilkes-Barre is located within Pennsylvania’s Coal Region. The anthracite coal mining industry, and its extensive use of child labor in the early 20th century, was one of the industries targeted by the National Child Labor Committee and its hired photographer, Lewis Hine. Many of Hine's subjects were photographed in the mines and coal fields near Wilkes-Barre. The impact of the Hine photographs led to the enactment of child labor laws across the country.^[10]

The coal industry continued despite several disasters, including an explosion at Wilkes-Barre's Baltimore Colliery in 1919, which killed 92 miners. The industry declined when the United States switched to other energy sources, and most coal operations had left Wilkes-Barre by the end of World War II. The 1959 Knox Mine Disaster, resulting in the flooding of numerous mines, marked the end of large-scale coal mining in the area. Industrial restructuring also caused the city to lose jobs and begin a decades-long decline.^[11]

In 1926, Planters Peanuts Company was founded in Wilkes-Barre by two Italian immigrants. The company maintained its headquarters in the city until 1961.^[12] In 1929, baseball player Babe Ruth hit one of the longest home runs in history at Artillery Park in Wilkes-Barre.^[13]

In November 1972, 365 subscribers of Service Electric Cable were the first to receive HBO's premium cable television service, making Wilkes-Barre the birthplace of modern cable TV programming.^[14]

Flooding

Manufacturing and retail remained Wilkes-Barre's strongest industries, but the city's economy took a major blow from Tropical Storm Agnes in 1972. The storm pushed the Susquehanna River to a height of nearly {{convert|41|ft}}, four feet above the city's levees, flooding downtown with nine feet of water. A total of 128 deaths were attributed to the storm. Most drowning deaths were caused by people trapped in their cars. Almost 400,000 homes and businesses were destroyed and 220,000 Pennsylvanians were left homeless (as were hundreds of thousands in other states). Damage was estimated to be $2.1 billion in Pennsylvania alone. President Richard Nixon sent aid to the area, after flying over in his helicopter on his way to his Camp David retreat (on June 24, 1972).^[15]^[16]

Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Wilkes-Barre attempted to prevent the damage from storms as intense as Agnes by building a levee system that rises {{convert|41|ft}}; completed in January 2003, the network of levees cost roughly $250 million.^[17] It has successfully resisted other threatening floods in 1996, 2004, and 2006. The Army Corps of Engineers has praised the quality of the levees. In 2006, the city made the front page of national newspapers when 200,000 residents were told to evacuate in the wake of flooding that was forecast to reach levels near that of 1972, though the flooding fell short of predictions.^[18]

In late August 2011, Hurricane Irene off the New Jersey coast caused the Susquehanna River to rise to flood level, but there was no cause for alarm. Then, from September 6 to 8, heavy rains from the inland remnants of Tropical Storm Lee and Hurricane Katia offshore funneled heavy rain over the Wyoming Valley and into the Susquehanna River watershed. The Susquehanna swelled to record levels across the state. In Wilkes-Barre, it crested on September 9 at an all-time record of {{convert|42.66|ft|0}},^[19] nearly {{convert|2|ft|1}} higher than water levels reached during Hurricane Agnes in 1972. The levees protected Wilkes-Barre, but nearby boroughs were not as lucky. West Pittston, Plymouth, and parts of Plains Township were affected by extreme flooding.

21st century

Revitalization and construction

On June 9, 2005, Mayor Thomas M. Leighton unveiled his "I believe..." campaign for Wilkes-Barre, which was intended to boost the city's spirits. Construction began on a planned downtown theatre complex, which had a grand opening on June 30, 2006. Renovation of the landmark Hotel Sterling was being pursued by CityVest, a nonprofit developer. The expansion of Wilkes University and King's College took place. Also, the canopy and matching street lights in Public Square and across downtown were removed; they were replaced by new green lampposts.

The City of Wilkes-Barre celebrated its 200th anniversary in 2006. Several events, including a Beach Boys concert, were planned but canceled due to extremely heavy rains. Most of the city's population was ordered to evacuate on June 28, 2006. The Bicentennial celebration was postponed to Labor Day weekend, September 3, 2006, and was attended by Pennsylvania Governor Ed Rendell and the Beach Boys.

