| 词条 | Willamette Stone |
| 释义 |
The Willamette Stone was a small stone obelisk originally installed by the Department of Interior in 1885 in the western hills of Portland, Oregon in the United States to mark the intersection and origin of the Willamette meridian and Willamette baseline. It replaced a cedar stake placed by the Surveyor General of the Oregon Territory in 1851; this stake defined the grid system of sections and townships from which all real property in the states of Oregon and Washington has been measured following the Donation Land Claim Act of 1850. The Willamette meridian runs north–south, and the Willamette baseline runs east–west through the marker.[1] HistoryThe location of the obelisk is now indicated by a stainless steel marker in Willamette Stone State Heritage Site, an Oregon state park approximately four miles (6.4 km) west of downtown Portland. The site is near Skyline Boulevard, in the West Hills overlooking the Tualatin Valley and the Willamette River watershed. The grid defined by the stone extended the Public Land Survey System and was used as the basis of land claims in the Oregon Territory. The first marker, a red cedar stake, was placed on the site on June 4, 1851, by John B. Preston, the first Surveyor General of the Oregon Territory.[1] Preston was appointed by President Millard Fillmore to create a system for surveying land in the territory;[2] he lost his position in 1853, and "drifted into obscurity."[3] The location was chosen such that the baseline would not cross the Columbia River and the meridian would lie west of Vancouver Lake.[4] The meridian and baseline were surveyed using solar compasses by James E. Freeman of Wisconsin and William Ives of Michigan. Ives surveyed the baseline in both directions and the meridian to the north; Freeman surveyed the meridian to the south.[5] The grid system was an extension of the system used in the Northwest Territory proposed by Thomas Jefferson. The Willamette Stone marked the location of the first townships and ranges north and south of the marker. The Department of Interior replaced the stake with a stone obelisk on July 25, 1885.[1] On two sides, the stone was marked with the words "BASE" and "LINE", while on the other two sides it was marked with the words "WILL." and "MER." As the stone was vandalized in the 1980s, the federal government replaced it with the current marker, and an accompanying bronze plaque: Beginning here, the Willamette meridian was established running north to Puget Sound and south to the California border, and the baseline was established running east to the Idaho border and west to the Pacific Ocean.[3] StreetsThe location of the Willamette meridian and Willamette baseline can be identified by various streets that follow or parallel their courses, often named to call attention to this fact. North–South streets and the meridian
East–West streets and the baseline
See also
References1. ^1 2 Corning, Howard M. (1989) Dictionary of Oregon History. Binfords & Mort Publishing. p. 138. 2. ^{{cite book | last= Atwood | first= Kay | title= Chaining Oregon: Surveying the Public Lands of the Pacific Northwest, 1851-1855 | publisher= McDonald & Woodward | year= 2008 | isbn=978-0-939923-20-5 | page=11}} 3. ^1 {{Cite book | last = Friedman | first = Ralph | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = In Search of Western Oregon | publisher = Caxton Press | year = 1990 | location = | pages = 279–80 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4i1grNoMcWgC&pg=PA279 | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-0-87004-332-1}} 4. ^Atwood, p. 27. 5. ^{{Cite book | last = White | first = C. Albert | title = A History of the Rectangular Survey System | publisher = U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management | year = 1983 | location = Washington, D.C. | page = 114 | url = https://books.google.com/books/about/A_history_of_the_rectangular_survey_syst.html?id=1-BcVn3VhPQC | isbn = 9780160335044}} External links
|url =http://www.blm.gov/cadastral/meridians/woshore.htm |title =Cadastral Survey [Willamette Meridian] |publisher =U.S. Bureau of Land Management |accessdate =2012-10-07}}
|url =http://www.blm.gov/cadastral/meridians/meridians.htm |title =Principal Meridians and Base Lines |publisher =U.S. Bureau of Land Management |accessdate =2012-10-07}}
|url =http://www.pmproject.org/wpm.htm |title =Willamette Meridian, Portland, OR |publisher =Principal Meridian Project |accessdate =2012-10-07}}
|url =http://www.clui.org/section/willamette-meridian |title =Willamette Meridian |publisher =The Center for Land Use Interpretation |accessdate =2012-10-07}}
10 : 1851 establishments in Oregon Territory|Geography of Portland, Oregon|Historic surveying landmarks in the United States|History of Portland, Oregon|Lines of latitude|Lines of longitude|Monuments and memorials in Portland, Oregon|Obelisks in the United States|Parks in Portland, Oregon|State parks of Oregon |
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