1. Description

2. Distribution

3. Ecology
    Reproduction and life-cycle  Feeding 

4. References

Calanus hyperboreus is a copepod found in the Arctic and northern Atlantic. It occurs from the surface to depths of {{convert|5000|m|ft}}.

Description

The size of C. hyperboreus varies with its geography; individuals located in more temperate waters usually range from just over {{convert|4|to|5.5|mm|in}} in more temperate waters, whereas those in colder areas usually range from {{convert|6|to|7|mm|in}}.^[1] The length of its prosome can vary anywhere from {{convert|2.5|to|5.6|mm|in}}.^[2] The antennae are longer or of equal length to the body. This copepod is very clear, and is generally colourless. The gut walls and posterior may be orange to dark red in colour, with a prominent lipid sac that is usually red-orange. The borders between segments have a deep red pigment.^[3]

Distribution

Ecology

Reproduction and life-cycle

This copepod spawns between October and March (winter), using lipid-reserves to fuel reproduction (making it a capital breeder^[4]).^[5] The male is most abundant during the breeding season, found between {{convert|500|and|1000|m|ft}} in depth at this time.^[7] The females lay clutches at depths between {{convert|200|and|500|m|ft}},^[5] usually at intervals of 9 to 10 days, generally containing 51 to 150 eggs.^[6]

Life spans from one to two years to four to six years have been suggested for C. hyperboreus based on food availability. After the plankton bloom, the eggs develop into stage II and III copepodites and feed actively near the surface from May to October (summer). They then overwinter, generally at depths from {{convert|800|to|1500|m|ft}}, as stage III copepodites, and grow to stage IV copepodites over the next summer. After overwintering again, they grow to stage V during the next summer, increasing their dry mass by a factor of seven, and expanding their lipid content to be more than 65% of their dry mass. The development into an adult occurs over another winter, after which C. hyperboreus breeds.^[5] In some areas, such as the West Spitsbergen Current, stage V copepodites likely moult (below depths of {{convert|500|m|ft}} to males and females before their third-year of overwintering. During this winter, some mature females are found near the surface. This shows a life cycle of three years (in the case of the male, which is not found during the summer) and three to four years (for the female). In other areas, like the Greenland Sea Gyre, development into adults may occur in the second year of development, indicating a likely life cycle of two to three years.^[7]

Compared to the congeneric C. finmarchicus, C. hyperboreus has a higher concentration of lipids as a percentage of dry mass. Additionally, its lipid stores have a higher concentration of wax esters than C. finmarchicus and C. glacialis.^[8] C. hyperboreus also has longer chained fatty alcohols and (albeit to a lesser extent) fatty acids than the two other species. This is likely due to the higher concentration of energy per unit mass of longer chained fatty alcohols and acids. Finally, this species also has higher concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids than either C. finmarchicus or C. glacialis.^[9]

Feeding

This species is a herbivore and a filter feeder, feeding on phytoplankton and protists, especially diatoms.^[3]

References

• Psi9 Aurigae
• Psiadia
• Psiadia cataractae
• Psiadia schweinfurthii
• PSIA Inc
• Psi and phi type figurenes
• Psi and phi type figurine
• Psi- and Phi- Type Figurines
• Psi Andromedae
• Psi Aquarii
• Psi Aquilae
• Psi Aurigae
• Psiax
• Psi-bar
• Psi bar
• Psiberspace
• Psiberweb
• PSI-BLAST
• Psi Bootis
• Psi Boötis
• Psi Cancri
• Psi Capricorni
• Psi Cassiopeiae
• Psi Centauri
• Psichari