The Riverfront revitalization project (River Common), broke ground in 2007 and was completed in early 2010. It has made the riverfront accessible to the public. The area also has a new amphitheater for live performances and improved access through ramps and sidewalks. Fountains and color-changing lights have been added underneath two bridges which carry pedestrian traffic across the normally-open levee. The project stretches approximately four blocks from the Luzerne County Courthouse to the intersection of South River Street and West South Street. The River Common has since hosted concerts and charity events.

Since completion of the River Common, additional improvements to city infrastructure have been progressing. New crosswalks have been installed downtown, including signage emphasizing that pedestrians have the right-of-way. The completion of the James F. Conahan Intermodal Transportation Facility has added parking and relocated Luzerne County buses from their former Public Square staging sites. This has reduced traffic congestion around the square. Private carrier Martz offers coach bus service from the terminal as well.^[20]

The widening and realignment of Coal Street, a major road connecting Wilkes-Barre City with Wilkes-Barre Township, was completed in 2012. The new Coal Street provides four lanes over the original two lanes, making travel between the highly commercial Wilkes-Barre Township and the city much easier. In 2013, Hotel Sterling was demolished due to flood damage in the hotel’s basement (which compromised the building’s integrity). As of today, several buildings are in the process of being constructed on the site of the former hotel.^[21]

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of {{convert|7.2|sqmi}}, of which {{convert|6.8|sqmi}} is land and {{convert|0.3|sqmi}}, or 4.60%, is water. The city is bordered by the Susquehanna River to the west. Most of Downtown is located on a wide floodplain. Floodwalls were constructed to protect a large percentage of the city. The elevation of the downtown area is about {{convert|550|ft}} above sea level. As you travel inland, away from the river, the elevation rises. Wilkes-Barre Mountain is a physical barrier southeast of the city.

Neighborhoods

Adjacent municipalities

Climate

Wilkes-Barre has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa/Dfb) with four distinct seasons. Winters are cold with a January average of {{convert|25.8|°F|1}}. The surrounding mountains have an influence on the climate (including both precipitation and temperatures), leading to wide variations within a short distance.^[22] On average, temperatures below {{convert|0|°F|1}} are infrequent, occurring 3 days per year, and there are 36 days where the maximum temperature remains below {{convert|32|°F|1}}.^[22] The average annual snowfall is {{convert|46.2|in|cm|0}} during the winter (in which severe snowstorms are rare).^[22] However, when snowstorms do occur, they can disrupt normal routines for several days.^[22]

Summers are warm with a July average of {{convert|71.4|°F|1}}. In an average summer, temperatures exceeding {{convert|90|°F|1}} occur on 9 days and can occasionally exceed {{convert|100|°F|1}}. Spring and fall are unpredictable with temperatures ranging from cold to warm (although they are usually mild). On average, Wilkes-Barre receives {{convert|38.2|in|sigfig=3}} of precipitation each year, which is relatively evenly distributed throughout the year (though the summer months receive more precipitation). Extreme temperatures range from {{convert|-21|°F|1}} on January 21, 1994, to {{convert|103|°F|1}} on July 9, 1936. Wilkes-Barre averages 2,303 hours of sunshine per year, ranging from a low of 96 hours in December (or 33% of possible sunshine) to 286 hours in July (or 62% of possible sunshine).

Parks and recreation

Wilkes-Barre has a Downtown Riverfront Park system that contains 91 acres of open space.^[23]

Kirby Park is a public park located along the western bank of the Susquehanna River. Kirby Park is one of the region's most valued recreational resources. Given to the City of Wilkes-Barre by the Kirby Family, the park welcomes hundreds of thousands each year. The park is the setting for the City of Wilkes-Barre's annual Cherry Blossom Festival (held during the last weekend of April) and the city's 4th of July Celebration. Its amenities include tennis courts, a fitness trail, pond, walking paths, running track, softball fields, parking area, volleyball courts, pavilions and more.^[24]

Nesbitt Park is also located on the west side of the Susquehanna River. It is located across from Kirby Park. Nesbitt is open to the public. It has walking paths and areas for picnicking.

The River Common is located along the eastern bank of the Susquehanna River. The Market Street Bridge bisects the park. The River Common joins with the Luzerne County Courthouse grounds. Its features include a 750-person amphitheater, paved walk-ways, gardens, ornamental trees, seating areas, a fishing pier, and two grand gateways connecting the city to the river.

Demographics

The city's population has been in constant decline since the 1930s. As of the 2010 census, the city was 79.2% White, 10.9% Black or African American, 0.3% Native American, 1.4% Asian, and 2.9% were two or more races. Of the population, 11.3% were of Hispanic or Latino ancestry.^[28] The Hispanic population was just 1.58% of the population as of the 2000 census.

As of the 2000 census, there were 43,123 people, 17,961 households, and 9,878 families residing in the city. The population density was 6,296.3 people per square mile (2,430.6/km²). There were 20,294 housing units at an average density of 2,963.1 per square mile (1,143.9/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 92.30% White, 5.09% African American, 0.11% Native American, 0.79% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.53% from other races, and 1.15% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.58% of the population.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 19.9% under the age of 18, 12.6% from 18 to 24, 26.1% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 20.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.2 males. For every 100 females (age 18 and over), there were 90.7 males.

Ethnic groups

Economy

Family Median Income in Wilkes-Barre is $44,430, compared to the national average of $64,585. Unemployment in June 2014 was 7%.^[29] 49% of jobs were in sales, office, administrative support, production, transportation, and material moving sectors. In 2009, 31.9% of residents lived below the poverty line, nearly double the Pennsylvania average of 16.4%.^[30] Large employers in the city include GUARD Insurance Group and Lord & Taylor.

Government

City government

Executive

The city is headed by an elected mayor, who serves four-year terms. The current mayor is Anthony George (Democrat). He has been in office since 2016. Before becoming mayor, George served as the Wilkes-Barre Chief of Police.

Legislative

The legislative branch consists of a five-member City Council. They are elected by a single-member district to four-year terms. The following are current members of the council: Bill Barrett, Mike Belusko, Tony Brooks, Beth Gilbert, and Michael Merritt.

Audit and Control

The office of Audit and Control is the third branch of Wilkes-Barre City government. It is headed by the City Controller, elected to a four-year term. Darren G. Snyder, the current City Controller, is a Democrat and has been in office since 2016. The City Controller has the following powers and duties:

Judicial

The City of Wilkes-Barre is served by two City Attorneys (Timothy Henry and Maureen Collins). They advise both the Mayor and City Council.

County government

The Luzerne County government operates out of Wilkes-Barre. The city is the administrative center of Luzerne County. The county government is responsible for imposing taxes, providing services to the public, and administering laws and regulations. They govern over a population of nearly 320,000 people. Many government offices are situated within the county courthouse (located at 200 North River Street in Downtown Wilkes-Barre). The Luzerne County Court of Common Pleas also operates out of the same building.

On November 2, 2010, the voters of Luzerne County held a referendum on the question of home rule. A total of 51,413 (55.25%) voted in favor of home rule, while another 41,639 (44.75%) voted against the move. This vote was the direct result of the corruption, wasteful spending, higher property taxes, and out-of-control debt facing the county.^[31] The home rule charter took effect on January 2, 2012; the Luzerne County Board of Commissioners was abolished and replaced with the new form of government (council–manager government). This government consists of a county council. The council chair, who is appointed by his or her fellow council members, is both the highest-ranking officer on the assembly and the head of county government for ceremonial purposes.^[32] The council also appoints and works alongside a full-time manager (who supervises the county’s day-to-day operations).

The county government is also made up of many other officials (e.g., the county controller, district attorney, and sheriff).

State and federal representation

State

Federal

Education

High schools

Wilkes-Barre City is part of the Wilkes-Barre Area School District. The district operates three high schools:

The Diocese of Scranton also has a high school in Wilkes-Barre, Holy Redeemer High School

Colleges

Libraries

Along with the libraries associated with the colleges, Wilkes-Barre has several libraries. These include three branches of the Osterhout Free Library, with the headquarters for the Luzerne County Library System in the main branch.^[33]^[34]^[35]

Infrastructure

Transportation

Airports

Five international airlines fly from the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton International Airport in nearby Pittston Township. Smaller, private planes may also use the Wilkes-Barre Wyoming Valley Airport in Forty Fort.

Highways

Interstate 81 passes north–south near Wilkes-Barre, and the city is also located near the Northeast Extension of the Pennsylvania Turnpike. It is also about {{convert|10|mi}} north of Interstate 80. Pennsylvania Route 309 also passes near Wilkes-Barre.

Rail

The city was at one time served by the Lehigh Valley Railroad, Central Railroad of New Jersey, the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad (later Erie Lackawanna Railway), Delaware and Hudson Railway, the Pennsylvania Railroad, the Wilkes-Barre and Eastern Railroad, and the Lackawanna and Wyoming Valley Railroad (known as the Laurel Line). The Wilkes-Barre Traction Company formed a streetcar line from Georgetown to Nanticoke and over the river into Plymouth (it ceased operations in the mid-1940s). Today, the Norfolk Southern Railway (which acquired the former Delaware and Hudson line from successor Canadian Pacific Railway) and the Luzerne and Susquehanna Railroad (designated-operator of a county-owned shortline) provide freight service within the city.

Arts and culture

Local attractions

Media

Times Leader and The Citizens' Voice are the two largest daily newspapers in Wilkes-Barre. The Wyoming Valley's NBC affiliate, WBRE-TV 28, is the only television station licensed to Wilkes-Barre, but WNEP-TV 16 (ABC), WYOU 22 (CBS), WVIA-TV 44 (PBS), and WSWB 38 (CW), all in Scranton, WOLF-TV 56 (Fox) in Hazleton, and WQMY 53 (MyNetworkTV) in Williamsport also serve the city. Wilkes-Barre's radio market is ranked No. 69 by Arbitron's ranking system. There are news, adult alternative, and music radio stations which are receivable in the area.

Popular culture

Sports

Notable people

See also

Notes

References

1. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.wilkes-barre.pa.us/citycouncil.php |title = City Council |accessdate = December 17, 2014 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150206083958/http://wilkes-barre.pa.us/citycouncil.php |archivedate = February 6, 2015 |df = mdy-all}}
2. ^{{cite web | url = https://tools.usps.com/go/ZipLookupAction!input.action | title = ZIP Code(tm) Lookup | publisher = United States Postal Service | accessdate = December 17, 2014}}
3. ^{{cite web | url = http://zipcode.org/city/PA/WILKESBARRE | title = City of Wilkes Barre, PA Zip Codes | accessdate = December 17, 2014}}
4. ^{{cite web|title=2017 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2017_Gazetteer/2017_gaz_place_42.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=Mar 24, 2019}}
5. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{cite web|url=http://www.pagenweb.org/~luzerne/patk/wb.htm|title=Early Wilkes-Barre, Luzerne Co., Pa.|author=|date=|website=www.pagenweb.org|accessdate=October 10, 2018}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://kingstonpa.org/history|title=History – Kingston Borough|website=kingstonpa.org}}
7. ^1769 The Pennamite Wars, The Society of Colonial Wars in Connecticut. Accessed March 26, 2017.
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mocavo.com/A-History-of-Wilkes-Barre-Luzerne-County-Pennsylvania-Volume-I/103014/20 |title="A History of Wilkes-Barre, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania" Page 14, 1909 |publisher=Mocavo.com |date=2013-04-02 |accessdate=May 12, 2014}}
9. ^Pennsylvania Historical Society
10. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.nypl.org/research/chss/spe/art/photo/hinex/empire/biography.html | title = About Lewis Wickes Hine | publisher = New York Public Library | accessdate = 2007-05-22 | first = Anthony T | last = Troncale |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070308123219/http://www.nypl.org/research/chss/spe/art/photo/hinex/empire/biography.html |archivedate = 2007-03-08}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pagenweb.org/~luzerne/mines/knox.htm|title=Knox Mine Disaster|author=|date=|website=www.pagenweb.org|accessdate=October 10, 2018}}
12. ^Staff. "14 things you didn't know about Mr. Peanut as he heads to Mechanicsburg", The Patriot-News, July 13, 2016. Accessed March 26, 2017. "Amedeo Obici, along with his friend and business partner, Mario Peruzzi, founded Planters Peanut Co. in Wilkes-Barre in 1906."
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.milb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20070702&content_id=269068&vkey=news_t531&fext=.jsp&sid=t531 |title=Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Yankees |publisher=Minorleaguebaseball.com |date=October 12, 1926 |accessdate=June 24, 2010}}
14. ^Nissley, Erin L. "Local History: NEPA put HBO on the dial", The Scranton Times-Tribune, November 3, 2013. Accessed March 26, 2017. "Home Box Office, known more commonly as HBO, got its start in 1972 with about 365 subscribers in Wilkes-Barre. It was the channel's first affiliation."
15. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/capital-weather-gang/post/hurricane-agnes-a-look-back-after-40-years/2012/06/21/gJQAnDS0sV_blog.html|title=Hurricane Agnes: A look back after 40 years|first=Don|last=Lipman|date=June 21, 2012|publisher=}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonian.com/2012/06/19/deluge/|title=Retrospective: The Damage Caused by Hurricane Agnes – Washingtonian|date=June 19, 2012|publisher=}}
17. ^Skrapits, Eizabeth. "Four years later, levee system standing tall", The Citizens' Voice, September 9, 2015. Accessed March 27, 2017. "The levee was officially completed on Jan. 14, 2003. The cost totaled more than $250 million. Belleman said the system was designed for an Agnes-level flood of 41 feet, but it held up under the larger Tropical Storm Lee flood."
18. ^Staff. " Levees hold Susquehanna; Delaware River rages; Wilkes-Barre evacuees head back home; death toll rises", CNN, June 29, 2006. Accessed March 27, 2007. "The news was better in northeastern Pennsylvania, where a mandatory evacuation affecting up to 200,000 people in Wilkes-Barre and a nearby valley area was lifted.Officials said the city's $175 million levee system held back the rising Susquehanna River despite floods caused by overflowing tributaries and creeks, and rain that averaged a half-inch an hour in some areas."
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://water.weather.gov/ahps2/hydrograph.php?wfo=bgm&gage=wbrp1|title=Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service for the Susquehanna River at Wilkes-Barre |publisher=NOAA National Weather Service |accessdate=September 9, 2011}}
20. ^{{cite web | url=http://citizensvoice.com/news/w-b-intermodal-center-opens-today-1.878566#axzz1VC0wh5As|title=W-B intermodal center opens today|date=July 6, 2010|publisher=Citizens Voice|accessdate=August 16, 2011}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.timesleader.com/news/697243/developer-presents-plans-for-former-hotel-sterling-site|title=Developer presents plans for former Hotel Sterling site - Times Leader|author=|date=March 20, 2018|website=timesleader.com|accessdate=October 10, 2018}}
22. ^¹²³{{cite web |url= ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/lcd/annual/2014/01201413AVP.pdf |title= Local Climatological Data–Annual Summary with Comparative Data: Wilkes–Barre/Scranton |publisher= National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |accessdate = September 30, 2015}}
23. ^{{cite web|url = http://tournepa.com/news/details.asp?tid=43&nid=305|title = Wilkes-Barre River Common|date = |accessdate = 17 December 2014|website = Tour NEPA|publisher = Luzerne County Convention and Visitors Bureau|last = |first = }}
24. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.wilkes-barre.pa.us/parksandrecreation.php |title=Resident Services |publisher=Wilkes-barre.pa.us |date= |accessdate=May 12, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408080936/http://www.wilkes-barre.pa.us/parksandrecreation.php |archivedate=April 8, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}
25. ^¹{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2017.html|title=Population and Housing Unit Estimates|accessdate=March 24, 2018}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|author=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=November 19, 2013}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2013/SUB-EST2013-3.html|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2013|accessdate=June 29, 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522161634/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2013/SUB-EST2013-3.html|archivedate=May 22, 2014|df= }}
28. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/census/profile/PA |title=Census 2010: Pennsylvania |work=USA Today |accessdate=December 6, 2011}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bestplaces.net/economy/city/pennsylvania/wilkes-barre|title=Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania Economy|website=www.bestplaces.net|access-date=2018-01-15}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.city-data.com/poverty/poverty-Wilkes-Barre-Pennsylvania.html|title=Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania (PA) poverty rate data - information about poor and low income residents living in this city|website=www.city-data.com|language=en|orig-year=2009}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.luzernecounty.org/county/departments_agencies/bureau_of_elections/election-results-archive |title=Election Results Archive |publisher=Luzerne County |date= |accessdate=2018-06-19}}
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